Stockholders' Equity | 9. Stockholders’ Equity Our authorized capital stock consists of 520,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 500,000,000 shares are designated as common stock and 20,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. There were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of . ATM Facility In February 2019, we entered into a sales agreement, or the ATM Facility, with Cowen and Company LLC (“Cowen”), which provides for the sale, in our sole discretion, of shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million through Cowen, as our sales agent. The issuance and sale of these shares by us pursuant to the ATM Facility are deemed “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are registered under the Securities Act. We will pay a commission of up to 3.0% of gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the ATM Facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we did not sell any shares of common stock under the ATM Facility. As of March 31, 2019, $100.0 million of common stock remained available to be sold under this facility, subject to certain conditions as specified in the agreement. Equity Incentive Plans Under the terms of the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (“2014 EIP”), we may grant stock options, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and RSUs to employees, directors, consultants and other service providers. RSUs typically require settlement by the earlier of seven to ten years from the date of grant or the service termination (or, for RSUs granted prior to February 2014, two years following the service termination date). Stock options are granted at prices no less than 100% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant as determined by the board of directors, provided, however, that the exercise price of an option granted to a 10% shareholder cannot be less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant. Options granted to employees and non-employees generally vest over four years and expire in seven to ten years. As of March 31, 2019, a total of 12,251,242 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2014 EIP, of which 4,188,091 shares were available for future grant and 8,063,151 shares were subject to outstanding options and RSUs. In February 2018, we adopted the 2018 Inducement Plan (“Inducement Plan”), under which we may grant options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs and RSUs to new employees. As of March 31, 2019, 1,250,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the Inducement Plan, of which 720,000 shares were available for future grant and 530,000 shares were subject to outstanding options and RSUs. Restricted Stock Units The fair value of RSUs is determined as the closing stock price on the date of grant. The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $38.42 and $35.80, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, there was $55.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2019 was $73.9 million. The following is a summary of RSU activity under our 2014 EIP and Inducement Plan: RSUs Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested as of December 31, 2018 1,405,460 $ 26.94 Granted 814,493 $ 38.42 Forfeited (45,206 ) $ 33.82 Vested (314,373 ) $ 23.59 Unvested as of March 31, 2019 1,860,374 $ 32.36 Vested and unreleased — Outstanding as of March 31, 2019 1,860,374 $ 32.36 Under our RSU net settlement procedures, for most of our employees, we withhold shares at settlement to cover the minimum payroll withholding tax obligations. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we settled 316,473 shares underlying RSUs, of which 289,348 shares underlying RSUs were net settled by withholding 118,747 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was $4.6 million, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we settled 336,240 shares underlying RSUs, of which 229,854 shares underlying RSUs were net settled by withholding 86,359 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was $3.4 million, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. The value of RSUs withheld in each period was remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities and has been reflected as a financing activity in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Stock Options The following is a summary of stock option activity under our 2014 EIP and Inducement Plan. The table below also includes the activity relating to options for 275,000 shares of our common stock which were issued in 2017 outside of these plans Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 6,276,999 $ 28.15 Granted 928,675 $ 38.12 Exercised (159,355 ) $ 18.18 Forfeited or expired (203,876 ) $ 27.94 Outstanding as of March 31, 2019 6,842,443 $ 29.74 5.6 $ 71,329 Vested and expected to vest as of March 31, 2019 6,842,443 $ 29.74 5.6 $ 71,329 Exercisable as of March 31, 2019 2,423,097 $ 22.23 3.9 $ 42,615 Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the closing stock price of our common stock on March 31, 2019 and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. As of March 31, 2019, there was $83.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3 years. Options for 159,355 and 309,497 shares of our common stock were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, with an intrinsic value of $3.1 million and $4.9 million, respectively. As we believe it is more likely than not that no stock option related tax benefits will be realized, we do not record any net tax benefits related to exercised options. The fair value of each option issued was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used as inputs to the Black-Scholes model, and resulting weighted-average grant date fair values of stock options granted to employees during the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 2018 Assumptions: Expected term (years) 5.7 4.5 Expected volatility 78.3 % 74.0 % Risk-free interest rate 2.5 % 2.5 % Expected dividend yield 0.0 % 0.0 % Fair Value: Weighted-average estimated grant date fair value per share $ 25.66 $ 20.39 Options granted 928,675 719,950 Total estimated grant date fair value $ 23,830,000 $ 14,680,000 The estimated fair value of stock options that vested in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $12.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2014 ESPP”) a llows As of March 31, 2019, there was $0.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP that is expected to be recognized by the end of second quarter of 2019. The 2014 ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance thereunder on the first business day of each fiscal year, beginning with 2015 and ending in 2024, equal to the lower of (i) one percent of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of such date, (ii) 230,769 shares of our common stock, or (iii) a lesser number of shares as determined by our board of directors. As of March 31, 2019, there were 1,142,014 shares available for purchase under the 2014 ESPP. Reserved Shares The following shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance as of March 31, 2019: Total Shares Reserved 2014 Equity Incentive Plan 12,251,242 2018 Inducement Plan 1,250,000 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 1,142,014 Options granted outside the equity plans 109,666 Total reserved shares of common stock 14,752,922 Stock-based Compensation Expense Total stock-based compensation expense related to all employee and non-employee stock awards was as follows: Three 2019 2018 (in thousands) Research and development $ 6,065 $ 2,932 General and administrative 6,204 4,082 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 12,269 $ 7,014 |