| Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and based on the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. Principles of Consolidation References in these financial statements to the Company refer collectively to the accounts of Limbach Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including LHLLC, Limbach Facility Services LLC (“LFS”), Limbach Company LLC (“LC LLC”), Limbach Company LP, Harper Limbach LLC, Harper Limbach Construction LLC, Limbach Facility & Project Solutions LLC, Jake Marshall, LLC (“JMLLC”), Coating Solutions, LLC (“CSLLC”), ACME Industrial Piping, LLC (“ACME”) and Industrial Air, LLC (“Industrial Air”) for all periods presented, unless otherwise indicated. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements for assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period, and the accompanying notes. Management believes that its most significant estimates and assumptions have been based on reasonable and supportable assumptions and the resulting estimates are reasonable for use in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s significant estimates include estimates associated with revenue recognition on construction contracts, costs incurred through each balance sheet date, intangibles, property and equipment, fair value accounting for acquisitions, insurance reserves, income tax valuation allowances, fair value of contingent consideration arrangements and contingencies. If the underlying estimates and assumptions upon which the consolidated financial statements are based change in the future, actual amounts may differ from those included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased and are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, due to their short-term maturities. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents consist principally of currency on hand, demand deposits at commercial banks, overnight repurchase agreements, amounts invested in highly liquid money market funds and U.S. Treasury Bills. At times, the Company’s cash deposits may exceed the amount of federal insurance provided on such deposits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. See Note 9 – Fair Value Measurements for further information. Restricted Cash Restricted cash is cash held at a commercial bank in an imprest account held for the purpose of funding workers’ compensation and general liability claims against the Company. This amount is replenished either when depleted or at the beginning of each month. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows: (in thousands) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Cash and cash equivalents $ 59,833 $ 36,001 Restricted cash 65 113 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 59,898 $ 36,114 Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) , Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The carrying value of the receivables, net of the allowance for credit losses, represents their estimated net realizable value. The Company develops its allowances for credit losses, which represent an estimate of expected losses over the remaining contractual life of its receivables, using an aging method. Under the aging method, the Company assigns its accounts receivable to a level of delinquency and applies a loss rates to each class. Loss rates are determined based on historical loss experiences with customers, the consideration of a customer’s financial condition, current market economic conditions and a forecast of future economic conditions when appropriate. When the Company becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligation, a specific reserve is recorded to reduce the receivable to the expected amount to be collected. Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the valuation allowance and an adjustment of the account receivable. The majority of customer balances at each balance sheet date are collected within twelve months. As is common practice in the industry, the Company classifies all accounts receivable as current assets. Based on assessments by management, allowances for credit losses were approximately $0.3 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Joint Ventures The Company accounts for its participation in certain special purpose, project specific joint ventures under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s entry into these joint ventures is for the purpose of bidding, negotiating and completing specific projects. The Company and its joint venture partner(s) separately enter into their own sub-contracts with the joint venture for each party’s respective portion of the work. All revenue and expenses and the related contract assets and liabilities related to the Company’s sub-contract are recorded within the Company’s statements of operations and balance sheets, similarly to any other construction project. The joint venture itself does not accumulate any profits or losses, as the joint venture revenue is equal to the sum of the subcontracts it issues to the joint venture partners. The voting power and management of the joint ventures are shared equally by the joint venture partners, qualifying these entities for joint venture treatment under GAAP. The shared voting power and management responsibilities allow the Company to exercise significant influence without controlling the joint venture entity. As such, the Company applies the equity method of accounting as defined in ASC Topic 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures . Revenue Recognition The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from construction-type and service contracts that generally range from three months to two years. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ASC Topic 606 provides for a five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers as follows: 1. Identify the contract 2. Identify performance obligations 3. Determine the transaction price 4. Allocate the transaction price 5. Recognize revenue Identify the contract with a customer. A contract with a customer exists when: (a) the parties have approved the contract and are committed to perform their respective obligations, (b) the rights of the parties can be identified, (c) payment terms can be identified, (d) the arrangement has commercial substance, and (e) collectability of consideration is probable. Judgment is required when determining if the contractual criteria are met, specifically in the earlier stages of a project when a formally executed contract may not yet exist. In these situations, the Company evaluates all relevant facts and circumstances, including the existence of other forms of documentation or historical experience with its customers that may indicate a contractual agreement is in place and revenue should be recognized. In determining if the collectability of consideration is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay such consideration through an evaluation of several factors, including an assessment of the creditworthiness of the customer and its prior collection history with such customer. Identify the performance obligations in the contract . At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract and identifies, as a separate performance obligation, each distinct promise to transfer goods or services to the customer. The identified performance obligations represent the “unit of account” for purposes of determining revenue recognition. In order to properly identify separate performance obligations, the Company applies judgment in determining whether each good or service provided is: (a) capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer, and (b) distinct within the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Determine the transaction price. The transaction price represents the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to its customers. The consideration promised within a contract may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. To the extent the performance obligation includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price utilizing one of two prescribed methods, depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled. Such methods include: (a) the expected value method, whereby the amount of variable consideration to be recognized represents the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts, and (b) the most likely amount method, whereby the amount of variable consideration to be recognized represents the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts. When applying these methods, the Company considers all information that is reasonably available, including historical, current, and estimates of future performance. The expected value method is typically utilized in situations where a contract contains a large number of possible outcomes while the most likely amount method is typically utilized in situations where a contract has only two possible outcomes. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable, in the Company’s judgment, that a significant future reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. This threshold is referred to as the variable consideration constraint. In assessing whether to apply the variable consideration constraint, the Company considers if factors exist that could increase the likelihood or the magnitude of a potential reversal of revenue, including, but not limited to, whether: (a) the amount of consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence, such as the actions of third parties, (b) the uncertainty surrounding the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time, (c) the Company’s experience with similar types of contracts is limited or that experience has limited predictive value, (d) the Company has a practice of either offering a broad range of price concessions or changing the payment terms and conditions of similar contracts in similar circumstances, and (e) the contract has a large number and broad range of possible consideration amounts. Pending change orders represent one of the most common forms of variable consideration included within contract value and typically represent contract modifications for which a change in scope has been authorized or acknowledged by the Company’s customer but the final adjustment to contract price is yet to be negotiated. In estimating the transaction price for pending change orders, the Company considers all relevant facts, including documented correspondence with the customer regarding acknowledgment of and/or agreement with the modification, as well as historical experience with the customer or similar contractual circumstances. Based upon this assessment, the Company estimates the transaction price, including whether the variable consideration constraint should be applied. Contract claims are another form of variable consideration which is common within its industry. Claim amounts represent revenue that has been recognized for contract modifications that are not submitted or are in dispute as to both scope and price. In estimating the transaction price for claims, the Company considers all relevant facts available. However, given the uncertainty surrounding claims, including the potential long-term nature of dispute resolution and the broad range of possible consideration amounts, there is an increased likelihood that any additional contract revenue associated with contract claims is constrained. The resolution of claims involves negotiations and, in certain cases, litigation. In the event litigation costs are incurred by the Company in connection with claims, such litigation costs are expensed as incurred, although it may seek to recover these costs. Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price. The Company determines the standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation would have been sold separately in similar circumstances to similar customers. If the standalone selling price is not observable, the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account all available information such as market conditions and internal pricing guidelines. In certain circumstances, the standalone selling price is determined using an expected profit margin on anticipated costs related to the performance obligation. Recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied. Throughout the execution of its construction-type contracts, the Company recognizes revenue with the continuous transfer of control to the customer. The customer typically controls the asset under construction by either contractual termination clauses or by the Company’s rights to payment for work already performed on the asset under construction that does not have an alternative use for the Company. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized to the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligations. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services provided. The Company generally uses the cost-to-cost method for its contracts, which measures progress towards completion for each performance obligation based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion for the respective performance obligation. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Revenue, including estimated profits, is recorded proportionately as costs are incurred. Cost of operations includes labor, materials, subcontractor costs, and other direct and indirect costs, including depreciation and amortization. Certain construction-type contracts include retention provisions to provide assurance to the Company’s customers that it will perform in accordance with the contract terms and are not considered a financing benefit. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work by the customer. The Company has determined there are no significant financing components in its contracts during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For the Company’s service-type contracts, revenue is also generally recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of its performance as the Company performs the service. For its fixed price service-type contracts with specified service periods, revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over such service period when the Company’s inputs are expended evenly, and the customer receives and consumes the benefits of its performance throughout the contract term. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation will be revised in the near-term. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost input method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made. When the current estimate of total costs for a performance obligation indicate a loss, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the unsatisfied performance obligation is made in the period in which the loss becomes evident. Costs to fulfill its contracts (“pre-bid costs”) that are not expected to be recovered from the customer are expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses on its consolidated statements of operations. In accordance with industry practice, the Company classifies as current all assets and liabilities relating to the performance of contracts. See Note 4 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers for further information. Changes in Estimates on Construction Contracts The accuracy of the Company’s revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of its estimates of the cost to complete each project. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include: • The completeness and accuracy of the original bid; • costs associated with scope changes; • expected, or actual, resolution terms for claims; • achievement of contract incentives; • changes in costs of labor and/or materials; • extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays; • subcontractor performance issues; • changes in productivity expectations; • site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid; • changes from original design on design-build projects; • the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project; • a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials; • its ability to fully and promptly recover on claims and back charges for additional contract costs, and • the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract. Subsequent to the inception of a construction-type contract in the Company’s GCR and ODR segments, the transaction price could change for various reasons, including the executed or estimated amount of change orders and unresolved contract modifications and claims to or from owners. Changes that are accounted for as an adjustment to existing performance obligations are allocated on the same basis at contract inception. Otherwise, changes are accounted for as separate performance obligation(s) and the separate transaction price is allocated. Changes are made to the transaction price from unapproved change orders to the extent the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable. On certain projects, the Company has submitted and has pending unresolved contract modifications and claims to recover additional costs and the associated profit, if applicable, to which it believes it is entitled under the terms of contracts with customers, subcontractors, vendors or others. The owners or their authorized representatives and/or other third parties may be in partial or full agreement with the modifications or claims, or may have rejected or disagree entirely or partially as to such entitlement. Changes are made to the transaction price from affirmative claims with customers to the extent that additional revenue on a claim settlement with a customer is probable and estimable. A reduction to costs related to claims with non-customers with whom the Company has a contractual arrangement (“back charges”) is recognized when the estimated recovery is probable and estimable. Recognizing claims and back charge recoveries requires significant judgments of certain factors including, but not limited to, dispute resolution developments and outcomes, anticipated negotiation results, and the cost of resolving such matters. The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit and gross profit margin from period to period. Generally, if the contract is at an early stage of completion, the current period impact is smaller than if the same change in estimate is made to the contract at a later stage of completion. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in the Company’s larger, more complex projects have had, and can in future periods have, a significant effect on its profitability. Management evaluates changes in estimates on a contract by contract basis and discloses significant changes, if material, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The cumulative catch-up method is used to account for revisions in estimates. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized in the period in which such losses are determined. Goodwill and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company may perform either a qualitative assessment of potential impairment or proceed directly to a quantitative assessment of potential impairment. The Company's qualitative assessment of potential impairment may result in the determination that a quantitative impairment analysis is not necessary. Under this elective process, the Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads the Company to determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then a quantitative assessment is not required. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, a quantitative impairment analysis is performed. If the Company chooses not to perform a qualitative assessment, or if it chooses to perform a qualitative assessment but is unable to qualitatively conclude that no impairment has occurred, then the Company will perform a quantitative assessment. In the case of a quantitative assessment, the Company estimates the fair value of the reporting unit with which the goodwill is associated and compares it to the carrying value. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the reporting unit's carrying value over its fair value. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further detail. The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management's judgment, that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. With respect to property, plant and equipment and finite lived intangibles, asset recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group with its expected future pre-tax undiscounted cash flows. These cash flow estimates require the Company to make projections and assumptions for many years into the future for pricing, demand, competition, operating cost and other factors. If the carrying amount exceeds the expected future undiscounted cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment equal to the excess of carrying value over fair value as determined by quoted market prices in active markets or present value techniques if quotes are unavailable. The determination of the fair value using present value techniques requires the Company to make projections and assumptions regarding the probability of a range of outcomes and the rates of interest used in the present value calculations. Any changes the Company makes to these projections and assumptions could result in significant revisions to its evaluations of recoverability and the recognition of additional impairments. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion on impairments of long-lived assets. Intangible Assets The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets associated with its trade name are evaluated for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible asset are less than their carrying amount. The Company’s identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are either amortized over their useful lives or over the period the Company expects to receive the related economic benefit based upon estimated future cash flows. The Company reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be fully recoverable. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion of the Company’s intangible assets. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, with the exception of the Company’s fleet vehicle finance leases, are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. For buildings and leasehold improvements, the Company’s useful lives range from 5 years to 40 years; for machinery and equipment, useful lives range from 3 years to 10 years. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements for the Company’s real estate operating leases are amortized over the lesser of the term of the related lease or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment: ( in thousands ) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Land and improvements $ 400 $ 400 Buildings and leasehold improvements 10,997 10,489 Machinery and equipment 31,157 26,061 Finance leases - vehicles (1) 11,665 10,789 Gross property and equipment 54,219 47,739 Less: Accumulated amortization on finance leases (4,502) (6,001) Less: Accumulated depreciation (28,887) (23,514) Property and equipment, net of accumulated amortization and depreciation (2) $ 20,830 $ 18,224 (1) See additional information provided in Note 14 – Leases. (2) Includes net property and equipment of approximately $0.5 million and $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to assets acquired in the ACME Transaction and Industrial Air Transaction, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was $6.4 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Leases A lease contract conveys the right to use an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At inception, the Company determines whether a contract contains a lease by determining if there is an identified asset and if the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset in exchange for consideration over a period of time. Leases are classified as either operating or finance, based on the Company’s evaluation of certain criteria. With the exception of short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less), at lease commencement, the Company measures and records a lease liability equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments, generally discounted using quoted borrowing rates on its secured debt as the implicit rate is not readily determinable on many of its real estate operating leases. For the Company’s fleet vehicles classified as financing leases, it uses the stated interest rate in the lease. On the lease commencement date, the amount of the right-of-use (“ROU”) assets consist of the following: • the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability; • any lease payment made at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received; and • any initial direct costs incurred. Most of the Company’s operating lease contracts have the option to extend or renew. The Company assesses the option for individual leases, and it generally considers the base term to be the term of lease contracts. See Note 14 – Leases for additional information. The Company periodically evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate that the remaining balances of its ROU assets may not be recoverable. The Company uses estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, as well as other economic and business factors, to assess the recoverability of these assets. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs are deferred and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the related long-term debt agreement, and the straight-line method for the revolving credit agreement. Debt issuance costs related to the issuance and/or extension, as applicable, of the Company’s term loans are reflected as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt. Debt issuance costs related to revolving credit facilities are capitalized and reflected as an other asset. As a result of the early repayment of the A&R Wintrust Term Loan and certain changes to the members of the loan syndicate under the Second A&R Wintrust Credit Agreement (See Note 7 – Debt), the Company wrote off approximately $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs, which are reported as a loss on early debt extinguishment on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7 – Debt for additional information. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation awards granted to executives, employees, and non-employee directors are measured at fair value and recognized as an expense. For awards with service conditions only, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date. For awards with service and performance conditions, the Company recognizes compensation expense based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date using the straight-line method over the requisite service period. Estimates of compensation expense for an award with performance conditions are based on the probable outcome of the performance conditions. The cumulative effect of changes in the probability outcomes are recorded in the period in which the changes occur. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur to determine the amount of compensation expense to be recognized each period. See also Note 17 – Management Incentive Plans for further information. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes includes federal, state and local taxes. The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740 - Income Taxes , which requires the use of the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities and income or expense is recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying values and their respective tax bases, using enacted tax rates expected to be applicable in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Changes in tax rates are recorded to deferred tax assets and liabilities and reflected in the provision for income taxes |
