Stock-based compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Incentive Plans Under the Company’s 2012 Blue Buffalo Pet Products, Inc. Stock Purchase and Option Plan (the “Plan”), the Board of Directors is authorized to award incentive stock options (ISOs and non-qualified), stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock, performance units, performance-based stock awards, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based grants. Participation in the Plan is limited to key employees, officers and directors. On March 4, 2013, the Plan was amended to increase the maximum number of shares of stock available under the Plan by 210,000 shares to 14,242,061 shares (the “Amended Plan”). As of September 30, 2015 , there were 5,230,642 shares of common stock reserved under the Amended Plan. As of September 30, 2015 , the maximum number of shares available for grant under the Amended Plan was 4,179 . In July 2015, the Board of Directors adopted and our shareholders approved the Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provides that the total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under our 2015 Plan is 8,400,000 . The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of stock options (ISOs and non-qualified), SARS, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance units, performance-based stock awards, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based incentive awards. As of September 30, 2015 , the Company has granted 46,750 restricted stock awards and 6,875 stock options under the 2015 Plan. As of September 30, 2015 , the maximum number of shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan was 8,346,375 . Stock Options The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options, which are subject to pro-rata vesting, is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the stock options. Prior to the Company’s initial public offering, the Company used a third party valuation specialist to assist it in the estimation of the fair value of its common stock. The Company believed these valuations to be appropriate; however, the valuation of the equity of any private company involves various estimates and assumptions that may differ from actual values. Effective with our initial public offering, the Company bases its common stock value on actual transactions or other transactions that are representative of stock value. The expected volatility assumption is based on the combination of the industry index for pet food wholesalers and the volatility of the Company’s largest customer. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury implied yield at the date of grant. The weighted-average expected term is determined with reference to historical exercise and post-vesting cancellation experience, and the vesting period and contractual term of the awards. The following are the weighted-average assumptions used for grants issued during the nine month periods ended September 30: 2015 2014 Volatility 23.85 % 32.84 % Risk-free interest rate 1.88 % 2.16 % Expected term (years) 6.5 6.5 Dividend yield — — Grant-date fair value $ 5.74 $ 5.15 The following table summarizes stock option activity during the year and also presents stock options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2015 (dollars in millions, except for per share data): Number of Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Options outstanding at December 31, 2014 4,671,639 $ 5.88 Granted 110,825 $ 20.00 Exercised (334,439 ) $ 5.70 Forfeited — $ — Expired (5,457 ) $ 6.12 Options outstanding at September 30, 2015 4,442,568 $ 6.25 Options exercisable at September 30, 2015 1,498,849 $ 5.78 During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 , the Company granted 110,825 of ISO and non-qualified stock options, of which 6,875 stock options were granted under the 2015 Plan, and 103,950 stock options were granted under the Amended Plan. Restricted Stock Awards The following table summarizes restricted stock activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 : Number of Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Restricted stock awards at December 31, 2014 — $ — Granted 46,750 20.00 Vested (46,750 ) 20.00 Forfeited — — Restricted stock awards at September 30, 2015 — — During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and concurrent with our initial public offering, certain members of the Company's Board of Directors received a one-time fully-vested grant of 46,750 restricted stock awards with a three-year holding restriction. The total fair value of these restricted stock awards on the date of grant was $0.9 million , of which the full amount was recognized as a component of stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2015 . Stock-based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation costs charged to operations (as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses) during each of the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $2.0 million and $0.5 million , respectively. Stock-based compensation costs charged to operations (as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses) during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $2.9 million and $1.4 million , respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 , the Company recorded benefits of tax deductions in excess of the grant date fair value of $1.6 million related to option exercises. The benefits of tax deductions in excess of the grant date fair value resulting from the exercise of non-qualified options was not material to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 . Unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding unvested stock options is expected to be recognized in the Company’s statements of income as follows (by fiscal year): (dollars in thousands) 2015 (period from October 1 through December 31, 2015) $ 485 2016 1,851 2017 1,703 2018 318 2019 125 2020 52 Total $ 4,534 |