LOAN RECEIVABLE, NET | 9. LOAN RECEIVABLE, NET The interest rates on loans issued ranged between 4% ~24% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and ranged between 17.28% ~ 24% for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, loan receivable, net consisted of the following: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Loan receivable, gross Business loans $ 108,913,922 $ 56,215,822 Personal loans 112,594,344 125,340,963 221,508,266 181,556,785 Provision for loan losses Collectively assessed (23,264 ) (99,563 ) Individually assessed (128,904,336 ) (64,195,127 ) (128,927,600 ) (64,294,690 ) Loan receivable, net $ 92,580,666 $ 117,262,095 Loan receivable – related parties, net $ 490,724 $ 1,244,739 Loan receivable – third parties, net $ 92,089,942 $ 116,017,356 Before the establishment of Zhiyuan and Zeshi in November 2018, the Company originated loans to customers located primarily in Urumqi City, Xinjiang Province. While thereafter the Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Urumqi City, Xinjiang Province, and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. This geographic concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this economic region. All loans are short-term loans that the Company has made to either business or individual customers. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had 75 and 59 business loan customers, and 159 and 174 personal loan customers, respectively. Most loans are either guaranteed by a third party or related parties (please refer to Note 25) whose financial strength is assessed by the Company to be sufficient or secured by collateral. Provision for loan losses is estimated on a quarterly basis based on an assessment of specific evidence indicating doubtful collection, historical experience, loan balance aging and prevailing economic conditions. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, a provision of US$85,715,748, US$55,299,749 and US$ 4,650,887 were charged for the consolidated statements of operations, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, write-offs of US$14,365,469, US$nil and US$91,812 were charged against provisions, respectively. Interest on loans receivable is accrued and credited to income as earned. The Company determines a loan’s past due status by the number of days that have elapsed since a borrower has failed to make a contractual loan payment. Accrual of interest is generally discontinued when either (i) reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal or (ii) when a loan becomes past due by more than 90 days. The following table represents the aging of loans as of December 31, 2018 by type of loan: 1-89 Days 90-179 Days Past Due 180-365 Days Past Due Over 1 year Past Due Total Current Total Business loans $ 1,856,751 $ 1,129,755 $ 27,739,900 $ 12,248,816 $ 42,975,222 $ 65,938,700 $ 108,913,922 Personal loans 174,480 14,292,196 40,137,089 56,827,383 111,431,148 1,163,196 112,594,344 $ 2,031,231 $ 15,421,951 $ 67,876,989 $ 69,076,199 $ 154,406,370 $ 67,101,896 $ 221,508,266 The following table represents the aging of loans as of December 31, 2017 by type of loan: 1-89 Days 90-179 Days Past Due 180-365 Days Past Due Over 1 year Past Due Total Current Total Business loans $ 9,976,350 $ 4,368,880 $ 507,116 $ 6,925,968 $ 21,778,314 $ 34,437,508 $ 56,215,822 Personal loans 28,303,969 30,824,416 3,777,245 940,469 63,846,099 61,494,864 125,340,963 $ 38,280,319 $ 35,193,296 $ 4,284,361 $ 7,866,437 $ 85,624,413 $ 95,932,372 $ 181,556,785 Analysis of loans by collateral The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by collateral as of December 31, 2018: Business Personal Total Guarantee backed loans $ 29,176,804 $ 36,135,657 $ 65,312,461 Pledged assets backed loans 75,665,930 74,774,960 150,440,890 Collateral backed loans 4,071,188 1,683,727 5,754,915 $ 108,913,922 $ 112,594,344 $ 221,508,266 Analysis of loans by collateral (continued) Business Personal Total Guarantee backed loans $ 36,515,140 $ 43,953,134 $ 80,468,274 Pledged assets backed loans 13,861,166 79,028,972 92,890,138 Collateral backed loans 5,839,516 2,358,857 8,198,373 $ 56,215,822 $ 125,340,963 $ 181,556,785 Guarantee Backed Loans A guaranteed loan is a loan guaranteed by a corporation or high net worth individual which includes related parties (refer to Note 25). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, guaranteed loans make up 29.5% and 44.3% of our direct loan portfolio, respectively. Pledged Asset Backed Loans Pledged assets backed loans are loans with pledged assets. Lenders has rights of access to the pledged assets at the time the loan is made and do not need to register them with government entities to secure the loan. If the borrower defaults, we can sell the assets to recover the outstanding balance owed. For the supply chain financing involved for tire industry, the borrowers pledged with inventory and the whole sellers (certain are related parties) guarantee the repayment of loan if the borrowers defaults. Both collateral loans and pledged loans are considered secured loans. The amount of a loan that lenders provide depends on the value of the collateral pledged. Collateral Backed Loans A collateral backed loan is a loan in which the borrower puts up an asset under their ownership, possession or control, as collateral for the loan. An asset usually is land use rights, equity shares, equipment or buildings. The loan is secured against the collateral and we do not take physical possession of the collateral at the time the loan is made. We will verify ownership of the collateral and then register the collateral with the appropriate government entities to complete the secured transaction. In the event that the borrower defaults, we can then take possession of the collateral asset and sell it to recover the outstanding balance owed. If the sale proceeds of the collateral asset is not sufficient to pay off the loan in full, we will file a lawsuit against the borrower and seek judgment for the remaining balance. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company pledged US$4,966,849 and US$5,310,886 loans receivable for secured loans the Company borrowed from China Great Wall Assets Management Co. Ltd. and related parties, loan-to-pledge ratios were 292% and 289% (See Note 18), which consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2018 2017 Business loans $ - $ - Personal loans 4,966,849 5,310,886 Total pledged loans receivable $ 4,966,849 $ 5,310,886 |