Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. Underlying loans are concentrated primarily in California, New Jersey, Florida, Pennsylvania and Virginia. These markets include approximately 43% of our total loan balance at March 31, 2016 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net reduction of $285.1 million and $301.3 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, for unamortized discounts and premiums. (in thousands) Mar 31, Dec 31, Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 31,160 46,712 Secured by real estate 2,611,658 2,871,021 Total commercial 2,642,818 2,917,733 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 8,525,084 8,950,429 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,314,695 1,388,018 Total consumer 9,839,779 10,338,447 Total loans $ 12,482,597 13,256,180 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2016 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended March 31, Loan acquisitions $ — — — — — — Loan sales — (1,837 ) (1,837 ) — (2,438 ) (2,438 ) Commitments to Lend The contract or notional amount of commercial loan commitments to extend credit was $336.7 million at March 31, 2016 and $399.5 million at December 31, 2015 . Pledged Loans See Note 5 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Changes in the allowance for credit losses were: Quarter ended March 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 Balance, beginning of period $ 121,538 185,174 Provision for credit losses 5,528 3,310 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (1,180 ) (1,080 ) Loan charge-offs: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — Secured by real estate (2 ) (296 ) Total commercial (2 ) (296 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (4,324 ) (5,457 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (6,606 ) (8,577 ) Total consumer (10,930 ) (14,034 ) Total loan charge-offs (10,932 ) (14,330 ) Loan recoveries: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — Secured by real estate 20 5 Total commercial 20 5 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,043 1,166 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 3,436 2,871 Total consumer 4,479 4,037 Total loan recoveries 4,499 4,042 Net loan charge-offs (6,433 ) (10,288 ) Balance, end of period $ 119,453 177,116 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 118,773 176,473 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 680 643 Allowance for credit losses $ 119,453 177,116 Net loan charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average total loans 0.20 % 0.33 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.95 1.44 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.96 1.44 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize reductions in allowance as interest income. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. 2016 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended March 31, Balance, beginning of period $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 19,476 165,698 185,174 Provision for credit losses 83 5,445 5,528 494 2,816 3,310 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (1,180 ) (1,180 ) — (1,080 ) (1,080 ) Loan charge-offs (2 ) (10,930 ) (10,932 ) (296 ) (14,034 ) (14,330 ) Loan recoveries 20 4,479 4,499 5 4,037 4,042 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 18 (6,451 ) (6,433 ) (291 ) (9,997 ) (10,288 ) Balance, end of period $ 17,777 101,676 119,453 19,679 157,437 177,116 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total March 31, 2016 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 15,618 29,659 45,277 2,637,247 9,330,830 11,968,077 Individually evaluated (2) 2,159 72,017 74,176 4,395 490,491 494,886 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — 1,176 18,458 19,634 Total $ 17,777 101,676 119,453 2,642,818 9,839,779 12,482,597 December 31, 2015 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 16,893 30,187 47,080 2,913,168 9,818,236 12,731,404 Individually evaluated (2) 783 73,675 74,458 3,378 499,865 503,243 PCI (3) — — — 1,187 20,346 21,533 Total $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 2,917,733 10,338,447 13,256,180 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for unimpaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than December 31, 2015 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total March 31, 2016 By risk category: Pass $ 31,160 2,593,401 2,624,561 Criticized — 18,257 18,257 Total commercial loans $ 31,160 2,611,658 2,642,818 December 31, 2015 By risk category: Pass $ 46,712 2,848,613 2,895,325 Criticized — 22,408 22,408 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total March 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 31,160 2,603,848 2,635,008 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 3,102 3,102 90+ DPD and still accruing — 975 975 Nonaccrual loans — 3,733 3,733 Total commercial loans $ 31,160 2,611,658 2,642,818 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 46,712 2,866,076 2,912,788 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 12 12 90+ DPD and still accruing — 3,227 3,227 Nonaccrual loans — 1,706 1,706 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present respective unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. The majority of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency matrix models or delinquency roll rate models. Therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total March 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 8,358,993 1,259,810 9,618,803 30-59 DPD 42,832 16,700 59,532 60-89 DPD 22,527 10,355 32,882 90-119 DPD 10,163 4,529 14,692 120-179 DPD 11,050 5,989 17,039 180+ DPD 88,453 20,422 108,875 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,934 ) (3,110 ) (12,044 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,525,084 1,314,695 9,839,779 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 8,776,254 1,328,855 10,105,109 30-59 DPD 42,987 19,275 62,262 60-89 DPD 24,004 9,049 33,053 90-119 DPD 14,201 5,100 19,301 120-179 DPD 14,976 6,804 21,780 180+ DPD 88,064 21,952 110,016 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total March 31, 2016 By FICO: < 600 $ 271,209 145,808 417,017 600-639 219,765 95,921 315,686 640-679 385,235 164,919 550,154 680-719 820,176 226,739 1,046,915 720-759 1,348,120 260,501 1,608,621 760-799 3,475,802 270,300 3,746,102 800+ 1,901,631 136,580 2,038,211 No FICO available 112,080 17,037 129,117 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,934 ) (3,110 ) (12,044 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,525,084 1,314,695 9,839,779 December 31, 2015 By FICO: < 600 $ 262,799 141,809 404,608 600-639 214,494 108,603 323,097 640-679 431,433 181,071 612,504 680-719 860,106 239,838 1,099,944 720-759 1,433,933 270,970 1,704,903 760-799 3,696,156 282,387 3,978,543 800+ 1,952,028 146,248 2,098,276 No FICO available 109,537 20,109 129,646 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV primarily due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total March 31, 2016 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 4,142,355 360,817 4,503,172 60.01-80% 3,527,566 331,016 3,858,582 80.01-100% 680,316 339,873 1,020,189 100.01-120% (1) 107,782 187,056 294,838 > 120% (1) 54,400 96,869 151,269 No LTV/CLTV available 21,599 2,174 23,773 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,934 ) (3,110 ) (12,044 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,525,084 1,314,695 9,839,779 December 31, 2015 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 4,408,951 381,782 4,790,733 60.01-80% 3,628,951 355,758 3,984,709 80.01-100% 718,484 352,406 1,070,890 100.01-120% (1) 125,295 196,760 322,055 > 120% (1) 55,217 101,808 157,025 No LTV/CLTV available 23,588 2,521 26,109 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield. (in thousands) Mar 31, Dec 31, Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate 3,733 1,706 Total commercial 3,733 1,706 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 196,967 201,531 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 62,316 64,718 Total consumer 259,283 266,249 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 263,016 267,955 LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $3.1 million at March 31, 2016 , and $4.4 million at December 31, 2015 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (in thousands) Mar 31, 2016 Dec 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate — 2,252 Total commercial — 2,252 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 5,001 8,365 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 2,056 2,462 Total consumer 7,057 10,827 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 7,057 13,079 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $14.7 million at March 31, 2016 and $15.7 million at December 31, 2015 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses March 31, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 5,053 4,395 4,395 2,159 Total commercial 5,053 4,395 4,395 2,159 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 454,113 377,450 255,636 43,499 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 126,036 113,041 93,082 28,518 Total consumer 580,149 490,491 348,718 72,017 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 585,202 494,886 353,113 74,176 December 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Total commercial 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 461,186 382,596 256,669 44,077 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 130,787 117,269 96,511 29,598 Total consumer 591,973 499,865 353,180 73,675 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 596,070 503,243 356,558 74,458 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Quarter ended March 31, 2016 2015 (in thousands) Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 3,987 6 6,010 41 Total commercial 3,987 6 6,010 41 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 380,766 5,548 395,007 5,571 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 115,594 2,383 123,859 2,440 Total consumer 496,360 7,931 518,866 8,011 Total impaired loans $ 500,347 7,937 524,876 8,052 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 2,472 2,575 Other (1) 5,465 5,477 Total interest income $ 7,937 8,052 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. We do not consider any loans modified through a loan resolution such as foreclosure or short sale to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The planned modifications for these arrangements predominantly involve interest rate reductions or other interest rate concessions, however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not finalized and do not take effect until the loan is permanently modified. The trial period terms are developed in accordance with our proprietary programs or the U.S. Treasury’s Making Homes Affordable programs for real estate 1-4 family first lien (i.e. Home Affordable Modification Program - HAMP) and junior lien (i.e. Second Lien Modification Program - 2MP) mortgage loans. At March 31, 2016 , the loans in trial modification period were $7.5 million under HAMP, $790 thousand under 2MP and $6.4 million under proprietary programs, compared with $7.4 million , $663 thousand and $7.6 million at December 31, 2015 , respectively. Trial modifications with a recorded investment of $5.3 million at March 31, 2016 , and $5.8 million at December 31, 2015 , were accruing loans and $9.4 million and $9.9 million , respectively, were nonaccruing loans. Our experience is that substantially all of the mortgages that enter a trial payment period program are successful in completing the program requirements and are then permanently modified at the end of the trial period. As previously discussed, our allowance process considers the impact of those modifications that are probable to occur including the associated credit cost and related re-default risk. For those loans that may be modified more than once, the following table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Quarter ended March 31, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 1,848 1,848 — — — Total commercial — — 1,848 1,848 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,924 2,502 5,741 10,167 531 3.61 4,144 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 72 1,253 1,027 2,352 660 3.89 1,292 Trial modifications (6) — — (649 ) (649 ) — — — Total consumer 1,996 3,755 6,119 11,870 1,191 3.67 5,436 Total $ 1,996 3,755 7,967 13,718 1,191 3.67 % $ 5,436 Quarter ended March 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 2,383 2,383 — — — Total commercial — — 2,383 2,383 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,795 5,870 4,275 11,940 830 3.13 7,354 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 159 1,151 1,480 2,790 518 5.31 1,242 Trial modifications (6) — — (296 ) (296 ) — — — Total consumer 1,954 7,021 5,459 14,434 1,348 3.45 8,596 Total $ 1,954 7,021 7,842 16,817 1,348 3.45 % $ 8,596 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $2.0 million and $2.7 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $306 thousand and $609 thousand for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Quarter ended March 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate 807 — Total commercial 807 — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 549 1,565 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 251 266 Total consumer 800 1,831 Total 1,607 1,831 |