Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. The majority of our loans are concentrated in California, New York, Washington, Virginia and Florida. These markets include approximately 58% of our total loan balance at September 30, 2016 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net addition of $76.1 million at September 30, 2016 and a net reduction of $301.3 million at December 31, 2015 , for unamortized premiums and discounts. (in thousands) Sep 30, Dec 31, Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 9,606 46,712 Secured by real estate 4,248,472 2,871,021 Total commercial 4,258,078 2,917,733 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 28,080,674 8,950,429 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,162,401 1,388,018 Total consumer 29,243,075 10,338,447 Total loans $ 33,501,153 13,256,180 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2016 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended September 30, Loan acquisitions $ 1,907,228 19,117,991 21,025,219 — 794,475 794,475 Loan sales — (198,549 ) (198,549 ) — (3,457 ) (3,457 ) Nine months ended September 30, Loan acquisitions $ 1,907,228 21,431,918 23,339,146 — 2,495,142 2,495,142 Loan sales (128 ) (203,634 ) (203,762 ) (550 ) (9,441 ) (9,991 ) Commitments to Lend The contract or notional amount of commercial loan commitments to extend credit was $551.7 million at September 30, 2016 and $399.5 million at December 31, 2015 . Pledged Loans See Note 5 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Balance, beginning of period $ 118,030 164,494 121,538 185,174 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 18,743 (23,023 ) 30,174 (23,914 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (1,604 ) (1,121 ) (4,384 ) (3,470 ) Loan charge-offs: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — — — Secured by real estate — (113 ) (10 ) (476 ) Total commercial — (113 ) (10 ) (476 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (4,246 ) (6,757 ) (13,602 ) (17,110 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (4,468 ) (6,684 ) (16,424 ) (22,329 ) Total consumer (8,714 ) (13,441 ) (30,026 ) (39,439 ) Total loan charge-offs (8,714 ) (13,554 ) (30,036 ) (39,915 ) Loan recoveries: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — — — Secured by real estate 48 291 77 300 Total commercial 48 291 77 300 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,820 1,201 4,265 3,789 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 3,643 3,181 10,332 9,505 Total consumer 5,463 4,382 14,597 13,294 Total loan recoveries 5,511 4,673 14,674 13,594 Net loan charge-offs (3,203 ) (8,881 ) (15,362 ) (26,321 ) Balance, end of period $ 131,966 131,469 131,966 131,469 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 130,715 130,839 130,715 130,839 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,251 630 1,251 630 Allowance for credit losses $ 131,966 131,469 131,966 131,469 Net loan charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average total loans 0.06 % 0.27 0.13 0.28 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.39 0.99 0.39 0.99 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.39 1.00 0.39 1.00 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. 2016 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended September 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 15,008 103,022 118,030 18,806 145,688 164,494 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 12,194 6,549 18,743 (291 ) (22,732 ) (23,023 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans — (1,604 ) (1,604 ) — (1,121 ) (1,121 ) Loan charge-offs — (8,714 ) (8,714 ) (113 ) (13,441 ) (13,554 ) Loan recoveries 48 5,463 5,511 291 4,382 4,673 Net loan charge-offs 48 (3,251 ) (3,203 ) 178 (9,059 ) (8,881 ) Balance, end of period $ 27,250 104,716 131,966 18,693 112,776 131,469 Nine months ended September 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 19,476 165,698 185,174 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 9,507 20,667 30,174 (607 ) (23,307 ) (23,914 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans — (4,384 ) (4,384 ) — (3,470 ) (3,470 ) Loan charge-offs (10 ) (30,026 ) (30,036 ) (476 ) (39,439 ) (39,915 ) Loan recoveries 77 14,597 14,674 300 13,294 13,594 Net loan charge-offs 67 (15,429 ) (15,362 ) (176 ) (26,145 ) (26,321 ) Balance, end of period $ 27,250 104,716 131,966 18,693 112,776 131,469 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total September 30, 2016 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 26,024 30,222 56,246 4,253,638 28,762,703 33,016,341 Individually evaluated (2) 1,226 74,494 75,720 3,285 465,623 468,908 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — 1,155 14,749 15,904 Total $ 27,250 104,716 131,966 4,258,078 29,243,075 33,501,153 December 31, 2015 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 16,893 30,187 47,080 2,913,168 9,818,236 12,731,404 Individually evaluated (2) 783 73,675 74,458 3,378 499,865 503,243 PCI (3) — — — 1,187 20,346 21,533 Total $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 2,917,733 10,338,447 13,256,180 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than June 30, 2016 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total September 30, 2016 By risk category: Pass $ 9,606 4,239,726 4,249,332 Criticized — 8,746 8,746 Total commercial loans $ 9,606 4,248,472 4,258,078 December 31, 2015 By risk category: Pass $ 46,712 2,848,613 2,895,325 Criticized — 22,408 22,408 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total September 30, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 9,606 4,238,527 4,248,133 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 6,592 6,592 90+ DPD and still accruing — 975 975 Nonaccrual loans — 2,378 2,378 Total commercial loans $ 9,606 4,248,472 4,258,078 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 46,712 2,866,076 2,912,788 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 12 12 90+ DPD and still accruing — 3,227 3,227 Nonaccrual loans — 1,706 1,706 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. The majority of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency matrix models or delinquency roll rate models. Therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total September 30, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 27,943,198 1,118,357 29,061,555 30-59 DPD 39,008 14,057 53,065 60-89 DPD 14,242 7,885 22,127 90-119 DPD 8,792 4,959 13,751 120-179 DPD 11,063 4,229 15,292 180+ DPD 72,764 16,157 88,921 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,393 ) (3,243 ) (11,636 ) Total consumer loans $ 28,080,674 1,162,401 29,243,075 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 8,776,254 1,328,855 10,105,109 30-59 DPD 42,987 19,275 62,262 60-89 DPD 24,004 9,049 33,053 90-119 DPD 14,201 5,100 19,301 120-179 DPD 14,976 6,804 21,780 180+ DPD 88,064 21,952 110,016 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total September 30, 2016 By FICO: < 600 $ 244,791 122,872 367,663 600-639 187,591 82,890 270,481 640-679 482,580 138,833 621,413 680-719 1,257,445 207,950 1,465,395 720-759 4,050,105 233,002 4,283,107 760-799 13,931,253 242,464 14,173,717 800+ 7,796,472 123,402 7,919,874 No FICO available 138,830 14,231 153,061 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,393 ) (3,243 ) (11,636 ) Total consumer loans $ 28,080,674 1,162,401 29,243,075 December 31, 2015 By FICO: < 600 $ 262,799 141,809 404,608 600-639 214,494 108,603 323,097 640-679 431,433 181,071 612,504 680-719 860,106 239,838 1,099,944 720-759 1,433,933 270,970 1,704,903 760-799 3,696,156 282,387 3,978,543 800+ 1,952,028 146,248 2,098,276 No FICO available 109,537 20,109 129,646 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total September 30, 2016 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 12,713,736 350,702 13,064,438 60.01-80% 13,265,944 305,088 13,571,032 80.01-100% 1,823,872 291,137 2,115,009 100.01-120% (1) 170,994 145,176 316,170 > 120% (1) 93,322 71,782 165,104 No LTV/CLTV available 21,199 1,759 22,958 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (8,393 ) (3,243 ) (11,636 ) Total consumer loans $ 28,080,674 1,162,401 29,243,075 December 31, 2015 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 4,408,951 381,782 4,790,733 60.01-80% 3,628,951 355,758 3,984,709 80.01-100% 718,484 352,406 1,070,890 100.01-120% (1) 125,295 196,760 322,055 > 120% (1) 55,217 101,808 157,025 No LTV/CLTV available 23,588 2,521 26,109 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield. (in thousands) Sep 30, Dec 31, Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate 2,378 1,706 Total commercial 2,378 1,706 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 175,086 201,531 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 50,812 64,718 Total consumer 225,898 266,249 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 228,276 267,955 LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $2.3 million at September 30, 2016 , and $4.4 million at December 31, 2015 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (in thousands) Sep 30, 2016 Dec 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate — 2,252 Total commercial — 2,252 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,633 8,365 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 2,469 2,462 Total consumer 6,102 10,827 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 6,102 13,079 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $12.9 million at September 30, 2016 and $15.7 million at December 31, 2015 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses September 30, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 3,711 3,285 3,285 1,226 Total commercial 3,711 3,285 3,285 1,226 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 431,398 359,829 251,512 50,365 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 117,324 105,794 86,819 24,129 Total consumer 548,722 465,623 338,331 74,494 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 552,433 468,908 341,616 75,720 December 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Total commercial 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 461,186 382,596 256,669 44,077 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 130,787 117,269 96,511 29,598 Total consumer 591,973 499,865 353,180 73,675 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 596,070 503,243 356,558 74,458 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2016 2015 2016 2015 (in thousands) Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — — — Secured by real estate 3,358 11 11,351 821 3,828 60 8,170 898 Total commercial 3,358 11 11,351 821 3,828 60 8,170 898 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 363,593 5,867 388,609 5,681 372,254 17,120 392,712 17,183 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 107,935 2,240 119,882 2,370 111,742 6,935 121,797 7,146 Total consumer 471,528 8,107 508,491 8,051 483,996 24,055 514,509 24,329 Total impaired loans $ 474,886 8,118 519,842 8,872 487,824 24,115 522,679 25,227 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 2,511 3,381 7,443 8,580 Other (1) 5,607 5,491 16,672 16,647 Total interest income $ 8,118 8,872 24,115 25,227 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $468.9 million and $502.4 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. We do not consider any loans modified through a loan resolution such as foreclosure or short sale to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Most of the planned modifications for these arrangements involve interest rate reductions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not finalized and do not take effect until the loan is permanently modified. The trial period terms are developed in accordance with our proprietary programs or the U.S. Treasury’s Making Homes Affordable programs for real estate 1-4 family first lien (i.e. Home Affordable Modification Program - HAMP) and junior lien (i.e. Second Lien Modification Program - 2MP) mortgage loans. At September 30, 2016 , the loans in trial modification period were $6.2 million under HAMP, $774 thousand under 2MP and $5.9 million under proprietary programs, compared with $7.4 million , $663 thousand and $7.6 million at December 31, 2015 , respectively. Trial modifications with a recorded investment of $4.9 million at September 30, 2016 , and $5.8 million at December 31, 2015 , were accruing loans and $8.0 million and $9.9 million , respectively, were nonaccruing loans. Our experience is that most of the mortgages that enter a trial payment period program are successful in completing the program requirements and are then permanently modified at the end of the trial period. As previously discussed, our allowance process considers the impact of those modifications that are probable to occur including the associated credit cost and related re-default risk. For those loans that may be modified more than once, the following table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Quarter ended September 30, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 2,106 2,106 — — — Total commercial — — 2,106 2,106 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,079 3,107 3,267 8,453 258 3.48 5,110 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 111 738 866 1,715 437 3.88 848 Trial modifications (6) — — 1,181 1,181 — — — Total consumer 2,190 3,845 5,314 11,349 695 3.54 5,958 Total $ 2,190 3,845 7,420 13,455 695 3.54 % $ 5,958 Quarter ended September 30, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — — — — — — Total commercial — — — — — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,588 5,887 4,657 14,132 485 3.68 8,825 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 704 1,441 974 3,119 552 4.58 2,089 Trial modifications (6) — — (350 ) (350 ) — — — Total consumer 4,292 7,328 5,281 16,901 1,037 3.85 10,914 Total $ 4,292 7,328 5,281 16,901 1,037 3.85 % $ 10,914 Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Nine months ended September 30, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 3,954 3,954 — — — Total commercial — — 3,954 3,954 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 5,914 8,086 13,137 27,137 1,297 3.48 12,798 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 794 3,425 3,211 7,430 1,478 3.82 4,012 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,133 ) (1,133 ) — — — Total consumer 6,708 11,511 15,215 33,434 2,775 3.56 16,810 Total $ 6,708 11,511 19,169 37,388 2,775 3.56 % $ 16,810 Nine months ended September 30, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 3,884 3,884 — — — Total commercial — — 3,884 3,884 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 7,796 16,405 14,418 38,619 1,655 3.46 22,467 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,401 3,716 3,816 8,933 1,484 4.98 4,747 Trial modifications (6) — — 1,634 1,634 — — — Total consumer 9,197 20,121 19,868 49,186 3,139 3.73 27,214 Total $ 9,197 20,121 23,752 53,070 3,139 3.73 % $ 27,214 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $2.7 million and $5.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , and $6.9 million and $13.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $290 thousand and $1.1 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , and $1.0 million and $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate — — 807 — Total commercial — — 807 — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 835 1,797 1,759 4,264 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 573 383 885 814 Total consumer 1,408 2,180 2,644 5,078 Total $ 1,408 2,180 3,451 5,078 |