Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. Underlying loans are concentrated primarily in California, New York, Washington, Virginia and Florida. These markets include approximately 58% of our total loan balance at December 31, 2016 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net addition of $65.5 million at December 31, 2016 , and a total net reduction of $301.3 million at December 31, 2015 , for unamortized premiums and discounts. December 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 11,223 46,712 58,559 80,053 47,272 Secured by real estate 3,973,658 2,871,021 3,121,106 2,859,662 246,344 Total commercial 3,984,881 2,917,733 3,179,665 2,939,715 293,616 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 26,236,047 8,950,429 8,023,294 8,029,146 3,361,857 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,089,065 1,388,018 1,746,318 2,151,480 457,025 Total consumer 27,325,112 10,338,447 9,769,612 10,180,626 3,818,882 Total loans $ 31,309,993 13,256,180 12,949,277 13,120,341 4,112,498 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2016 2015 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Year ended December 31, Loan acquisitions $ 1,907,228 21,431,918 23,339,146 399,222 2,904,074 3,303,296 Loan sales (128 ) (421,699 ) (421,827 ) (550 ) (11,201 ) (11,751 ) Commitments to Lend See Note 3 (Commitments, Guarantees and Other Matters) for more information about our commitments to lend. Pledged Loans See Note 6 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Balance, beginning of year $ 121,538 185,174 244,269 65,459 68,535 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 29,855 (26,330 ) 6,665 18,235 45,376 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (5,842 ) (4,936 ) (3,729 ) (1,865 ) (1,590 ) Loan charge-offs: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — — — — Secured by real estate (52 ) (532 ) (531 ) (55 ) (1,719 ) Total commercial (52 ) (532 ) (531 ) (55 ) (1,719 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (17,470 ) (21,345 ) (32,162 ) (17,644 ) (19,417 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (22,958 ) (29,366 ) (47,352 ) (23,638 ) (29,479 ) Total consumer (40,428 ) (50,711 ) (79,514 ) (41,282 ) (48,896 ) Total loan charge-offs (40,480 ) (51,243 ) (80,045 ) (41,337 ) (50,615 ) Loan recoveries: Commercial: Commercial and industrial — — — — — Secured by real estate 99 823 292 246 1,464 Total commercial 99 823 292 246 1,464 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 6,366 4,994 6,709 2,334 523 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 13,493 13,056 11,013 4,131 1,766 Total consumer 19,859 18,050 17,722 6,465 2,289 Total loan recoveries 19,958 18,873 18,014 6,711 3,753 Net loan charge-offs (20,522 ) (32,370 ) (62,031 ) (34,626 ) (46,862 ) Allowance related to loan contribution — — — 197,066 — Balance, end of year $ 125,029 121,538 185,174 244,269 65,459 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 123,877 120,866 184,437 243,752 65,340 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,152 672 737 517 119 Allowance for credit losses $ 125,029 121,538 185,174 244,269 65,459 Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans 0.10 % 0.25 0.49 0.62 1.43 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.40 0.91 1.42 1.86 1.59 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.40 0.92 1.43 1.86 1.59 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. Year ended December 31, (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total 2016 Balance, beginning of year $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 Provision for credit losses 11,921 17,934 29,855 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (5,842 ) (5,842 ) Loan charge-offs (52 ) (40,428 ) (40,480 ) Loan recoveries 99 19,859 19,958 Net loan charge-offs 47 (20,569 ) (20,522 ) Balance, end of year $ 29,644 95,385 125,029 2015 Balance, beginning of year $ 19,476 165,698 185,174 Reversal of provision for credit losses (2,091 ) (24,239 ) (26,330 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans — (4,936 ) (4,936 ) Loan charge-offs (532 ) (50,711 ) (51,243 ) Loan recoveries 823 18,050 18,873 Net loan charge-offs 291 (32,661 ) (32,370 ) Balance, end of year $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total December 31, 2016 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 28,535 21,915 50,450 3,980,501 26,860,682 30,841,183 Individually evaluated (2) 1,109 73,470 74,579 3,236 451,070 454,306 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — 1,144 13,360 14,504 Total $ 29,644 95,385 125,029 3,984,881 27,325,112 31,309,993 December 31, 2015 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 16,893 30,187 47,080 2,913,168 9,818,236 12,731,404 Individually evaluated (2) 783 73,675 74,458 3,378 499,865 503,243 PCI (3) — — — 1,187 20,346 21,533 Total $ 17,676 103,862 121,538 2,917,733 10,338,447 13,256,180 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than September 30, 2016 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total December 31, 2016 By risk category: Pass $ 11,223 3,965,578 3,976,801 Criticized — 8,080 8,080 Total commercial loans $ 11,223 3,973,658 3,984,881 December 31, 2015 By risk category: Pass $ 46,712 2,848,613 2,895,325 Criticized — 22,408 22,408 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Commercial and industrial Secured by real estate Total December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 11,223 3,970,083 3,981,306 30-89 DPD and still accruing — — — 90+ DPD and still accruing — 975 975 Nonaccrual loans — 2,600 2,600 Total commercial loans $ 11,223 3,973,658 3,984,881 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 46,712 2,866,076 2,912,788 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 12 12 90+ DPD and still accruing — 3,227 3,227 Nonaccrual loans — 1,706 1,706 Total commercial loans $ 46,712 2,871,021 2,917,733 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. The majority of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency matrix models or delinquency roll rate models. Therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 26,083,077 1,046,385 27,129,462 30-59 DPD 50,197 14,254 64,451 60-89 DPD 23,740 8,216 31,956 90-119 DPD 9,962 5,493 15,455 120-179 DPD 9,945 3,971 13,916 180+ DPD 66,606 14,168 80,774 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 8,776,254 1,328,855 10,105,109 30-59 DPD 42,987 19,275 62,262 60-89 DPD 24,004 9,049 33,053 90-119 DPD 14,201 5,100 19,301 120-179 DPD 14,976 6,804 21,780 180+ DPD 88,064 21,952 110,016 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total December 31, 2016 By FICO: < 600 $ 227,775 114,855 342,630 600-639 183,318 76,631 259,949 640-679 490,005 132,398 622,403 680-719 1,283,767 198,166 1,481,933 720-759 3,668,121 213,787 3,881,908 760-799 12,926,891 229,558 13,156,449 800+ 7,328,038 113,112 7,441,150 No FICO available 135,612 13,980 149,592 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 December 31, 2015 By FICO: < 600 $ 262,799 141,809 404,608 600-639 214,494 108,603 323,097 640-679 431,433 181,071 612,504 680-719 860,106 239,838 1,099,944 720-759 1,433,933 270,970 1,704,903 760-799 3,696,156 282,387 3,978,543 800+ 1,952,028 146,248 2,098,276 No FICO available 109,537 20,109 129,646 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total December 31, 2016 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 12,639,979 347,932 12,987,911 60.01-80% 11,995,186 297,037 12,292,223 80.01-100% 1,362,748 271,230 1,633,978 100.01-120% (1) 155,553 124,467 280,020 > 120% (1) 69,990 50,226 120,216 No LTV/CLTV available 20,071 1,595 21,666 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 December 31, 2015 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 4,408,951 381,782 4,790,733 60.01-80% 3,628,951 355,758 3,984,709 80.01-100% 718,484 352,406 1,070,890 100.01-120% (1) 125,295 196,760 322,055 > 120% (1) 55,217 101,808 157,025 No LTV/CLTV available 23,588 2,521 26,109 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (10,057 ) (3,017 ) (13,074 ) Total consumer loans $ 8,950,429 1,388,018 10,338,447 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield. December 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate 2,600 1,706 Total commercial 2,600 1,706 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 165,117 201,531 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 48,806 64,718 Total consumer 213,923 266,249 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 216,523 267,955 LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $2.3 million at December 31, 2016 , and $4.4 million at December 31, 2015 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. December 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — Secured by real estate — 2,252 Total commercial — 2,252 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 4,962 8,365 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 2,545 2,462 Total consumer 7,507 10,827 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 7,507 13,079 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $11.8 million at December 31, 2016 , and $15.7 million at December 31, 2015 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses December 31, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 3,940 3,236 3,236 1,109 Total commercial 3,940 3,236 3,236 1,109 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 419,497 349,627 247,525 49,486 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 111,967 101,443 83,887 23,984 Total consumer 531,464 451,070 331,412 73,470 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 535,404 454,306 334,648 74,579 December 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — Secured by real estate 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Total commercial 4,097 3,378 3,378 783 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 461,186 382,596 256,669 44,077 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 130,787 117,269 96,511 29,598 Total consumer 591,973 499,865 353,180 73,675 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 596,070 503,243 356,558 74,458 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Year ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (in thousands) Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — Secured by real estate 3,699 72 7,156 1,093 6,486 231 Total commercial 3,699 72 7,156 1,093 6,486 231 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 367,660 22,571 390,866 23,030 403,050 20,676 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 109,780 9,092 120,896 9,600 128,374 9,754 Total consumer 477,440 31,663 511,762 32,630 531,424 30,430 Total impaired loans $ 481,139 31,735 518,918 33,723 537,910 30,661 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 9,739 11,282 10,343 Other (1) 21,996 22,441 20,318 Total interest income $ 31,735 33,723 30,661 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $454.3 million and $502.4 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions, such as foreclosure or short sale, to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The following table summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Year ended December 31, 2016 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 3,954 3,954 — — — Total commercial — — 3,954 3,954 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 7,461 10,263 15,716 33,440 1,700 3.45 15,957 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 994 4,836 3,713 9,543 1,625 3.95 5,624 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,563 ) (1,563 ) — — — Total consumer 8,455 15,099 17,866 41,420 3,325 3.58 21,581 Total $ 8,455 15,099 21,820 45,374 3,325 3.58 % $ 21,581 Year ended December 31, 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — — 4,021 4,021 — — — Total commercial — — 4,021 4,021 — — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 10,707 19,157 17,975 47,839 2,155 3.53 27,879 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,758 5,750 4,673 12,181 1,939 4.61 7,095 Trial modifications (6) — — 4,009 4,009 — — — Total consumer 12,465 24,907 26,657 64,029 4,094 3.75 34,974 Total $ 12,465 24,907 30,678 68,050 4,094 3.75 % $ 34,974 Year ended December 31, 2014 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — — — — % $ — Secured by real estate — 44 531 575 — 2.00 44 Total commercial — 44 531 575 — 2.00 44 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 21,822 20,195 27,422 69,439 4,379 3.16 39,262 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 3,847 6,810 6,587 17,244 3,287 5.20 10,157 Trial modifications (6) — — (89 ) (89 ) — — — Total consumer 25,669 27,005 33,920 86,594 7,666 3.58 49,419 Total $ 25,669 27,049 34,451 87,169 7,666 3.58 % $ 49,463 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $8.8 million , $16.3 million , and $20.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the contractual interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $1.2 million , $2.8 million and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2014 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — — — Secured by real estate 807 — 335 Total commercial 807 — 335 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,435 4,971 3,352 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,230 1,268 1,768 Total consumer 4,665 6,239 5,120 Total $ 5,472 6,239 5,455 |