Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. The majority of our loans are concentrated in California , New York , Washington , Virginia and Florida . These markets include approximately 55% of our total loan balance at June 30, 2017 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net reduction of $11.6 million and net addition of $65.5 million at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively, for unamortized premiums and discounts. (in thousands) Jun 30, Dec 31, Total commercial $ 3,610,269 3,984,881 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 29,276,380 26,236,047 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 963,426 1,089,065 Total consumer 30,239,806 27,325,112 Total loans $ 33,850,075 31,309,993 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2017 2016 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended June 30, Loan acquisitions $ — 4,707,964 4,707,964 — 2,313,927 2,313,927 Loan sales — (42,834 ) (42,834 ) (128 ) (3,248 ) (3,376 ) Six months ended June 30, Loan acquisitions $ — 4,707,964 4,707,964 — 2,313,927 2,313,927 Loan sales — (57,029 ) (57,029 ) (128 ) (5,085 ) (5,213 ) Commitments to Lend The contract or notional amount of commercial loan commitments to extend credit was $504.5 million at June 30, 2017 and $438.0 million at December 31, 2016 . Pledged Loans See Note 5 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Balance, beginning of period $ 127,334 119,453 125,029 121,538 Provision for credit losses 18,118 5,903 26,201 11,431 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (1,267 ) (1,600 ) (2,608 ) (2,780 ) Loan charge-offs: Total commercial — (8 ) (11 ) (10 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (2,232 ) (5,032 ) (5,800 ) (9,356 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (2,719 ) (5,350 ) (7,967 ) (11,956 ) Total consumer (4,951 ) (10,382 ) (13,767 ) (21,312 ) Total loan charge-offs (4,951 ) (10,390 ) (13,778 ) (21,322 ) Loan recoveries: Total commercial 12 9 29 29 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,042 1,402 3,153 2,445 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 3,159 3,253 6,421 6,689 Total consumer 5,201 4,655 9,574 9,134 Total loan recoveries 5,213 4,664 9,603 9,163 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 262 (5,726 ) (4,175 ) (12,159 ) Balance, end of period $ 144,447 118,030 144,447 118,030 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 143,389 117,422 143,389 117,422 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,058 608 1,058 608 Allowance for credit losses $ 144,447 118,030 144,447 118,030 Net loan charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average total loans — % 0.18 0.03 0.19 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.42 0.84 0.42 0.84 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.43 0.84 0.43 0.84 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. 2017 2016 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended June 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 28,192 99,142 127,334 17,777 101,676 119,453 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (829 ) 18,947 18,118 (2,770 ) 8,673 5,903 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (1,267 ) (1,267 ) — (1,600 ) (1,600 ) Loan charge-offs — (4,951 ) (4,951 ) (8 ) (10,382 ) (10,390 ) Loan recoveries 12 5,201 5,213 9 4,655 4,664 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 12 250 262 1 (5,727 ) (5,726 ) Balance, end of period $ 27,375 117,072 144,447 15,008 103,022 118,030 Six months ended June 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 29,644 95,385 125,029 17,676 103,862 121,538 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (2,287 ) 28,488 26,201 (2,687 ) 14,118 11,431 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (2,608 ) (2,608 ) — (2,780 ) (2,780 ) Loan charge-offs (11 ) (13,767 ) (13,778 ) (10 ) (21,312 ) (21,322 ) Loan recoveries 29 9,574 9,603 29 9,134 9,163 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 18 (4,193 ) (4,175 ) 19 (12,178 ) (12,159 ) Balance, end of period $ 27,375 117,072 144,447 15,008 103,022 118,030 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total June 30, 2017 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 26,281 49,129 75,410 3,606,217 29,799,448 33,405,665 Individually evaluated (2) 1,094 67,943 69,037 4,052 429,390 433,442 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — — 10,968 10,968 Total $ 27,375 117,072 144,447 3,610,269 30,239,806 33,850,075 December 31, 2016 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 28,535 21,915 50,450 3,980,501 26,860,682 30,841,183 Individually evaluated (2) 1,109 73,470 74,579 3,236 451,070 454,306 PCI (3) — — — 1,144 13,360 14,504 Total $ 29,644 95,385 125,029 3,984,881 27,325,112 31,309,993 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than March 31, 2017 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Total June 30, 2017 By risk category: Pass $ 3,603,977 Criticized 6,292 Total commercial loans $ 3,610,269 December 31, 2016 By risk category: Pass $ 3,976,801 Criticized 8,080 Total commercial loans $ 3,984,881 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Total June 30, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 3,604,863 30-89 DPD and still accruing 2,262 90+ DPD and still accruing — Nonaccrual loans 3,144 Total commercial loans $ 3,610,269 December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 3,981,306 30-89 DPD and still accruing — 90+ DPD and still accruing 975 Nonaccrual loans 2,600 Total commercial loans $ 3,984,881 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total June 30, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 29,142,892 927,949 30,070,841 30-59 DPD 38,018 11,674 49,692 60-89 DPD 16,690 7,276 23,966 90-119 DPD 8,611 3,393 12,004 120-179 DPD 10,910 4,534 15,444 180+ DPD 65,829 12,268 78,097 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (6,570 ) (3,668 ) (10,238 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,276,380 963,426 30,239,806 December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 26,083,077 1,046,385 27,129,462 30-59 DPD 50,197 14,254 64,451 60-89 DPD 23,740 8,216 31,956 90-119 DPD 9,962 5,493 15,455 120-179 DPD 9,945 3,971 13,916 180+ DPD 66,606 14,168 80,774 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. The June 30, 2017 FICO scores for real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages reflect a new FICO score version we adopted in first quarter 2017 to monitor and manage those portfolios. In general the impact for us is a shift to higher scores, particularly to the 800+ level, as the new FICO score version utilizes a more refined approach that better distinguishes borrower credit risk. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total June 30, 2017 (1) By FICO: < 600 $ 186,774 81,549 268,323 600-639 149,361 56,189 205,550 640-679 314,689 98,919 413,608 680-719 954,729 176,946 1,131,675 720-759 2,403,104 179,392 2,582,496 760-799 5,750,042 138,894 5,888,936 800+ 19,327,000 216,860 19,543,860 No FICO available 197,251 18,345 215,596 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (6,570 ) (3,668 ) (10,238 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,276,380 963,426 30,239,806 December 31, 2016 By FICO: < 600 $ 227,775 114,855 342,630 600-639 183,318 76,631 259,949 640-679 490,005 132,398 622,403 680-719 1,283,767 198,166 1,481,933 720-759 3,668,121 213,787 3,881,908 760-799 12,926,891 229,558 13,156,449 800+ 7,328,038 113,112 7,441,150 No FICO available 135,612 13,980 149,592 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 (1) June 30, 2017 amounts reflect updated FICO score version implemented in first quarter 2017. LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total June 30, 2017 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 14,235,108 311,034 14,546,142 60.01-80% 13,261,736 266,789 13,528,525 80.01-100% 1,539,382 237,439 1,776,821 100.01-120% (1) 159,152 106,591 265,743 > 120% (1) 70,723 43,752 114,475 No LTV/CLTV available 16,849 1,489 18,338 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (6,570 ) (3,668 ) (10,238 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,276,380 963,426 30,239,806 December 31, 2016 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 12,639,979 347,932 12,987,911 60.01-80% 11,995,186 297,037 12,292,223 80.01-100% 1,362,748 271,230 1,633,978 100.01-120% (1) 155,553 124,467 280,020 > 120% (1) 69,990 50,226 120,216 No LTV/CLTV available 20,071 1,595 21,666 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (7,480 ) (3,422 ) (10,902 ) Total consumer loans $ 26,236,047 1,089,065 27,325,112 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms . (in thousands) Jun 30, Dec 31, Total commercial 3,144 2,600 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 157,092 165,117 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 43,378 48,806 Total consumer 200,470 213,923 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 203,614 216,523 LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $1.0 million at June 30, 2017 , and $2.3 million at December 31, 2016 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (in thousands) Jun 30, 2017 Dec 31, 2016 Total commercial $ — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 4,495 4,962 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,746 2,545 Total consumer 6,241 7,507 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 6,241 7,507 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $10.2 million at June 30, 2017 and $11.8 million at December 31, 2016 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses June 30, 2017 Total commercial $ 5,840 4,052 4,052 1,094 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 402,221 334,405 234,238 46,944 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 111,764 94,985 78,245 20,999 Total consumer 513,985 429,390 312,483 67,943 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 519,825 433,442 316,535 69,037 December 31, 2016 Total commercial $ 3,940 3,236 3,236 1,109 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 419,497 349,627 247,525 49,486 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 111,967 101,443 83,887 23,984 Total consumer 531,464 451,070 331,412 73,470 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 535,404 454,306 334,648 74,579 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in thousands) Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Total commercial $ 4,090 11 3,737 43 3,669 23 3,862 49 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 339,082 5,347 372,878 5,705 342,657 10,753 376,513 11,253 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 96,980 2,050 111,626 2,312 98,472 4,199 113,691 4,695 Total consumer 436,062 7,397 484,504 8,017 441,129 14,952 490,204 15,948 Total impaired loans $ 440,152 7,408 488,241 8,060 444,798 14,975 494,066 15,997 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 2,157 2,460 4,315 4,932 Other (1) 5,251 5,600 10,660 11,065 Total interest income $ 7,408 8,060 14,975 15,997 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $432.5 million and $454.3 million at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions, such as foreclosure or short sale to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The following table summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that may be modified more than once, the following table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Quarter ended June 30, 2017 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,339 2,211 2,169 6,719 87 3.59 3,898 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 463 556 540 1,559 135 3.88 870 Trial modifications (6) — — 1,871 1,871 — — — Total consumer 2,802 2,767 4,580 10,149 222 3.65 4,768 Total $ 2,802 2,767 4,580 10,149 222 3.65 % $ 4,768 Quarter ended June 30, 2016 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,911 2,477 4,129 8,517 508 3.32 3,544 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 611 1,434 1,318 3,363 381 3.74 1,872 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,665 ) (1,665 ) — — — Total consumer 2,522 3,911 3,782 10,215 889 3.47 5,416 Total $ 2,522 3,911 3,782 10,215 889 3.47 % $ 5,416 Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Six months ended June 30, 2017 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 6,444 5,095 5,156 16,695 528 3.45 8,689 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,089 1,763 1,579 4,431 316 4.56 2,246 Trial modifications (6) — — 678 678 — — — Total consumer 7,533 6,858 7,413 21,804 844 3.68 10,935 Total $ 7,533 6,858 7,413 21,804 844 3.68 % $ 10,935 Six months ended June 30, 2016 Total commercial $ — — 1,848 1,848 — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,835 4,979 9,870 18,684 1,039 3.48 7,688 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 683 2,687 2,345 5,715 1,041 3.80 3,164 Trial modifications (6) — — (2,314 ) (2,314 ) — — — Total consumer 4,518 7,666 9,901 22,085 2,080 3.57 10,852 Total $ 4,518 7,666 11,749 23,933 2,080 3.57 % $ 10,852 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $1.8 million and $2.2 million for the quarters ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , and $5.0 million and $4.2 million for the first half of 2017 and 2016 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $222 thousand and $439 thousand for the quarters ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , and $618 thousand and $745 thousand for the first half of 2017 and 2016 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Total commercial $ — — — 807 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 651 375 1,070 924 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 506 61 563 312 Total consumer 1,157 436 1,633 1,236 Total $ 1,157 436 1,633 2,043 |