Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. Underlying loans are concentrated primarily in California , New York , Washington , Virginia and Texas . These markets include approximately 56% of our total loan balance at June 30, 2018 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Total reductions and additions for unamortized premiums, discounts and other adjustments were less than 1% of outstanding balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . (in thousands) Jun 30, Dec 31, Total commercial $ 2,874,580 3,325,939 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 29,971,419 31,683,651 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 753,588 855,586 Total consumer 30,725,007 32,539,237 Total loans $ 33,599,587 35,865,176 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2018 2017 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended June 30, Loan acquisitions $ — — — — 4,707,964 4,707,964 Loan sales — (2,134 ) (2,134 ) — (42,834 ) (42,834 ) Six months ended June 30, Loan acquisitions $ — — — — 4,707,964 4,707,964 Loan sales — (5,775 ) (5,775 ) — (57,029 ) (57,029 ) Commitments to Lend The contract or notional amount of commercial loan commitments to extend credit was $550.4 million at June 30, 2018 and $507.8 million at December 31, 2017 . Pledged Loans See Note 5 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 Balance, beginning of period $ 124,066 127,334 $ 130,661 125,029 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (10,212 ) 18,118 (16,066 ) 26,201 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (904 ) (1,267 ) (2,151 ) (2,608 ) Loan charge-offs: Total commercial — — — (11 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1,662 ) (2,232 ) (2,754 ) (5,800 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (2,193 ) (2,719 ) (4,991 ) (7,967 ) Total consumer (3,855 ) (4,951 ) (7,745 ) (13,767 ) Total loan charge-offs (3,855 ) (4,951 ) (7,745 ) (13,778 ) Loan recoveries: Total commercial 13 12 28 29 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,167 2,042 5,351 3,153 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,461 3,159 3,658 6,421 Total consumer 4,628 5,201 9,009 9,574 Total loan recoveries 4,641 5,213 9,037 9,603 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 786 262 1,292 (4,175 ) Balance, end of period $ 113,736 144,447 $ 113,736 144,447 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 112,381 143,389 $ 112,381 143,389 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,355 1,058 1,355 1,058 Allowance for credit losses $ 113,736 144,447 $ 113,736 144,447 Net loan (recoveries) charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (2) (0.01 )% — (0.01 )% 0.03 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.33 0.42 0.33 0.42 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.43 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. (2) Quarterly net charge-offs (recoveries) as a percentage of average total loans are annualized. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. 2018 2017 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended June 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 27,020 97,046 124,066 28,192 99,142 127,334 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (1,177 ) (9,035 ) (10,212 ) (829 ) 18,947 18,118 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (904 ) (904 ) — (1,267 ) (1,267 ) Loan charge-offs — (3,855 ) (3,855 ) — (4,951 ) (4,951 ) Loan recoveries 13 4,628 4,641 12 5,201 5,213 Net loan recoveries 13 773 786 12 250 262 Balance, end of period $ 25,856 87,880 113,736 27,375 117,072 144,447 Six months ended June 30, Balance, beginning of period $ 28,085 102,576 130,661 29,644 95,385 125,029 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (2,257 ) (13,809 ) (16,066 ) (2,287 ) 28,488 26,201 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (2,151 ) (2,151 ) — (2,608 ) (2,608 ) Loan charge-offs — (7,745 ) (7,745 ) (11 ) (13,767 ) (13,778 ) Loan recoveries 28 9,009 9,037 29 9,574 9,603 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 28 1,264 1,292 18 (4,193 ) (4,175 ) Balance, end of period $ 25,856 87,880 113,736 27,375 117,072 144,447 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total June 30, 2018 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 24,924 37,196 62,120 2,871,456 30,335,485 33,206,941 Individually evaluated (2) 932 50,684 51,616 3,124 381,729 384,853 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — — 7,793 7,793 Total $ 25,856 87,880 113,736 2,874,580 30,725,007 33,599,587 December 31, 2017 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 27,192 46,664 73,856 3,322,947 32,123,483 35,446,430 Individually evaluated (2) 893 55,912 56,805 2,992 406,736 409,728 PCI (3) — — — — 9,018 9,018 Total $ 28,085 102,576 130,661 3,325,939 32,539,237 35,865,176 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than March 31, 2018 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Total June 30, 2018 By risk category: Pass $ 2,813,239 Criticized 61,341 Total commercial loans $ 2,874,580 December 31, 2017 By risk category: Pass $ 3,316,604 Criticized 9,335 Total commercial loans $ 3,325,939 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Total June 30, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 2,861,261 30-89 DPD and still accruing 10,813 90+ DPD and still accruing — Nonaccrual loans 2,506 Total commercial loans $ 2,874,580 December 31, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 3,320,666 30-89 DPD and still accruing 1,977 90+ DPD and still accruing 990 Nonaccrual loans 2,306 Total commercial loans $ 3,325,939 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total June 30, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 29,854,089 726,097 30,580,186 30-59 DPD 37,441 11,232 48,673 60-89 DPD 16,908 4,782 21,690 90-119 DPD 5,268 1,701 6,969 120-179 DPD 9,941 3,634 13,575 180+ DPD 52,882 9,333 62,215 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,110 ) (3,191 ) (8,301 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,971,419 753,588 30,725,007 December 31, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 31,529,774 819,000 32,348,774 30-59 DPD 63,591 13,663 77,254 60-89 DPD 20,770 6,245 27,015 90-119 DPD 15,384 5,462 20,846 120-179 DPD 9,235 3,648 12,883 180+ DPD 50,323 10,917 61,240 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total June 30, 2018 By FICO: < 600 $ 150,095 55,638 205,733 600-639 124,128 43,696 167,824 640-679 280,354 75,487 355,841 680-719 855,632 129,571 985,203 720-759 2,236,435 140,397 2,376,832 760-799 5,439,705 114,901 5,554,606 800+ 20,695,474 171,029 20,866,503 No FICO available 194,706 26,060 220,766 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,110 ) (3,191 ) (8,301 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,971,419 753,588 30,725,007 December 31, 2017 By FICO: < 600 $ 179,829 74,644 254,473 600-639 138,782 50,676 189,458 640-679 307,999 88,948 396,947 680-719 988,162 150,180 1,138,342 720-759 2,556,013 159,309 2,715,322 760-799 5,957,929 126,785 6,084,714 800+ 21,359,614 191,851 21,551,465 No FICO available 200,749 16,542 217,291 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total June 30, 2018 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 17,947,436 279,013 18,226,449 60.01-80% 10,887,344 223,329 11,110,673 80.01-100% 969,317 162,613 1,131,930 100.01-120% (1) 112,405 63,361 175,766 > 120% (1) 45,140 26,363 71,503 No LTV/CLTV available 14,887 2,100 16,987 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,110 ) (3,191 ) (8,301 ) Total consumer loans $ 29,971,419 753,588 30,725,007 December 31, 2017 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 17,500,078 307,358 17,807,436 60.01-80% 12,827,337 240,888 13,068,225 80.01-100% 1,153,304 196,456 1,349,760 100.01-120% (1) 129,637 80,636 210,273 > 120% (1) 64,239 32,224 96,463 No LTV/CLTV available 14,482 1,373 15,855 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. (in thousands) Jun 30, Dec 31, Total commercial $ 2,506 2,306 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 147,574 150,381 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 37,553 44,703 Total consumer 185,127 195,084 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 187,633 197,390 LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $50.3 million and $41.7 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , and none of these loans are government insured/guaranteed. We commence the foreclosure process on consumer real estate loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with Consumer Finance Protection Bureau Guidelines. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law. LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $504 thousand at June 30, 2018 , and $699 thousand at December 31, 2017 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (in thousands) Jun 30, 2018 Dec 31, 2017 Total commercial $ — 990 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,321 9,001 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 320 2,914 Total consumer 2,641 11,915 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 2,641 12,905 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $6.0 million at June 30, 2018 and $7.5 million at December 31, 2017 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses June 30, 2018 Total commercial $ 4,066 3,124 3,124 932 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 355,779 298,473 196,791 33,883 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 92,160 83,256 66,056 16,801 Total consumer 447,939 381,729 262,847 50,684 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 452,005 384,853 265,971 51,616 December 31, 2017 Total commercial $ 3,714 2,992 2,992 893 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 377,877 315,529 215,109 37,090 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 100,228 91,207 73,261 18,822 Total consumer 478,105 406,736 288,370 55,912 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 481,819 409,728 291,362 56,805 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (in thousands) Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Total commercial $ 3,146 15 4,090 11 3,068 27 3,669 23 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 303,572 4,794 339,082 5,347 308,252 9,754 342,657 10,753 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 85,516 1,736 96,980 2,050 87,480 3,684 98,472 4,199 Total consumer 389,088 6,530 436,062 7,397 395,732 13,438 441,129 14,952 Total impaired loans $ 392,234 6,545 440,152 7,408 398,800 13,465 444,798 14,975 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 2,010 2,157 3,907 4,315 Other (1) 4,535 5,251 9,558 10,660 Total interest income $ 6,545 7,408 13,465 14,975 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $384.9 million and $409.7 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions, such as foreclosure or short sale, to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The following table summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Quarter ended June 30, 2018 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,359 172 5,527 7,058 80 2.65 1,387 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage — 255 1,718 1,973 1 2.78 255 Trial modifications (6) — — 597 597 — — — Total consumer 1,359 427 7,842 9,628 81 2.67 1,642 Total $ 1,359 427 7,842 9,628 81 2.67 % $ 1,642 Quarter ended June 30, 2017 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,339 2,211 2,169 6,719 87 3.59 3,898 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 463 556 540 1,559 135 3.88 870 Trial modifications (6) — — 1,871 1,871 — — — Total consumer 2,802 2,767 4,580 10,149 222 3.65 4,768 Total $ 2,802 2,767 4,580 10,149 222 3.65 % $ 4,768 Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Six months ended June 30, 2018 Total commercial $ — — 2,067 2,067 — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 3,408 172 11,129 14,709 156 2.42 2,487 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 44 337 3,695 4,076 12 2.66 337 Trial modifications (6) — — (992 ) (992 ) — — — Total consumer 3,452 509 13,832 17,793 168 2.45 2,824 Total $ 3,452 509 15,899 19,860 168 2.45 % $ 2,824 Six months ended June 30, 2017 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 6,444 5,095 5,156 16,695 528 3.45 8,689 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,089 1,763 1,579 4,431 316 4.56 2,246 Trial modifications (6) — — 678 678 — — — Total consumer 7,533 6,858 7,413 21,804 844 3.68 10,935 Total $ 7,533 6,858 7,413 21,804 844 3.68 % $ 10,935 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $2.6 million and $1.8 million for the quarters ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , and $6.8 million and $5.0 million for the first half of 2018 and 2017 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $206 thousand and $222 thousand for the quarters ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , and $318 thousand and $618 thousand for the first half of 2018 and 2017 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 Total commercial $ 1,855 — 1,855 — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 387 651 1,117 1,070 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 170 506 225 563 Total consumer 557 1,157 1,342 1,633 Total $ 2,412 1,157 3,197 1,633 |