Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. Underlying loans are concentrated primarily in California , New York , Washington , Virginia and Texas . These markets include approximately 54% of our total loan balance at December 31, 2018 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Total reductions and additions for unamortized premiums, discounts and other adjustments were less than 1% of outstanding balances at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Total commercial $ 3,055,423 3,325,939 3,984,881 2,917,733 3,179,665 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 31,769,813 31,683,651 26,236,047 8,950,429 8,023,294 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 669,832 855,586 1,089,065 1,388,018 1,746,318 Total consumer 32,439,645 32,539,237 27,325,112 10,338,447 9,769,612 Total loans $ 35,495,068 35,865,176 31,309,993 13,256,180 12,949,277 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2018 2017 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Year ended December 31, Loan acquisitions $ 423,420 3,324,400 3,747,820 — 9,162,579 9,162,579 Loan sales (20,677 ) (6,354 ) (27,031 ) — (120,366 ) (120,366 ) Commitments to Lend See Note 3 (Commitments, Guarantees and Other Matters) for more information about our commitments to lend. Pledged Loans See Note 6 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Balance, beginning of year $ 130,661 125,029 121,538 185,174 244,269 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (30,401 ) 13,473 29,855 (26,330 ) 6,665 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (3,916 ) (5,301 ) (5,842 ) (4,936 ) (3,729 ) Loan charge-offs: Total commercial — (11 ) (52 ) (532 ) (531 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (5,659 ) (9,672 ) (17,470 ) (21,345 ) (32,162 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (9,271 ) (13,255 ) (22,958 ) (29,366 ) (47,352 ) Total consumer (14,930 ) (22,927 ) (40,428 ) (50,711 ) (79,514 ) Total loan charge-offs (14,930 ) (22,938 ) (40,480 ) (51,243 ) (80,045 ) Loan recoveries: Total commercial 53 484 99 823 292 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 9,608 8,166 6,366 4,994 6,709 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 7,193 11,748 13,493 13,056 11,013 Total consumer 16,801 19,914 19,859 18,050 17,722 Total loan recoveries 16,854 20,398 19,958 18,873 18,014 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 1,924 (2,540 ) (20,522 ) (32,370 ) (62,031 ) Balance, end of year 98,268 130,661 125,029 121,538 185,174 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 96,743 129,360 123,877 120,866 184,437 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,525 1,301 1,152 672 737 Allowance for credit losses $ 98,268 130,661 125,029 121,538 185,174 Net loan (recoveries) charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (0.01 )% 0.01 0.10 0.25 0.49 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.27 0.36 0.40 0.91 1.42 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.28 0.36 0.40 0.92 1.43 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. Year ended December 31, (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total 2018 Balance, beginning of year $ 28,085 102,576 130,661 Reversal of provision for credit losses (1,857 ) (28,544 ) (30,401 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans — (3,916 ) (3,916 ) Loan charge-offs — (14,930 ) (14,930 ) Loan recoveries 53 16,801 16,854 Net loan recoveries 53 1,871 1,924 Balance, end of year $ 26,281 71,987 98,268 2017 Balance, beginning of year $ 29,644 95,385 125,029 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (2,032 ) 15,505 13,473 Interest income on certain impaired loans — (5,301 ) (5,301 ) Loan charge-offs (11 ) (22,927 ) (22,938 ) Loan recoveries 484 19,914 20,398 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 473 (3,013 ) (2,540 ) Balance, end of year $ 28,085 102,576 130,661 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total December 31, 2018 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 25,839 34,581 60,420 3,053,465 32,071,367 35,124,832 Individually evaluated (2) 442 37,406 37,848 1,958 361,122 363,080 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — — 7,156 7,156 Total $ 26,281 71,987 98,268 3,055,423 32,439,645 35,495,068 December 31, 2017 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 27,192 46,664 73,856 3,322,947 32,123,483 35,446,430 Individually evaluated (2) 893 55,912 56,805 2,992 406,736 409,728 PCI (3) — — — — 9,018 9,018 Total $ 28,085 102,576 130,661 3,325,939 32,539,237 35,865,176 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than September 30, 2018 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Total December 31, 2018 By risk category: Pass $ 3,016,328 Criticized 39,095 Total commercial loans $ 3,055,423 December 31, 2017 By risk category: Pass $ 3,316,604 Criticized 9,335 Total commercial loans $ 3,325,939 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Total December 31, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 3,044,878 30-89 DPD and still accruing 8,570 90+ DPD and still accruing — Nonaccrual loans 1,975 Total commercial loans $ 3,055,423 December 31, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 3,320,666 30-89 DPD and still accruing 1,977 90+ DPD and still accruing 990 Nonaccrual loans 2,306 Total commercial loans $ 3,325,939 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total December 31, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 31,627,108 642,271 32,269,379 30-59 DPD 60,060 11,230 71,290 60-89 DPD 15,032 6,934 21,966 90-119 DPD 11,435 1,889 13,324 120-179 DPD 12,846 2,055 14,901 180+ DPD 47,935 8,127 56,062 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 December 31, 2017 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 31,529,774 819,000 32,348,774 30-59 DPD 63,591 13,663 77,254 60-89 DPD 20,770 6,245 27,015 90-119 DPD 15,384 5,462 20,846 120-179 DPD 9,235 3,648 12,883 180+ DPD 50,323 10,917 61,240 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total December 31, 2018 By FICO: < 600 $ 154,020 54,681 208,701 600-639 109,783 39,374 149,157 640-679 264,931 67,341 332,272 680-719 883,451 114,961 998,412 720-759 2,346,168 122,706 2,468,874 760-799 5,753,691 100,921 5,854,612 800+ 22,092,691 149,147 22,241,838 No FICO available 169,681 23,375 193,056 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 December 31, 2017 By FICO: < 600 $ 179,829 74,644 254,473 600-639 138,782 50,676 189,458 640-679 307,999 88,948 396,947 680-719 988,162 150,180 1,138,342 720-759 2,556,013 159,309 2,715,322 760-799 5,957,929 126,785 6,084,714 800+ 21,359,614 191,851 21,551,465 No FICO available 200,749 16,542 217,291 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total December 31, 2018 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 19,522,839 272,946 19,795,785 60.01-80% 11,273,694 196,614 11,470,308 80.01-100% 837,192 135,556 972,748 100.01-120% (1) 83,515 49,441 132,956 > 120% (1) 43,004 17,196 60,200 No LTV/CLTV available 14,172 753 14,925 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 December 31, 2017 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 17,500,078 307,358 17,807,436 60.01-80% 12,827,337 240,888 13,068,225 80.01-100% 1,153,304 196,456 1,349,760 100.01-120% (1) 129,637 80,636 210,273 > 120% (1) 64,239 32,224 96,463 No LTV/CLTV available 14,482 1,373 15,855 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (5,426 ) (3,349 ) (8,775 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,683,651 855,586 32,539,237 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 Total commercial $ 1,975 2,306 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 142,325 150,381 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 34,625 44,703 Total consumer 176,950 195,084 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 178,925 197,390 LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $46.4 million and $41.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and none of these loans are government insured/guaranteed. We commence the foreclosure process on consumer real estate loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with Consumer Finance Protection Bureau Guidelines. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law. LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $373 thousand at December 31, 2018 , and $699 thousand at December 31, 2017 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 Total commercial $ — 990 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 5,819 9,001 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 708 2,914 Total consumer 6,527 11,915 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 6,527 12,905 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $5.3 million at December 31, 2018 , and $7.5 million at December 31, 2017 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses December 31, 2018 Total commercial $ 2,369 1,958 1,958 442 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 336,694 282,330 153,353 23,995 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 87,941 78,792 59,509 13,411 Total consumer 424,635 361,122 212,862 37,406 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 427,004 363,080 214,820 37,848 December 31, 2017 Total commercial $ 3,714 2,992 2,992 893 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 377,877 315,529 215,109 37,090 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 100,228 91,207 73,261 18,822 Total consumer 478,105 406,736 288,370 55,912 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 481,819 409,728 291,362 56,805 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Total commercial $ 2,792 51 3,683 171 3,699 72 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 299,933 19,051 333,177 21,010 367,660 22,571 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 84,075 6,951 95,852 8,174 109,780 9,092 Total consumer 384,008 26,002 429,029 29,184 477,440 31,663 Total impaired loans $ 386,800 26,053 432,712 29,355 481,139 31,735 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting $ 7,688 8,274 9,739 Other (1) 18,365 21,081 21,996 Total interest income $ 26,053 29,355 31,735 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $363.1 million and $409.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions, such as foreclosure or short sale, to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The following table summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Year ended December 31, 2018 Total commercial $ — 652 2,067 2,719 — 2.78 % $ 652 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 6,629 994 16,743 24,366 168 2.56 5,325 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 360 1,103 5,704 7,167 51 2.64 1,392 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,278 ) (1,278 ) — — — Total consumer 6,989 2,097 21,169 30,255 219 2.57 6,717 Total $ 6,989 2,749 23,236 32,974 219 2.59 % $ 7,369 Year ended December 31, 2017 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 11,309 5,481 10,652 27,442 630 3.58 13,078 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,415 3,015 4,241 8,671 724 4.46 3,561 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,242 ) (1,242 ) — — — Total consumer 12,724 8,496 13,651 34,871 1,354 3.76 16,639 Total $ 12,724 8,496 13,651 34,871 1,354 3.76 % $ 16,639 Year ended December 31, 2016 Total commercial $ — — 3,954 3,954 — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 7,461 10,263 15,716 33,440 1,700 3.45 15,957 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 994 4,836 3,713 9,543 1,625 3.95 5,624 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,563 ) (1,563 ) — — — Total consumer 8,455 15,099 17,866 41,420 3,325 3.58 21,581 Total $ 8,455 15,099 21,820 45,374 3,325 3.58 % $ 21,581 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $11.4 million , $8.5 million , and $8.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the contractual interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $649 thousand , $1.0 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Total commercial $ 1,855 — 807 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,830 4,441 3,435 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 594 816 1,230 Total consumer 2,424 5,257 4,665 Total $ 4,279 5,257 5,472 |