Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 2: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company acquires loans originated or purchased by the Bank. In order to maintain our status as a REIT, the composition of the loans is highly concentrated in real estate. Underlying loans are concentrated primarily in California , New York , Washington , Virginia , Texas , Maryland and Massachusetts . These markets include approximately 62% of our total loan balance at March 31, 2019 . The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Total reductions and additions for unamortized premiums, discounts and other adjustments were less than 1% of outstanding balances at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 . (in thousands) Mar 31, Dec 31, Total commercial $ 2,895,857 3,055,423 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 31,034,572 31,769,813 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 633,870 669,832 Total consumer 31,668,442 32,439,645 Total loans $ 34,564,299 35,495,068 The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received from the Bank for acquisitions and sales of loans, respectively. 2019 2018 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended March 31, Loan acquisitions $ — — — — — — Loan sales — (11,682 ) (11,682 ) — (3,641 ) (3,641 ) Commitments to Lend The contract or notional amount of commercial loan commitments to extend credit was $489.9 million at March 31, 2019 and $462.2 million at December 31, 2018 . Pledged Loans See Note 5 (Transactions With Related Parties) for additional details on our agreement with the Bank to pledge loans. Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Quarter ended March 31, (in thousands) 2019 2018 Balance, beginning of period $ 98,268 130,661 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 1,685 (5,854 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (909 ) (1,247 ) Loan charge-offs: Total commercial — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1,194 ) (1,092 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (1,379 ) (2,798 ) Total consumer (2,573 ) (3,890 ) Total loan charge-offs (2,573 ) (3,890 ) Loan recoveries: Total commercial 8 15 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,471 2,184 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,720 2,197 Total consumer 3,191 4,381 Total loan recoveries 3,199 4,396 Net loan recoveries 626 506 Balance, end of period $ 99,670 124,066 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 98,158 122,863 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,512 1,203 Allowance for credit losses $ 99,670 124,066 Net loan (recoveries) charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (2) (0.01 )% (0.01 ) Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 0.28 0.35 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 0.29 0.36 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. (2) Quarterly net charge-offs (recoveries) as a percentage of average total loans are annualized. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. 2019 2018 (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Quarter ended March 31, Balance, beginning of period $ 26,281 71,987 98,268 28,085 102,576 130,661 Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses (1,069 ) 2,754 1,685 (1,080 ) (4,774 ) (5,854 ) Interest income on certain impaired loans — (909 ) (909 ) — (1,247 ) (1,247 ) Loan charge-offs — (2,573 ) (2,573 ) — (3,890 ) (3,890 ) Loan recoveries 8 3,191 3,199 15 4,381 4,396 Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) 8 618 626 15 491 506 Balance, end of period $ 25,220 74,450 99,670 27,020 97,046 124,066 The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total March 31, 2019 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 24,781 35,979 60,760 2,893,674 31,297,332 34,191,006 Individually evaluated (2) 439 38,471 38,910 2,183 364,083 366,266 Purchased credit-impaired (PCI) (3) — — — — 7,027 7,027 Total $ 25,220 74,450 99,670 2,895,857 31,668,442 34,564,299 December 31, 2018 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 25,839 34,581 60,420 3,053,465 32,071,367 35,124,832 Individually evaluated (2) 442 37,406 37,848 1,958 361,122 363,080 PCI (3) — — — — 7,156 7,156 Total $ 26,281 71,987 98,268 3,055,423 32,439,645 35,495,068 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than December 31, 2018 . COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. (in thousands) Total March 31, 2019 By risk category: Pass $ 2,864,170 Criticized 31,687 Total commercial loans $ 2,895,857 December 31, 2018 By risk category: Pass $ 3,016,328 Criticized 39,095 Total commercial loans $ 3,055,423 The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. (in thousands) Total March 31, 2019 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 2,891,156 30-89 DPD and still accruing 2,742 90+ DPD and still accruing — Nonaccrual loans 1,959 Total commercial loans $ 2,895,857 December 31, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 3,044,878 30-89 DPD and still accruing 8,570 90+ DPD and still accruing — Nonaccrual loans 1,975 Total commercial loans $ 3,055,423 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV/CLTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total March 31, 2019 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 30,900,593 609,727 31,510,320 30-59 DPD 61,738 10,484 72,222 60-89 DPD 14,688 5,026 19,714 90-119 DPD 8,261 1,985 10,246 120-179 DPD 9,248 2,901 12,149 180+ DPD 44,319 6,314 50,633 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,275 ) (2,567 ) (6,842 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,034,572 633,870 31,668,442 December 31, 2018 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 31,627,108 642,271 32,269,379 30-59 DPD 60,060 11,230 71,290 60-89 DPD 15,032 6,934 21,966 90-119 DPD 11,435 1,889 13,324 120-179 DPD 12,846 2,055 14,901 180+ DPD 47,935 8,127 56,062 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Total March 31, 2019 By FICO: < 600 $ 153,123 53,389 206,512 600-639 108,817 34,809 143,626 640-679 255,011 61,886 316,897 680-719 886,909 113,157 1,000,066 720-759 2,242,911 115,941 2,358,852 760-799 5,483,747 91,980 5,575,727 800+ 21,732,241 141,741 21,873,982 No FICO available 176,088 23,534 199,622 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,275 ) (2,567 ) (6,842 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,034,572 633,870 31,668,442 December 31, 2018 By FICO: < 600 $ 154,020 54,681 208,701 600-639 109,783 39,374 149,157 640-679 264,931 67,341 332,272 680-719 883,451 114,961 998,412 720-759 2,346,168 122,706 2,468,874 760-799 5,753,691 100,921 5,854,612 800+ 22,092,691 149,147 22,241,838 No FICO available 169,681 23,375 193,056 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. (in thousands) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total March 31, 2019 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 19,100,714 262,772 19,363,486 60.01-80% 10,816,352 185,105 11,001,457 80.01-100% 978,537 124,188 1,102,725 100.01-120% (1) 85,910 47,602 133,512 > 120% (1) 43,916 16,031 59,947 No LTV/CLTV available 13,418 739 14,157 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,275 ) (2,567 ) (6,842 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,034,572 633,870 31,668,442 December 31, 2018 By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 19,522,839 272,946 19,795,785 60.01-80% 11,273,694 196,614 11,470,308 80.01-100% 837,192 135,556 972,748 100.01-120% (1) 83,515 49,441 132,956 > 120% (1) 43,004 17,196 60,200 No LTV/CLTV available 14,172 753 14,925 Remaining PCI accounting adjustments (4,603 ) (2,674 ) (7,277 ) Total consumer loans $ 31,769,813 669,832 32,439,645 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. (in thousands) Mar 31, Dec 31, Total commercial $ 1,959 1,975 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 144,173 142,325 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 33,587 34,625 Total consumer 177,760 176,950 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 179,719 178,925 LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $39.3 million and $46.4 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , and none of these loans are government insured/guaranteed. We commence the foreclosure process on consumer real estate loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (formerly known as the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau) Guidelines. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law. LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $381 thousand at March 31, 2019 , and $373 thousand at December 31, 2018 , are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (in thousands) Mar 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Total commercial $ — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,259 5,819 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 759 708 Total consumer 3,018 6,527 Total past due (excluding PCI) $ 3,018 6,527 Impaired Loans The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. The table below includes trial modifications that totaled $4.5 million at March 31, 2019 and $5.3 million at December 31, 2018 . Recorded investment (in thousands) Unpaid principal balance Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related allowance for credit losses March 31, 2019 Total commercial $ 2,629 2,183 1,950 439 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 339,633 286,810 151,392 24,326 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 85,621 77,273 56,909 14,145 Total consumer 425,254 364,083 208,301 38,471 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 427,883 366,266 210,251 38,910 December 31, 2018 Total commercial $ 2,369 1,958 1,958 442 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 336,694 282,330 153,353 23,995 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 87,941 78,792 59,509 13,411 Total consumer 424,635 361,122 212,862 37,406 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 427,004 363,080 214,820 37,848 The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class. Quarter ended March 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Average Recognized interest income Average recorded investment Recognized interest income Total commercial 2,186 15 3,021 12 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 286,421 4,536 313,170 4,960 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 78,247 1,656 89,630 1,948 Total consumer 364,668 6,192 402,800 6,908 Total impaired loans 366,854 6,207 405,821 6,920 Interest income: Cash basis of accounting 1,997 1,897 Other (1) 4,210 5,023 Total interest income 6,207 6,920 (1) Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $366.3 million and $363.1 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions, such as foreclosure or short sale, to be a TDR. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. The following table summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications (in thousands) Principal (2) Interest rate reduction Other concessions (3) Total Charge- offs (4) Weighted average interest rate reduction Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction (5) Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Total commercial $ — — — — — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 1,970 — 14,778 16,748 25 1.95 844 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 405 48 2,714 3,167 45 2.21 410 Trial modifications (6) — — (469 ) (469 ) — — — Total consumer 2,375 48 17,023 19,446 70 2.04 1,254 Total $ 2,375 48 17,023 19,446 70 2.04 % $ 1,254 Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Total commercial $ — — 2,067 2,067 — — % $ — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 2,049 — 5,602 7,651 76 2.13 1,100 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 44 82 1,977 2,103 11 2.28 82 Trial modifications (6) — — (1,589 ) (1,589 ) — — — Total consumer 2,093 82 5,990 8,165 87 2.14 1,182 Total $ 2,093 82 8,057 10,232 87 2.14 % $ 1,182 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $3.8 million and $4.2 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. (2) Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate. (3) Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the interest rate. (4) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $197 thousand and $112 thousand for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. (5) Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession. (6) Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period. The table below summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We report these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment. Recorded investment of defaults Quarter ended March 31, (in thousands) 2019 2018 Total commercial — — Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 350 730 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 75 55 Total consumer 425 785 Total 425 785 |