| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during a reporting period. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate and investments in other real estate entities. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial
statements include the accounts of Lightstone REIT IV and its subsidiaries (over which it exercises financial and operating
control). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, interests in entities
acquired are evaluated based on applicable GAAP, and if deemed to be variable interest entities (“VIE”) in which we are
the primary beneficiary are also consolidated. If the interest in the entity is determined not to be a VIE, then the entity is
evaluated for consolidation based on legal form, economic substance, and the extent to which we have control, substantive
participating rights or both under the respective ownership agreement. Investments in other real estate entities where the Company
has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not exercise financial and operating control, and is not considered to
be the primary beneficiary are accounted for using the equity method. There are judgments and
estimates involved in determining if an entity in which the Company has made an investment is a VIE and, if so, whether the Company
is the primary beneficiary. The entity is evaluated to determine if it is a VIE by, among other things, calculating the percentage
of equity being risked compared to the total equity of the entity. Determining expected future losses involves assumptions of
various possibilities of the results of future operations of the entity, assigning a probability to each possibility and using a
discount rate to determine the net present value of those future losses. A change in the judgments, assumptions, and estimates
outlined above could result in consolidating an entity that should not be consolidated or accounting for an investment using the
equity method that should in fact be consolidated, the effects of which could be material to our financial statements. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As required by the Company’s lenders, restricted cash is held in escrow accounts for anticipated capital expenditures, real estate taxes, and/or other reserves for certain of our consolidated properties. Capital reserves are typically utilized for non-operating expenses such as major capital expenditures. Alternatively, a lender may require its own formula for an escrow of capital reserves. Revenue Recognition Revenues consist of amounts derived from hotel operations, including occupied hotel rooms and sales of food, beverage and other ancillary services and are presented on a disaggregated basis below. Revenues are recorded net of any sales or occupancy tax collected from our guests. Room revenue is generated through contracts with customers whereby the customers agree to pay a daily rate for right to use a hotel room. The Company’s contract performance obligations are fulfilled at the end of the day that the customer is provided the room and revenue is recognized daily at the contract rate. Payment from the customer is secured at the end of the contract upon check-out by the customer from the hotel. The Company participates in frequent guest programs sponsored by the brand owner of its hotel whereby the brand owner allows guests to earn loyalty points during their hotel stay. The Company recognizes revenue at the amount earned that it will receive from the brand owner when a guest redeems their loyalty points by staying at the Company’s hotel. Revenue from food, beverage and other ancillary services is generated when a customer chooses to purchase goods or services separately from a hotel room and revenue is recognized when these goods or services are provided to the customer and the Company’s contract performance obligations have been fulfilled. Some contracts for rooms, food, beverage or other services require an upfront deposit which is recorded as deferred revenues (or contract liabilities) and recognized once the performance obligations are satisfied. The contract liabilities are not significant. The Company notes no significant judgments regarding the recognition of room, food and beverage or other revenues. The Williamsburg Moxy Hotel opened for business on March 7, 2023. Because the Williamsburg Moxy Hotel was under development and construction prior to its opening date, it had no operating results during all periods before March 7, 2023. The following table represents the total hotel revenues from hotel operations on a disaggregated basis:
Schedule of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Hotel Revenues: For the
Room $ 15,487,246
Food, beverage and other 7,835,083
Total hotel revenues $ 23,322,329 Accounts Receivable The Company analyzes accounts receivable aging, historical bad debt levels, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends and management’s expectations about future economic conditions when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts and credit loss reserves. The Company’s reported net income or loss is directly affected by management’s estimate of the collectability of accounts receivable. Investments in Real Estate Accounting for Asset Acquisitions When the Company makes an investment in real estate assets, the cost of real estate assets acquired in an asset acquisition are allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and improvements, furniture and fixtures and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, and the value of tenant relationships, based in each case on their relative fair values, at the date of acquisition, based on evaluation of information including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective property and other relevant market data. Fees incurred related to asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the cost of the investment. Accounting for Development Projects The Company incurs a variety of costs in the development of a property. The costs of land and building under development include specifically identifiable costs. The capitalized costs include, but are not limited to, pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes and other costs incurred during the period of development. The Company ceases capitalization when the development project is substantially complete and placed in service, which may occur in phases. Determination of when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease involves a degree of judgment. The Company expenses the costs associated with pre-opening activities associated with its development and construction projects as incurred. Pre-opening costs generally consist of non-recurring personnel, marketing and other costs. Once the development project is placed in service, which may occur in phases or for an entire building or project, the costs capitalized to construction in progress are transferred to land and improvements, buildings and improvements, and furniture and fixtures on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at the historical cost of the property. Carrying Value of Assets The amounts to be capitalized as a result of periodic improvements and additions to real estate property, when applicable, and the periods over which the assets are depreciated or amortized, are determined based on the application of accounting standards that may require estimates as to fair value and the allocation of various costs to the individual assets. Differences in the amount attributed to the assets may be significant based upon the assumptions made in calculating these estimates. Impairment Evaluation Management evaluates the recoverability of its investments in real estate assets at the lowest identifiable level, the individual property level. Long-lived assets are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The Company evaluates the long-lived assets for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable and records an impairment charge when the undiscounted projected cash flows are less than the carrying amount for a particular property. The estimated cash flows used for the impairment analysis and the determination of estimated fair value is based on the Company’s plans for the respective assets and the Company’s views of market and economic conditions. The estimates consider matters such as future operating income, market and other applicable trends and residual value, as well as the effects of demand, competition, and recent sales data for comparable properties. Changes in estimated future cash flows due to changes in the Company’s plans or views of market and economic conditions could result in recognition of impairment losses, which, under the applicable accounting guidance, may be substantial. There were no impairment losses recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation expense is computed based on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the applicable real estate asset. The Company generally uses estimated useful lives of up to 39 5 10 Investments in Unconsolidated Entities The Company evaluates its investments in other entities for consolidation. It considers its percentage interest in the joint venture, evaluation of control and whether a VIE exists when determining whether or not the investment qualifies for consolidation or if it should be accounted for as an unconsolidated investment under the equity method of accounting. If an investment qualifies for the equity method of accounting, the Company’s investment is recorded initially at cost, and subsequently adjusted for earnings and cash contributions and distributions. The earnings of an unconsolidated investment are allocated to its investors in accordance with the provisions of the operating agreement of the entity. The allocation provisions in these agreements may differ from the ownership interest held by each investor. Differences, if any, between the carrying amount of our investment in the respective joint venture and the Company’s share of the underlying equity of such unconsolidated entity are amortized over the respective lives of the underlying assets as applicable. These items are reported as a single line item in the statements of operations as income or loss from investments in unconsolidated entities. The Company reviews investments in unconsolidated entities for impairment in value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such investment may not be recoverable. An investment in an unconsolidated entity is impaired only if management’s estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment, and such decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary. The ultimate realization of the Company’s investment in partially owned entities is dependent on a number of factors including the performance of that entity and market conditions. If the Company determines that a decline in the value of a partially owned entity is other than temporary, it will record an impairment charge. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs are recorded at cost and consist of loan fees and other direct costs incurred in issuing debt. Amortization of deferred financing costs is computed using a method that approximates the effective interest method over the term of the related debt and is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations or capitalized to construction in progress. Unamortized deferred financing costs are included as a direct deduction from the related debt in the consolidated balance sheets. Tax Status and Income Taxes The Company elected to qualify and be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2016. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its net taxable income that it distributes currently to its stockholders. To maintain its REIT qualification under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it annually distribute to its stockholders at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income, as calculated in accordance with GAAP), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. If the Company fails to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT in any subsequent year and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, its income for that year will be taxed at the regular corporate rate, and it may be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT for the four-year period following its failure to qualify as a REIT. Such an event could materially adversely affect the Company’s net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. Additionally, even if the Company continues to qualify as a REIT, it may still be subject to some U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and property and to U.S. federal income taxes and excise taxes on its undistributed income, if any. To maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company engages in certain activities through a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”). As such, it is subject to U.S. federal and state income and franchise taxes from these activities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no Financial Instruments The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values because of the short maturity of these instruments. The estimated fair value our mortgage payable approximated its carrying value because of the floating interest rate. Noncontrolling Interests Noncontrolling interests represents the noncontrolling member’s share of the equity in certain of the Company’s consolidated real estate investments. Income and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interest holders based generally on their ownership percentage. Concentration of Risk As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash deposited in certain financial institutions in excess of U.S. federally insured levels. The Company regularly monitors the financial stability of these financial institutions and believes that it is not exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to its cash and cash equivalents or restricted cash. Net Earnings per Common Share Net earnings per Common Share on a basic and fully diluted basis is earnings divided by the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding. The Company does not have any potentially dilutive securities. Current Environment The Company’s operating results and financial condition are substantially impacted by the overall health of local, U.S. national and global economies and may be influenced by market and other challenges. Additionally, its business and financial performance may be adversely affected by current and future economic and other conditions; including, but not limited to, availability or terms of financings, financial markets volatility and banking failures, political upheaval or uncertainty, natural and man-made disasters, terrorism and acts of war, unfavorable changes in laws and regulations, outbreaks of contagious diseases, cybercrime, loss of key relationships, inflation and recession. The Company’s overall performance depends in part on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions and their impacts on consumer behavior. Worsening economic conditions, increases in costs due to inflation, higher interest rates, certain labor and supply chain challenges and other changes in economic conditions may adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial performance. Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. New Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued an accounting standards update, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses-Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which changes how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The updated standard replaces the current “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For trade and other receivables and held to maturity debt securities, entities are required to use a new forward looking expected loss model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. The Company has adopted this standard effective January 1, 2023, noting that it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or related disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The amendments will require entities to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within segment profit and loss, as well as the title and position of the CODM. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the guidance and the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the guidance and the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements. The Company has reviewed and determined that other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its current operations. |
