Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates. Equity in earnings in unconsolidated affiliates increased by 6%, from $66 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $70 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to an increase in processed volumes at the Joint Venture between periods, including one new Joint Venture processing plant with nameplate capacity of 200 MMcf/d being placed in service during July 2021, as well as higher processing and fractionation fees due to annual CPI-based adjustments.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt. Loss on early extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 of $21 million relates to the redemption of all $650 million principal amount of the 2024 Notes at a premium to par of $17 million as well as the write-off of $6 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, partially offset by $2 million of unamortized premium. There was no loss on early extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense remained relatively consistent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2022 at $89 million and $85 million, respectively, which reflects effective tax rates of 25.9% and 25.8%, respectively.
Net income. Net income decreased by 4%, from $253 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $243 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to (i) a decrease in low pressure gathering revenues, (ii) higher direct operating expenses, (iii) higher depreciation expense and (iv) higher interest expense, partially offset by higher equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates and increased compression, high pressure gathering and water handling revenues. In addition, the nine months ended September 30, 2021 included a loss on early extinguishment of debt for the redemption of the 2024 Notes, and there was no loss on early extinguishment of debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA decreased by 2%, from $664 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $653 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease between periods was primarily due to a decrease in low pressure gathering revenues and higher direct operating expenses, partially offset by higher other fluid handling and fresh water delivery revenues and lower general and administrative costs, excluding equity-based compensation expense. For a discussion of the non-GAAP financial measure Adjusted EBITDA, including a reconciliation to its most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
Capital Resources and Liquidity
Sources and Uses of Cash
Capital resources and liquidity are provided by operating cash flows and available borrowings under our Credit Facility and capital market transactions. See Note 7—Long-Term Debt to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. We expect that the combination of these capital resources will be adequate to meet our working capital requirements, capital expenditures program, expected quarterly cash dividends and share repurchases under our share repurchases program for at least the next 12 months.
Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared a cash dividend on the shares of our common stock of $0.2250 per share for the quarter ended September 30, 2022. The dividend will be payable on November 9, 2022 to stockholders of record as of October 26, 2022. Our Board also declared a cash dividend of $138 thousand on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, which will be paid on November 14, 2022 in accordance with their terms, which are discussed in Note 11—Equity and Earnings Per Common Share. As of September 30, 2022, there were dividends in the amount of $69 thousand accumulated in arrears on our Series A Preferred Stock.
We expect our future cash requirements relating to working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and quarterly cash dividends to our stockholders will be funded from cash flows internally generated from our operations or borrowings under the Credit Facility.
On October 25, 2022, we acquired certain Marcellus gas gathering and compression assets from Crestwood for $205 million in cash, before closing adjustments, which was funded by borrowings under our Credit Facility. See “—Marcellus Bolt-On Acquisition” for more information.
As of September 30, 2022, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.