Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation | 6. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation Rights Offering During June 2020, the Company completed a rights offering to purchase up to $ 30 million of units, each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, and 0.15 warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the Units) at a price of $ 7.01 per Unit (the Rights Offering). The common stock and warrants comprising the Units separated upon the closing of the Rights Offering and were issued separately. A total of 4,279,600 shares of common stock and 641,571 warrants (the Rights Offering Warrants) were issued and sold in the Rights Offering for net proceeds of approximately $ 29.4 million. Each warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $ 7.01 , the subscription price for the Units. The Rights Offering Warrants are exercisable immediately and expire on the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Rights Offering, or June 16, 2025. The Rights Offering Warrants are subject to redemption by the Company for $ 0.01 per warrant, with not less than 30 days written notice, if the volume weighted average price of our common stock equals or exceeds 200 % of the exercise price for the Rights Offering Warrants for 10 consecutive trading days, provided that the Company may not redeem the warrants prior to December 16, 2020, six months after the issuance date. Robert W. Duggan, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 43 % of the Company’s outstanding common stock prior to the Rights Offering, participated in the Rights Offering and purchased an aggregate of 2,561,873 Units. After giving effect to the rights offering, Mr. Duggan is the beneficial owner of approximately 47 % of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of September 30, 2020. Common Stock Warrants In connection with a private placement in 2014 of the Company’s common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, the Company issued warrants as compensation to the placement agent to purchase a total of 299,625 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $ 2.67 per share (the Private Placement Warrants). The Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for period of seven years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 46,238 of Private Placement Warrants outstanding. In connection with the closing of the Company’s initial public offering in 2016, the Company issued warrants as compensation to its underwriters, to purchase a total of 574,985 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $ 5.00 per share (the IPO Warrants). The IPO Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 121,609 of the IPO Warrants outstanding. In connection with the Rights Offering , the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 641,571 shares of it s common stock at an exercise price of $ 7.01 . As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 625,617 of the Rights Offering Warrants outstanding . Equity Plans 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan The Board of Directors of the Company (the Board) previously adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2017 Plan). The 2017 Plan has a 10 -year term, and provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, and performance shares to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and any parent or subsidiary of the Company, as the Compensation Committee of the Board may determine. Subject to an annual evergreen increase and adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, the Company initially reserved 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to awards under the 2017 Plan. In addition, shares remaining available under the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the 2015 Plan), and shares reserved but not issued pursuant to outstanding equity awards that expire or terminate without being exercised or that are forfeited or repurchased by the Company will be added to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan is administered by the Board’s Compensation Committee. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company’s Board authorized an increase in the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 Plan by 833,018 shares pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 Plan. Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, the 2020 share increase is determined based on the least of (i) 1,200,000 shares, (ii) 4 % of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. As of September 30, 2020, 371,958 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. During November 2017, the Board adopted the 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the Inducement Plan) and reserved 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan. The Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval. The Inducement Plan has a 10 -year term, and provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and performance units, and its terms are substantially similar to the 2017 Plan, including with respect to treatment of equity awards in the event of a “merger” or “change in control” as defined under the Inducement Plan. Options issued under the Inducement Plan may have a term up to ten years and have variable vesting provisions. New hire grants generally vest 25 % annual starting upon the first anniversary of the grant. Equity-based awards issued under the Inducement Plan are only issuable to individuals not previously engaged as employees or non-employee directors of the Company prior to the Inducement Plan’s adoption date. As of September 30, 2020, 26,283 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the Inducement Plan. Certain stock options awarded to the Company’s executives and other key employees contain performance conditions related to certain financial measures and achievements of strategic/operational milestones (performance options). As of September 30, 2020, not all of the performance conditions are probable to be achieved. Compensation expense has only been recognized for those conditions that are assumed to be probable. 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Board previously adopted and the stockholders approved the Company’s 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the 2017 ESPP). The 2017 ESPP is a broad-based plan that provides employees of the Company and its designated affiliates with the opportunity to become stockholders through periodic payroll deductions that are applied towards the purchase of Company common shares at a discount from the then-current market price. Subject to adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, a total of 250,000 common shares of the Company were available for purchase at adoption of the 2017 ESPP. Pursuant to the 2017 ESPP, the annual share increase pursuant to the evergreen provision is determined based on the least of (i) 450,000 shares, (ii) 1.5 % of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. During January 2020, the Board determined not to increase the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 ESPP pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 ESPP. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the Company issued 82,971 shares of common stock under the 2017 ESPP. As of September 30, 2020, 357,224 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 ESPP. A summary of stock option activity under the 2015 Plan, 2017 Plan and Inducement Plan for the nine-months ended September 30 , 2020 is presented below: Stock Options Outstanding Weighted Number average of shares exercise price Balances — December 31, 2019 3,749,186 $ 16.18 Options granted 1,933,560 Options exercised ( 85,750 ) Options canceled ( 324,584 ) Options expired ( 65,086 ) Balances — September 30, 2020 5,207,326 $ 14.30 Exercisable — September 30, 2020 2,519,812 $ 17.08 Stock-based Compensation Total stock-based compensation expense consisted of the following (in thousands): Three-Month Periods Ended Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 General and administrative $ 1,465 $ 1,735 $ 4,729 $ 4,881 Research and development 1,183 944 2,957 2,858 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 2,648 $ 2,679 $ 7,686 $ 7,739 The Company estimated the fair value of employee stock options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model . The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. Due to the limited trading history of the Company’s common stock, the Company utilizes a portfolio of comparable companies to estimate volatility. The fair value of employee stock options was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions: Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Expected term in years 5.8 - 6.1 5.8 - 6.1 5.3 - 6.1 0.4 - 6.1 Expected volatility 70 % 70 % 70 % 70 % Risk-free interest rate 0.3 - 0.4 % 1.4 - 1.7 % 0.4 - 0.5 % 1.4 - 2.6 % Dividend yield — — — — The Company estimated the fair value of ESPP on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model . The estimated fair value of ESPP is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. The Company utilizes its estimated volatility in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of ESPP. The fair value of ESPP was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions: Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Expected term in years 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 Expected volatility 70 % 70 % 70 % 70 % Risk-free interest rate 0.1 - 0.1 % 1.7 - 1.9 % 0.1 - 1.0 % 1.7 - 2.6 % Dividend yield — — — |