Stock-based Awards | Stock-based Awards Equity Incentive Plans In July 2015 , we adopted the 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). Under the 2015 Plan, 1,430,000 shares of our common stock were initially reserved for the issuance of stock options, restricted stock, and other equity-based awards to employees, non-employee directors, and consultants under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors and approved by our stockholders. The 2015 Plan also provides for automatic annual increases in the number of shares reserved for future issuance. As of March 31, 2016 , there were 2,379,284 shares available for us to grant under the 2015 Plan. In 2012, we adopted the 2012 Plan under which the Board of Directors was authorized to grant incentive stock options to employees, including officers and members of the Board of Directors who are also employees of ours, and non-statutory stock options (options that do not qualify as incentive options) and/or our restricted stock and other equity-based awards to employees, officers, directors, or consultants of ours. Upon adoption of the 2015 Plan, no new awards or grants are permitted under the 2012 Plan. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In July 2015, we adopted the 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2015 ESPP”). Under the 2015 ESPP, 50,000 shares of our common stock have been initially reserved for employee purchases of our common stock under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors and approved by our stockholders. The 2015 ESPP also provides for automatic annual increases in the number of shares reserved for future issuance. Stock Option Awards The following summarizes option activity under the 2015 Plan and the 2012 Plan: Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average remaining contractual term (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Balance Outstanding, December 31, 2015 2,058,787 $ 8.71 9.0 Options granted 606,425 $ 15.09 Options exercised (42,266 ) $ 0.53 Options canceled (135,572 ) $ 22.10 Balance Outstanding, March 31, 2016 2,487,374 $ 9.67 9.0 $ 21,586 Exercisable, March 31, 2016 482,249 $ 3.96 8.2 $ 6,131 Vested and expected to vest, March 31, 2016 2,334,962 $ 9.50 9.0 $ 20,555 Stock Options Granted to Employees with Service-Based Vesting Conditions Valuation Assumptions The fair values of stock options granted to employees were calculated using the following assumptions: Three Months Ended 2016 2015 Expected term (in years) 5.8-6.1 6.0-6.1 Volatility 79.4%-81.0% 75.9%-77.0% Risk-free interest rate 1.3%-1.9% 1.5%-1.7% Dividend yield — — Performance-Contingent Awards On April 9, 2015 , our Board of Directors granted a total of 326,424 performance-contingent awards to members of our senior management team. Of the total performance-contingent awards granted, 227,139 were performance-contingent options and 99,285 were performance-contingent shares of restricted common stock. The exercise price of each performance-contingent option and the purchase price for the performance-contingent restricted shares is $3.40 per share, which the Board of Directors determined was the fair market value on the grant date. These awards have dual triggers of vesting based upon the successful achievement of four corporate operating milestones within specified timelines, as well as a requirement for continued employment. When a performance goal is deemed to be probable of achievement, time-based vesting and recognition of stock-based compensation expense commences. In the event any of the corporate operating milestones are not achieved by the specified timelines, such vesting tranche will terminate and no longer be exercisable with respect to that portion of the shares. During the first quarter ended March 31, 2016 , the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors determined that the achievement of one of the corporate operating milestones was met; accordingly, shares associated with this milestone vested and, as a result, $100,000 of compensation cost was recognized for the performance-contingent awards. Market-Condition Award On April 9, 2015 , our Board of Directors granted a market-condition award to our Chief Executive Officer of 99,285 shares of restricted common stock. The market-condition award does not vest until our market capitalization (determined based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding multiplied by the closing market price for our common stock as reported on NASDAQ) exceeds at least $2.0 billion for 20 consecutive trading days on or before the date twenty-four ( 24 ) months after the closing of our initial public offering, or IPO. The fair value of the market-condition award of $0.70 was determined on the grant date utilizing a lattice model that was prepared by a third party valuation firm with an expected term of 2.4 years . In August 2015, we began to recognize compensation costs for this award concurrent with the closing of our IPO. Stock-Based Compensation Expense Total stock-based compensation recognized by function was as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended 2016 2015 Research and development $ 545 $ 265 General and administrative 722 57 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 1,267 $ 322 Total stock-based compensation recognized for employees and non-employees was as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended 2016 2015 Employee options and restricted stock awards $ 1,200 $ 293 Non-employee options 67 29 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 1,267 $ 322 Unrecognized Stock-Based Compensation Expense and Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period As of March 31, 2016 the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, and the estimated weighted-average amortization period, using the straight-line attribution method, was as follows (in thousands, except amortization period): Unrecognized Compensation Cost Weighted-average remaining amortization period (years) Options $ 14,022 2.9 Restricted stock awards 828 2.3 ESPP 215 0.2 Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense $ 15,065 |