Loans Held for Investment and the Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Held for Investment and the Allowance for Credit Losses The Company originates and acquires first mortgage and mezzanine loans secured by commercial properties. The Company considers these loans to comprise a single portfolio of mortgage loans, and the Company has developed its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses based on a single portfolio. For purposes of certain disclosures herein, the Company disaggregates this portfolio segment into the following classes of finance receivables: senior loans; and subordinated and mezzanine loans. These loans can potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, including, without limitation: property type collateralizing the loan; loan category; loan size; loans to a single sponsor; and loans in a single geographic area. The Company’s loans held for investment are accounted for at amortized cost. Interest accrued but not yet collected is separately reported within accrued interest and fees receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Amounts within that caption relating to loans held for investment were $20.4 million and $14.3 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company originated seventeen and acquired five mortgage loans with a total commitment of $1,597.3 million, an initial unpaid principal balance of $1,487.4 million, and unfunded commitments at closing of $109.9 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company received sixteen full loan repayments of $1,008.7 million, and partial principal payments including accrued PIK interest payments, of $167.4 million across thirteen loans, for total loan repayments of $1,176.1 million. The following table details overall statistics for the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Balance sheet portfolio Total loan exposure (1) Balance sheet portfolio Total loan exposure (1) Number of loans 75 75 69 70 Floating rate loans 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Total loan commitment $ 5,792,681 $ 5,792,681 $ 5,411,944 $ 5,543,944 Unpaid principal balance (2) $ 5,332,184 $ 5,332,184 $ 4,919,343 $ 5,051,343 Unfunded loan commitments (3) $ 462,912 $ 462,912 $ 487,773 $ 487,773 Amortized cost $ 5,301,804 $ 5,301,804 $ 4,909,202 $ 4,909,202 Weighted average credit spread 3.5 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 3.4 % Weighted average all-in yield (4) 7.1 % 7.1 % 4.8 % 4.8 % Weighted average term to extended maturity (in years) (5) 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 _______________________ (1) In certain instances, the Company creates structural leverage through the co-origination or non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third-party. In either case, the senior mortgage loan (i.e., the non-consolidated senior interest) is not included on the Company’s balance sheet. When the Company creates structural leverage through the co-origination or non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third-party, the Company retains on its balance sheet a mezzanine loan. Total loan exposure encompasses the entire loan portfolio the Company originated, acquired and financed. The Company had outstanding one non-consolidated senior interest of $132.0 million as of December 31, 2021, and none as of September 30, 2022. (2) Unpaid principal balance includes PIK interest of $2.4 million and $3.0 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. (3) Unfunded loan commitments may be funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date or a force-funding date, primarily to finance property improvements or lease-related expenditures by the Company’s borrowers, to finance operating deficits during renovation and lease-up, and in limited instances to finance construction. (4) As of September 30, 2022, all of the Company’s loans were floating rate. Loans originated by the Company before December 31, 2021 are indexed to LIBOR, while loans originated after January 1, 2022 are indexed to Term SOFR. As of September 30, 2022, based on the total loan commitments of the Company’s loan portfolio, 18.6% (or $1.1 billion) of the Company’s loans were subject to Term SOFR and 81.4% (or $4.7 billion) were subject to LIBOR as the benchmark interest rate. In addition to credit spread, all-in yield includes the amortization of deferred origination fees, purchase price premium and discount if any, and accrual of both extension and exit fees. All-in yield for the total portfolio assumes the applicable floating benchmark interest rate as of September 30, 2022 for weighted average calculations. (5) Extended maturity assumes all extension options are exercised by the borrower; provided, however, that the Company’s loans may be repaid prior to such date. As of September 30, 2022, based on the unpaid principal balance of the Company’s total loan exposure, 47.4% of the Company’s loans were subject to yield maintenance or other prepayment restrictions and 52.6% were open to repayment by the borrower without penalty. The following tables present an overview of the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio by loan seniority (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2022 Loans held for investment, net Outstanding principal Unamortized premium (discount) and Amortized cost Senior loans (1) $ 5,332,184 $ (30,380) $ 5,301,804 Subordinated and mezzanine loans — — — Total $ 5,332,184 $ (30,380) $ 5,301,804 Allowance for credit losses (210,547) Loans held for investment, net $ 5,091,257 December 31, 2021 Loans held for investment, net Outstanding principal Unamortized premium (discount) and Amortized cost Senior loans (1) $ 4,884,343 $ (10,101) $ 4,874,242 Subordinated and mezzanine loans 35,000 (40) 34,960 Total $ 4,919,343 $ (10,141) $ 4,909,202 Allowance for credit losses (41,999) Loans held for investment, net $ 4,867,203 ________________________________ (1) Senior loans may include contiguous mezzanine loans and pari passu participations in senior mortgage loans. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio activity was as follows (dollars in thousands): Carrying value Balance as of January 1, 2022 $ 4,867,203 Additions during the period: Loans originated and acquired 1,461,931 Additional fundings 105,905 Amortization of origination fees and discounts 5,266 Deductions during the period: Collection of principal (1,171,087) Collection of accrued PIK interest (613) Write-off (4,400) (Increase) of allowance for credit losses (172,948) Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 5,091,257 As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there was $8.6 million and $10.1 million, respectively, of unamortized loan fees included in loans held for investment, net in the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2022, there was $21.8 million of unamortized discounts included in loans held for investment at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2021, there were no unamortized discounts included in loans held for investment at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. Loan Risk Ratings The Company evaluates all of its loans to assign risk ratings on a quarterly basis on a 5-point scale. As described in Note 2, the Company’s loans are rated “1” through “5,” from least risk to greatest risk, respectively. The Company generally assigns a risk rating of “3” to all loan investments upon origination or acquisition, except when specific circumstances warrant an exception. The following tables present the Company's loans held for investment portfolio on an amortized cost basis by origination year, grouped by risk rating (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2022 Amortized cost by origination year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Senior loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 — 215,104 — 271,966 — 80,700 567,770 3 982,374 1,694,369 217,242 560,421 110,356 — 3,564,762 4 — — — 497,541 342,969 51,542 892,052 5 — — 78,269 53,985 55,732 89,234 277,220 Total senior loans $ 982,374 $ 1,909,473 $ 295,511 $ 1,383,913 $ 509,057 $ 221,476 $ 5,301,804 Senior loans: Current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (4,400) $ — $ (4,400) Total current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (4,400) $ — $ (4,400) Subordinated and mezzanine loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 — — — — — — — 3 — — — — — — — 4 — — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — — Total subordinated and mezzanine loans — — — — — — — Total $ 982,374 $ 1,909,473 $ 295,511 $ 1,383,913 $ 509,057 $ 221,476 $ 5,301,804 December 31, 2021 Amortized cost by origination year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Senior loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 33,621 — 82,461 242,614 168,355 — 527,051 3 1,600,659 95,858 1,400,670 407,509 169,934 17,163 3,691,793 4 — 78,013 154,093 183,750 216,542 — 632,398 5 — — — 23,000 — — 23,000 Total senior loans $ 1,634,280 $ 173,871 $ 1,637,224 $ 856,873 $ 554,831 $ 17,163 $ 4,874,242 Subordinated and mezzanine loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 — — — — — — — 3 — — 34,960 — — — 34,960 4 — — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — — Total subordinated and mezzanine loans — — 34,960 — — — 34,960 Total $ 1,634,280 $ 173,871 $ 1,672,184 $ 856,873 $ 554,831 $ 17,163 $ 4,909,202 Loans acquired are presented in the preceding table in the column corresponding to the year of origination, not acquisition. The table below summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment on an amortized cost basis, by the results of its internal risk rating review process performed (dollars in thousands): Risk rating September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 1 $ — $ — 2 567,770 527,051 3 3,564,762 3,726,753 4 892,052 632,398 5 277,220 23,000 Total $ 5,301,804 $ 4,909,202 Allowance for credit losses (210,547) (41,999) Carrying value $ 5,091,257 $ 4,867,203 Weighted average risk rating (1) 3.2 3.0 ________________________________ (1) Weighted average risk rating calculated based on the amortized cost balance at period end. The weighted average risk rating of the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio increased to 3.2 as of September 30, 2022 compared to 3.0 as of December 31, 2021. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company’s allowance for credit losses developed pursuant to ASC 326 reflects its current estimate of potential credit losses related to its loans held for investment portfolio as of September 30, 2022. As part of its allowance for credit losses, the Company maintains a separate allowance for credit losses related to unfunded loan commitments which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 2 for additional details regarding the Company's accounting policies and estimation of its allowance for credit losses. The following tables present activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans by finance receivable class (dollars in thousands): For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at July 1, 2022 $ 83,485 $ 671 $ 84,156 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 131,462 (671) 130,791 Write-off (4,400) — (4,400) Subtotal 210,547 — 210,547 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at July 1, 2022 9,227 — 9,227 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 5,875 — 5,875 Subtotal 15,102 — 15,102 Total allowance for credit losses $ 225,649 $ — $ 225,649 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at July 1, 2021 $ 51,431 $ 510 $ 51,941 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net (1,084) (323) (1,407) Write-off (483) — (483) Subtotal 49,864 187 50,051 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at July 1, 2021 3,360 11 3,371 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 852 694 1,546 Subtotal 4,212 705 4,917 Total allowance for credit losses $ 54,076 $ 892 $ 54,968 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at January 1, 2022 $ 41,193 $ 806 $ 41,999 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 173,754 (806) 172,948 Write-off (4,400) — (4,400) Subtotal 210,547 — 210,547 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at January 1, 2022 4,210 — 4,210 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 10,892 — 10,892 Subtotal 15,102 — 15,102 Total allowance for credit losses $ 225,649 $ — $ 225,649 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at January 1, 2021 $ 58,210 $ 1,730 $ 59,940 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net (6,237) (1,543) (7,780) Write-off (2,109) — (2,109) Subtotal 49,864 187 50,051 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at January 1, 2021 2,756 132 2,888 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 1,456 573 2,029 Subtotal 4,212 705 4,917 Total allowance for credit losses $ 54,076 $ 892 $ 54,968 The following table presents the allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2022 General reserve Specific reserve Total reserve Allowance for credit losses: Loans held for investment $ 138,254 $ 72,293 $ 210,547 Unfunded loan commitments 15,102 — 15,102 Total allowance for credit losses $ 153,356 $ 72,293 $ 225,649 Total unpaid principal balance $ 5,054,964 $ 277,220 $ 5,332,184 December 31, 2021 General reserve Specific reserve Total reserve Allowance for credit losses: Loans held for investment $ 41,999 $ — $ 41,999 Unfunded loan commitments 4,210 — 4,210 Total allowance for credit losses $ 46,209 $ — $ 46,209 Total unpaid principal balance $ 4,919,343 $ — $ 4,919,343 The Company’s allowance for credit losses is influenced by the size and maturity dates of its loans, loan quality, credit indicators including risk ratings, delinquency status, historical loss experience and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded an increase of $132.3 million to its allowance for credit losses. The increase to the Company's allowance for credit losses was due to weakening credit indicators, inflationary expectations, reduced liquidity in the capital markets, increased capitalization rates for properties, especially office, an uncertain macroeconomic outlook, and new loan investments offset by eight loan repayments in-full and nine partial repayments. The uncertain macroeconomic outlook is caused by surging inflationary pressures, rising short term interest rates, continuing supply chain disruptions, widening credit spreads in the fixed income markets, a material decline in U.S. stock market indices and unsettled geopolitical conditions. These factors, and slowing business plan execution for certain of our loans, contributed to the increase in the Company’s allowance for credit losses during the three months ended September 30, 2022. While the ultimate impact of the macroeconomic outlook and property-level performance trends of the Company's loan portfolio remain uncertain, the Company's macroeconomic outlook is intended to address these uncertainties. The Company has made specific forward-looking valuation adjustments to the inputs of its loss calculation to reflect the variability associated with the timing, strength, and breadth of a sustained economic recovery or the potential impact of an uncertain economic outlook that may occur. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded an increase of $179.4 million to its allowance for credit losses, increasing its CECL reserve to $225.6 million as of September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company's estimate of expected credit losses was impacted by loan investments and repayments of $1,461.9 million and $1,171.1 million, respectively, an increase to four from one in the number of loans bearing a risk rating of "5", and recessionary and recovery macroeconomic assumptions employed in determining the model-based general CECL reserve. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses was impacted by loan investments, sales, and repayments of $1,062.9 million, $60.7 million, and $799.7 million, respectively, recessionary and recovery macroeconomic assumptions employed in determining the model-based general CECL reserve, and an increase in the Company’s total loan commitments and unpaid principal balance as of September 30, 2021. As of September 30, 2022, four first mortgage loans satisfied the CECL framework's criteria for individual assessment, of which three were first mortgage loans secured by office properties that were determined to satisfy the CECL framework's criteria for individual assessment for the first time as of September 30, 2022. The amortized cost of the loans was $277.2 million and $221.2 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Accordingly, the Company utilized the estimated fair value of the collateral to estimate a total allowance for credit losses of $72.3 million as of September 30, 2022. The Company’s fair market value estimates were determined primarily using discounted cash flow models and Level 3 inputs, which include estimates of property-specific cash flows over a specific holding period, a discount rate range of 8.5% – 13.6%, and a terminal capitalization rate range of 8.0% – 9.0%. These inputs are based on the location, type and nature of the property, current sales and lease comparables, anticipated real estate and capital market conditions, and management’s knowledge, experience and judgment. In limited instances, the Company uses broker-prepared estimates of values based on discounted cash flows and sales comparables to estimate or corroborate fair value. As of September 30, 2022, two of the four loans with an amortized cost of $167.5 million were on non-accrual status; the two other loans with an amortized cost of $109.7 million were not on non-accrual status because all amounts of interest due were collected by the Company and the borrowers were not in default of the loan agreements. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the property securing the Company's non-performing retail loan was sold by the borrower for $19.7 million, generating net proceeds of $18.6 million that were directed by the borrower to retire the Company's loan. The Company wrote-off $4.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was fully reserved within the Company's CECL reserve as of June 30, 2022. The amortized cost of the loan was $23.0 million as of December 31, 2021. The loan was previously placed on non-accrual status due to a default caused by non-payment of interest in December 2020. In accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition and allowance for credit losses accounting policies, the Company suspended its accrual of interest income when the loan was placed on non-accrual status. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had two loans with an amortized cost of $167.5 million on non-accrual status. In accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition and allowance for credit losses accounting policies, the Company suspended its accrual of interest income when the loan was placed on non-accrual status. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, none of the Company's accrual status loans had accrued interest income receivable 90 days or more past due. The following table presents an aging analysis for the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment, by class of loans on amortized cost basis (dollars in thousands): Days Outstanding as of September 30, 2022 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans Loans receivable: Senior loans $ 5,134,301 $ 167,503 $ — $ — $ 167,503 $ 5,301,804 Subordinated and mezzanine loans — — — — — — Total $ 5,134,301 $ 167,503 $ — $ — $ 167,503 $ 5,301,804 Days Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans Loans receivable: Senior loans $ 4,851,242 $ — $ — $ 23,000 $ 23,000 $ 4,874,242 Subordinated and mezzanine loans 34,960 — — — — 34,960 Total $ 4,886,202 $ — $ — $ 23,000 $ 23,000 $ 4,909,202 Loan Modifications The Company may amend or modify a loan depending on the loan’s specific facts and circumstances. These loan modifications typically include additional time for the borrower to refinance or sell the collateral property, adjustment or waiver of performance tests that are prerequisite to the extension of a loan maturity, and/or deferral of scheduled principal payments. In exchange for a modification, the Company often receives a partial repayment of principal, a short-term accrual of PIK interest for a portion of interest due, a cash infusion to replenish interest or capital improvement reserves, termination of all or a portion of the remaining unfunded loan commitment, additional call protection, and/or an increase in the loan coupon. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, none of the Company’s loan modifications resulted in significant modifications. As of September 30, 2022, the total amount of accrued PIK interest in the loans held for investment portfolio was $2.4 million with respect to three first mortgage loans. The following table presents the accrued PIK interest activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 for the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2022 Balance as of January 1, 2022 $ 3,028 Accrued PIK interest — Repayments of accrued PIK interest (313) Balance as of March 31, 2022 $ 2,715 Accrued PIK interest — Repayments of accrued PIK interest (300) Write-off of accrued PIK interest — Balance as of June 30, 2022 $ 2,415 Accrued PIK interest — Repayments of accrued PIK interest — Write-off of accrued PIK interest — Balance as of September 30, 2022 $ 2,415 No accrued PIK interest was recorded and deferred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. |