Loans Held for Investment and the Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Held for Investment and the Allowance for Credit Losses The Company originates and acquires first mortgage and mezzanine loans secured by commercial properties. The Company considers these loans to comprise a single portfolio of mortgage loans, and the Company has developed its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses based on a single portfolio. For purposes of certain disclosures herein, the Company disaggregates this portfolio segment into the following classes of finance receivables: senior loans; and subordinated and mezzanine loans. These loans can potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, including, without limitation: property type collateralizing the loan; loan category; loan size; loans to a single sponsor; and loans in a single geographic area. The Company’s loans held for investment are accounted for at amortized cost. Interest accrued but not yet collected is separately reported within accrued interest and fees receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Amounts within that caption relating to loans held for investment were $23.3 million and $26.4 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company originated two mortgage loans with a total commitment of $123.8 million, an initial unpaid principal balance of $111.2 million, and unfunded commitments at closing of $12.6 million. Additionally, the Company received three full loan repayments of $144.4 million, and partial principal payments including accrued PIK interest payments and cost-recovery proceeds of $83.5 million across six loans, for total loan repayments of $227.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The following table details overall statistics for the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Balance sheet portfolio Total loan exposure (1) Balance sheet portfolio Total loan exposure (1) Number of loans 69 69 70 70 Floating rate loans 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Total loan commitment $ 5,294,242 $ 5,294,242 $ 5,429,146 $ 5,429,146 Unpaid principal balance (2) $ 4,939,650 $ 4,939,650 $ 5,004,798 $ 5,004,798 Unfunded loan commitments (3) $ 353,884 $ 353,884 $ 426,061 $ 426,061 Amortized cost $ 4,916,444 $ 4,916,444 $ 4,978,674 $ 4,978,674 Weighted average credit spread 3.5 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 3.4 % Weighted average all-in yield (4) 8.5 % 8.5 % 8.1 % 8.1 % Weighted average term to extended maturity (in years) (5) 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 _______________________ (1) In certain instances, the Company creates structural leverage through the co-origination or non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third-party. In either case, the senior mortgage loan (i.e., the non-consolidated senior interest) is not included on the Company’s balance sheet. When the Company creates structural leverage through the co-origination or non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third-party, the Company retains on its balance sheet a mezzanine loan. Total loan exposure encompasses the entire loan portfolio the Company originated, acquired and financed. The Company had no non-consolidated senior interests as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. (2) Unpaid principal balance includes PIK interest of $1.2 million and $1.7 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. (3) Unfunded loan commitments may be funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date or a force-funding date, primarily to finance property improvements or lease-related expenditures by the Company’s borrowers, to finance operating deficits during renovation and lease-up, and in limited instances to finance construction. (4) As of March 31, 2023, all of the Company’s loans were floating rate. Loans originated by the Company before December 31, 2022 are indexed to LIBOR, while loans originated after January 1, 2022 are indexed to Term SOFR, with the exception of LIBOR loans which have been converted to Term SOFR. As of March 31, 2023, based on the total loan commitments of the Company’s loan portfolio, 28.4% (or $1.5 billion) of the Company’s loans were subject to Term SOFR and 71.6% (or $3.8 billion) were subject to LIBOR as the benchmark interest rate. In addition to credit spread, all-in yield includes the amortization of deferred origination fees, purchase price premium and discount if any, and accrual of both extension and exit fees. All-in yield for the total portfolio assumes the applicable floating benchmark interest rate as of March 31, 2023 for weighted average calculations. (5) Extended maturity assumes all extension options are exercised by the borrower; provided, however, that the Company’s loans may be repaid prior to such date. As of March 31, 2023, based on the unpaid principal balance of the Company’s total loan exposure, 33.8% of the Company’s loans were subject to yield maintenance or other prepayment restrictions and 66.2% were open to repayment by the borrower without penalty. The following tables present an overview of the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio by loan seniority (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 Loans held for investment, net Outstanding principal Unamortized premium (discount) and Amortized cost Senior loans (1) $ 4,939,650 $ (23,206) $ 4,916,444 Total $ 4,939,650 $ (23,206) $ 4,916,444 Allowance for credit losses (201,508) Loans held for investment, net $ 4,714,936 December 31, 2022 Loans held for investment, net Outstanding principal Unamortized premium (discount) and Amortized cost Senior loans (1) $ 5,004,798 $ (26,124) $ 4,978,674 Total $ 5,004,798 $ (26,124) $ 4,978,674 Allowance for credit losses (197,272) Loans held for investment, net $ 4,781,402 ________________________________ (1) Senior loans may include contiguous mezzanine loans and pari passu participations in senior mortgage loans. The following table presents the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio activity (dollars in thousands): Carrying value Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 4,781,402 Additions during the period: Loans originated and acquired 109,922 Additional fundings 51,524 Amortization of origination fees and discounts 4,156 Deductions during the period: Collection of principal (225,410) Collection of accrued PIK interest (542) Collection of cost-recovery proceeds (1,880) Increase of allowance for credit losses (4,236) Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ 4,714,936 As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $7.8 million and $7.9 million, respectively, of unamortized loan fees included in loans held for investment, net in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $15.4 million and $18.2 million, respectively, of unamortized discounts included in loans held for investment at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. Loan Risk Ratings The Company evaluates all of its loans to assign risk ratings on a quarterly basis on a 5-point scale. As described in Note 2, the Company’s loans are rated “1” through “5,” from least risk to greatest risk, respectively. The Company generally assigns a risk rating of “3” to all loan investments upon origination or acquisition, except when specific circumstances warrant an exception. The following tables present the Company's loans held for investment portfolio on an amortized cost basis by origination year, grouped by risk rating (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 Amortized cost by origination year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Senior loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 — — 226,443 — 272,357 — 498,800 3 109,968 920,844 1,549,363 98,936 505,715 85,500 3,270,326 4 — 77,014 79,311 119,172 321,055 307,512 904,064 5 — — — 71,269 116,956 55,029 243,254 Total senior loans $ 109,968 $ 997,858 $ 1,855,117 $ 289,377 $ 1,216,083 $ 448,041 $ 4,916,444 Senior loans: Current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total $ 109,968 $ 997,858 $ 1,855,117 $ 289,377 $ 1,216,083 $ 448,041 $ 4,916,444 December 31, 2022 Amortized cost by origination year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Senior loans by internal risk ratings: 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2 22,732 216,960 — 272,185 — — 511,877 3 907,161 1,609,556 98,874 505,377 110,356 — 3,231,324 4 76,938 79,023 119,172 320,793 342,869 51,542 990,337 5 — — 71,269 118,135 55,732 — 245,136 Total senior loans $ 1,006,831 $ 1,905,539 $ 289,315 $ 1,216,490 $ 508,957 $ 51,542 $ 4,978,674 Senior loans: Current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (4,400) $ — $ (4,400) Total current-period write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (4,400) $ — $ (4,400) Total $ 1,006,831 $ 1,905,539 $ 289,315 $ 1,216,490 $ 508,957 $ 51,542 $ 4,978,674 Loans acquired are presented in the preceding table in the column corresponding to the year of origination, not acquisition. The table below summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment on an amortized cost basis, by the results of its internal risk rating review process performed (dollars in thousands): Risk rating March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 1 $ — $ — 2 498,800 511,878 3 3,270,327 3,231,324 4 904,062 990,337 5 243,255 245,135 Total $ 4,916,444 $ 4,978,674 Allowance for credit losses (201,508) (197,272) Carrying value $ 4,714,936 $ 4,781,402 Weighted average risk rating (1) 3.2 3.2 ________________________________ (1) Weighted average risk rating calculated based on the amortized cost balance at period end. The weighted average risk rating of the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio was 3.2 as of March 31, 2023, unchanged from December 31, 2022. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company’s allowance for credit losses developed pursuant to ASC 326 reflects its current estimate of potential credit losses related to its loans held for investment portfolio as of March 31, 2023. As part of its allowance for credit losses, the Company maintains a separate allowance for credit losses related to unfunded loan commitments which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 2 for additional details regarding the Company's accounting policies and estimation of its allowance for credit losses. The following tables present activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans by finance receivable class (dollars in thousands): For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at January 1, 2023 $ 197,272 $ — $ 197,272 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 4,236 — 4,236 Subtotal 201,508 — 201,508 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at January 1, 2023 17,314 — 17,314 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 3,548 — 3,548 Subtotal 20,862 — 20,862 Total allowance for credit losses $ 222,370 $ — $ 222,370 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Senior loans Subordinated and Total Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment: Beginning balance at January 1, 2022 $ 41,193 $ 806 $ 41,999 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 4,747 (439) 4,308 Subtotal 45,940 367 46,307 Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Beginning balance at January 1, 2022 4,210 — 4,210 Allowance for (reversal of) credit losses, net 576 — 576 Subtotal 4,786 — 4,786 Total allowance for credit losses $ 50,726 $ 367 $ 51,093 The following table presents the allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 General reserve Specific reserve Total reserve Allowance for credit losses: Loans held for investment $ 144,117 $ 57,391 $ 201,508 Unfunded loan commitments 14,309 6,553 20,862 Total allowance for credit losses $ 158,426 $ 63,944 $ 222,370 Total unpaid principal balance $ 4,696,395 $ 243,255 $ 4,939,650 December 31, 2022 General reserve Specific reserve Total reserve Allowance for credit losses: Loans held for investment $ 119,190 $ 78,082 $ 197,272 Unfunded loan commitments 10,927 6,387 17,314 Total allowance for credit losses $ 130,117 $ 84,469 $ 214,586 Total unpaid principal balance $ 4,759,663 $ 245,135 $ 5,004,798 The Company’s allowance for credit losses is influenced by the size and maturity dates of its loans, loan quality, credit indicators including risk ratings, delinquency status, historical loss experience and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded an increase of $7.8 million to its allowance for credit losses, increasing its CECL reserve to $222.4 million as of March 31, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the increase to the Company's allowance for credit losses was primarily due to an increase in credit loss expense of (1) $29.1 million from recessionary and recovery macroeconomic assumptions employed in determining the general CECL reserve and the deterioration of local market fundamentals in the office sector and (2) $0.8 million resulting from the Company's loan origination activity during 2023, offset by (1) a decrease of $20.5 million related to individually assessed loans resulting from improved collateral specific fundamentals and (2) $1.5 million resulting from full loan repayments. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company increased its allowance for credit losses to $51.1 million, from $46.2 million as of December 31, 2021. The $4.9 million increase to the Company's allowance for credit losses was due to new loan originations offset by one loan repayment in-full, weakening credit indicators, and an uncertain macroeconomic outlook. The uncertain macroeconomic outlook was caused by surging inflationary pressures, rising short term interest rates, continuing supply chain disruptions, a slower-than-expected return-to-office by office workers, widening credit spreads in the fixed income markets, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. These factors, and slowing business plan execution for certain of the Company's office loans, contributed to the increase in the Company’s allowance for credit losses during the three months ended March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, four first mortgage loans satisfied the CECL framework's criteria for individual assessment. The total amortized cost of the individually assessed loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $243.3 million and $245.1 million, respectively. Accordingly, the Company utilized the estimated fair value of the loan collateral to estimate a total allowance for credit losses of $63.9 million as of March 31, 2023. The Company’s fair market value estimates were determined primarily using discounted cash flow models and Level 3 inputs, which include estimates of property-specific cash flows over a specific holding period, a discount rate range of 8.5% – 14.3%, and a terminal capitalization rate range of 6.5% – 9.0%. These inputs are based on the location, type and nature of the property, current sales and lease comparables, anticipated real estate and capital market conditions, and management’s knowledge, experience and judgment. Additionally, the Company may use broker-prepared estimates of fair values based on discounted cash flows and sales comparables to corroborate the estimated value of a loan's collateral. As of March 31, 2023, three of the four loans with an amortized cost of $189.3 million were on non-accrual status, of which two of the loans with an amortized cost of $118.0 million are on cost-recovery given there is a significant risk of principal loss. The fourth loan, which had an amortized cost of $54.0 million, was not on non-accrual status because the borrower was not in default of the loan agreement and all amounts of interest due were collected by the Company. The same four loans comprised the entirety of the Company's individually assessed loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had six loans with an amortized cost of $550.1 million on non-accrual status. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had two loans with an amortized cost of $190.4 million on non-accrual status. In accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition and allowance for credit losses accounting policies, the Company suspended its accrual of interest income when each loan was placed on non-accrual status. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, none of the Company's performing loans (full accrual status) had accrued interest income receivable 90 days or more past due. The following table presents an aging analysis for the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment, by class of loans on amortized cost basis (dollars in thousands): Days Outstanding as of March 31, 2023 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans Loans receivable: Senior loans $ 4,366,386 $ 55,029 $ — $ 495,029 $ 550,058 $ 4,916,444 Total $ 4,366,386 $ 55,029 $ — $ 495,029 $ 550,058 $ 4,916,444 Days Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans Loans receivable: Senior loans $ 4,541,692 $ 365,713 $ — $ 71,269 $ 436,982 $ 4,978,674 Total $ 4,541,692 $ 365,713 $ — $ 71,269 $ 436,982 $ 4,978,674 See Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for details of the Company's revenue recognition and allowance for credit losses accounting policies. Loan Modifications The Company may amend or modify a loan depending on the loan’s specific facts and circumstances. These loan modifications typically include additional time for the borrower to refinance or sell the collateral property, adjustment or waiver of performance tests that are prerequisite to the extension of a loan maturity, modification of terms of interest rate cap agreements, and/or deferral of scheduled principal payments. In exchange for a modification, the Company often receives a partial repayment of principal, a short-term accrual of PIK interest for a portion of interest due, a cash infusion to replenish interest or capital improvement reserves, termination of all or a portion of the remaining unfunded loan commitment, additional call protection, and/or an increase in the loan coupon. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, none of the Company’s loan modifications resulted in significant modifications. As of March 31, 2023, the total amount of accrued PIK interest in the Company's loans held for investment portfolio was $1.2 million and related to one first mortgage loan. No accrued PIK interest was recorded and deferred during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The following table presents the accrued PIK interest activity for the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 1,714 Repayments of accrued PIK interest (542) Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ 1,172 |