Revenue
Total investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the table below.
| | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended | | Three Months Ended |
| | March 31, 2023 | | March 31, 2022 |
Total interest income from non-controlled/non-affiliated investments | | $ | 10,011,292 | | $ | 5,389,818 |
Total other interest income | | | 64,550 | | | 384 |
Total other income | | | 62,635 | | | 38,118 |
Total investment income | | $ | 10,138,477 | | $ | 5,428,320 |
Total investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased to $10,138,477 from $5,428,320 for the three months ended March 31, 2022, and was primarily driven by an increase in interest rate spreads over the period and our increasing investment balance. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the size of our debt portfolio was $402,971,119 and $420,316,183 at amortized cost, respectively, with total debt principal amount outstanding of $407,505,625 and $423,552,801, respectively.
Expenses
Total expenses net of waivers for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:
| | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended | | Three Months Ended |
| | March 31, 2023 | | March 31, 2022 |
Base management fee(a) | | $ | 1,108,854 | | $ | 1,038,439 |
Incentive fee(a) | | | 1,333,105 | | | 426,322 |
Interest expense(b) | | | 227,652 | | | 41,166 |
Professional fees | | | 98,636 | | | 81,675 |
Other expenses | | | 74,766 | | | 79,177 |
Administrative fee(a) | | | 66,250 | | | 66,250 |
Directors' fees | | | 63,750 | | | 56,250 |
Total expenses | | | 2,973,013 | | | 1,789,279 |
Base management fee waivers(a) | | | (388,099) | | | (363,454) |
Incentive fee waivers(a) | | | (889,296) | | | (383,690) |
Total expenses, net of waivers | | $ | 1,695,618 | | $ | 1,042,135 |
(a)Refer to Note 4-Related Party Transactions within the financial statements for a description of the relevant fees.
(b)Refer to Note 8-Borrowing within the financial statements for a description of the relevant expenses.
The increase in base management fees before waivers for the three months ended March 31, 2023 in comparison to the three months ended March 31, 2022 was driven by our increasing average gross assets balance. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we accrued gross base management fees before waivers of $1,108,854 and $1,038,439, respectively. Offsetting those fees, we recognized base management fee waivers of $388,099 and $363,454 for three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we accrued incentive fees related to net investment income before waivers of $1,333,105 and $426,322, respectively. Offsetting those fees, we recognized incentive fee waivers of $889,296 and $383,690, respectively. Additionally, we accrued $66,250 of administrative fees for each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Refer to Note 4 — Related Party Transactions in the notes accompanying our financial statements for more information related to base management fees, incentive fees and waivers.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred professional fees of $98,636 and $81,675, respectively, related to audit fees, tax fees, and legal fees. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred expenses related to fees paid to our independent directors of $63,750 and $56,250 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred interest expense of $227,652 and $41,166, respectively, in connection with our short-term borrowings. Refer to Note 8 — Borrowings in the notes accompanying our financial statements for more information related to interest expense.