Insurance Operations | 11. Insurance Operations Reinsurance Transactions The Company’s reinsurance agreements do not relieve its direct obligations to insureds. Thus, a credit exposure exists to the extent that any reinsurer fails to meet its obligations to the Company. The reinsurers with the three largest uncollateralized obligations to the Company at December 31, 2019, were the Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation, Munich Reinsurance America Inc. and Harco National Insurance Company, which represented 31.3%, 14.2% and 9.0%, respectively, of the Company’s reinsurance recoverables, net of funds held and collateral. Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation and Munich Reinsurance America Inc. and are rated A+ (Superior) by A.M. Best Company. Harco National Insurance Company is rated A- (Excellent) by A.M. Best Company. Collateral for reinsurance receivables is generally only pursued by the Company when the reinsurer’s status with the regulators of the Company’s domicile would not otherwise permit credit for reinsurance for regulatory reporting purposes. Reinsurance receivables included an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables of $10.9 million and $10.0 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In connection with the divestment of the Company’s U.K. business, New York Marine as reinsured entered into whole account quota share agreements (“WAQS”) with third party reinsurers to maintain reasonable underwriting leverage within New York Marine and its subsidiary insurance companies during a transition period following the U.K. divestment. The effective date of the WAQS was April 1, 2017. The reinsurers’ ceding participation is an aggregate 26.0%. A provisional ceding commission of 30.0% to 30.5% is received as a reduction in the amount of ceded premium. Subject to limits, these ceding commissions will vary in subsequent periods based on contractual ultimate loss ratios. During 2018 and following the transition of the U.S. business back to New York Marine, the WAQS were terminated. To the extent of unearned premium at the time of termination, ceded written premiums, net of the ceding commission, was returned. Reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on premium earned prior to the cut-off termination remained in reinsurance receivables on unpaid losses on the consolidated balance sheets. The reinsurance receivables on unpaid losses under the WAQS were $33.1 million and $43.7 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Loss reserve development on the reserves ceded under the WAQS is included in continuing operations. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 under the WAQS the Company recorded the following: ($ in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 (Return of ceded prepaid) ceded written premium $ (3) $ (58,857) $ 160,779 Ceded earned premium (3) 14,560 87,362 (Increase) reduction to net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred (4,746) 9,514 51,897 Reduction to policy acquisition expenses 4,743 3,955 29,560 Reduction to pre-tax income $ — $ 1,091 $ 5,905 Total reinsurance ceded and assumed relating to premiums written, earned premiums and net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: ($ in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Written premiums Direct written premiums $ 964,512 $ 889,526 $ 833,536 Assumed from other companies 3,499 5,586 2,798 Ceded to other companies 115,871 45,038 276,048 Net written premiums $ 852,140 $ 850,074 $ 560,286 Earned premiums Direct earned premiums $ 918,718 $ 844,234 $ 788,862 Assumed from other companies 3,887 10,266 2,477 Ceded to other companies 114,751 123,715 181,553 Net earned premiums $ 807,854 $ 730,785 $ 609,786 Percent of amount assumed to net Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred Direct net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred $ 556,051 $ 485,770 $ 483,209 Assumed from other companies 9,298 (3,209) 720 Ceded to other companies 64,324 47,731 90,188 Net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred $ 501,025 $ 434,830 $ 393,741 In 2016, the Company entered a retroactive reinsurance agreement with an authorized reinsurer covering accident year 2015 and prior Primary and Excess Workers’ Compensation net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred. Subject carried reserves at the January 1, 2016 effective date were $306.4 million. The reinsurance provides $100.0 million limit on respective paid losses excess of $315.0 million retention. The reinsurance cover has a retrospective rating feature of $47.6 million of additional premium accumulating at approximately 3% per annum. This amount is 100% recoverable to the Company to the extent losses do not exceed the retention. At December 31, 2019, the Company’s estimate of respective loss development remains below the retention. In 2017, the Company entered into a retroactive reinsurance agreement for the 2016 accident year. Subject carried reserves at the January 1, 2017 effective date were $96.5 million. The reinsurer provides a $35.0 million limit on respective paid losses in excess of $106.5 million. The reinsurance cover has a retrospective rating feature of $18.0 million of premium accumulating at approximately 4% per annum. These amounts are 100% recoverable to the Company to the extent losses do not exceed the retention. At December 31, 2019, the Company’s estimate of respective loss development remains below the retention and the adjustable premium is accrued as fully recoverable. In 2018, the Company entered into a retroactive reinsurance agreement for the 2017 accident year. Subject carried reserves at the January 1, 2018 effective date were $107.8 million. The reinsurer provides a $40.0 million limit on respective paid losses in excess of $119.3 million. The reinsurance cover has a retrospective rating feature of $21.0 million of premium accumulating at approximately 4% per annum. These are 100% recoverable to the Company to the extent losses do not exceed the retention. At December 31, 2019, the Company’s estimate of respective loss development remains below the retention and the adjustable premium is accrued as fully recoverable. Distribution Partners The Company negotiates with distribution partners to write direct premium on behalf of the Company’s affiliates. In January 2019, a distribution partner of the Company was acquired by a third-party insurance carrier. The Company has sourced 7.1% and 13.5% of direct premium from this distribution partner as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company does not anticipate any future premiums from this distribution partner other than audit premiums after the first quarter of 2019. The three distribution partners contributing the largest amounts of direct written premium (excluding the distribution partner above) totaled $267.8 million, $240.7 million and $235.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively. Unpaid Losses Unpaid losses are based on individual case estimates for losses reported and include a provision for incurred but not reported and for losses and loss adjustment expenses. The following table provides a roll forward of the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: ($ in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Gross reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at beginning of year $ 1,396,812 $ 1,258,237 $ 1,166,619 Ceded reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at beginning of year 185,295 201,156 176,651 Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at beginning of year 1,211,517 1,057,081 989,968 Add: Incurred losses and loss expenses occurring in the: Current year 482,989 439,847 373,423 Prior years 3,154 (5,017) 20,318 Prior years attributable to adjusted premium 14,882 — — Total net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred 501,025 434,830 393,741 Less: Paid losses and loss expenses for claims occurring in the: Current year 66,522 47,734 54,026 Prior years 318,324 232,660 272,602 Total paid losses and loss expenses for claims 384,846 280,394 326,628 Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at end of year 1,327,696 1,211,517 1,057,081 Ceded reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at end of year 193,952 185,295 201,156 Gross reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, at end of year $ 1,521,648 $ 1,396,812 $ 1,258,237 During the year ended December 31, 2019 the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2018 and prior developed unfavorably by $3.2 million driven primarily by unfavorable development of $16.4 million in Commercial Multiple Peril, $11.3 million in General Liability, partially offset by favorable development of $22.8 million in Workers’ Compensation. The unfavorable development in Commercial Multiple Peril was primarily from the Media and Entertainment customer segment in accident years 2013 through 2016 from a longer development trend than that underlying the historical performance of premises liability. The unfavorable development in General Liability primarily related to 2013 through 2016 accident years due to increased severities in the Real Estate customer segment and run off components within the Other customer segment. The favorable development in Workers’ Compensation derived from lower than expected claims severity across all customer segments primarily in accident years 2013 through 2015 and accident year 2017. In addition, the Company incurred $14.9 million of loss and loss adjustment expenses related to premium earned during the year ended December 31, 2019, attributable to accident year 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2017 and prior developed favorably by $5.0 million. Favorable development of $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, was driven primarily by favorable development of $14.4 million in Workers’ Compensation, $15.6 million in Commercial Auto and $4.1 million from Marine Liability within the All Other lines category, partially offset by $16.5 million adverse development in General Liability and $12.2 million adverse development in Commercial Multiple Peril. Lower than expected claim severity was the main driver of the favorable development in Workers’ Compensation of which $6.2 million came from 2014, 2015 and 2016 accident years in primary Workers’ Compensation and $8.2 million came from 2014 and 2015 accident years in excess Workers’ Compensation. Favorable development in Commercial Auto was driven mainly by the 2013, 2015 and 2016 accident years where severity trends of the previous two calendar year periods improved during 2018 across multiple niches. Marine Liability is a low frequency, high severity line of business and as a result, development often varies significantly from the average expectation. The $16.5 million adverse development in General Liability primarily related to 2013, 2014 and 2015 accident years due to increased severities in the Construction customer segment from reduced effectiveness of risk transfer from our general contractor insureds to subcontractors. The $12.2 million in adverse development in Commercial Multiple Peril is primarily from the Media and Entertainment customer segment driven by a longer development trend than that underlying the historic performance of premises liability. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for accident years 2016 and prior developed adversely by $20.3 million. Adverse development of $20.3 million was driven primarily by $33.2 million in Commercial Auto which consisted of several niches that are now terminated. Adverse development in Commercial Auto was driven primarily by higher than expected frequency and severity. The Commercial Auto experience were likely a result of industry trends such as an improving economy resulting in more drivers on the roads, the hiring of less experienced drivers, the use of personal technology while in transit and litigation of bodily-injury claims, which resulted in unexpected adverse experience from historical performance patterns. The adverse development was offset by favorable development in Workers’ Compensation of $12.4 million due to lower than expected claim severity for accident years 2016 and prior, including a decline in the frequency of large loss activity. Incurred and Paid Claims Development The following information presented summarizes incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2019, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR. IBNR anticipates both the development of existing claims and emergence of any new claims. The information about incurred and paid claims development for accident years 2010 through 2018 is unaudited and is presented as supplementary information. Information is also included for the portion of the reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance that related to IBNR and the cumulative number of reported insurance claims. Claims are counted at the occurrence (e.g. date of the accident), line of business which is in accordance with the Company’s statutory filings, and policy level. For example, if a single occurrence (e.g. an auto accident) leads to a claim under an auto and an associated umbrella policy, they are each counted separately. Conversely, multiple claimants under the same occurrence/line/policy would contribute only a single count. The claim counts provided are on an accident year basis. A claim is considered reported when a reserve is established or a payment is made. Therefore, claims closed without payment are included in the claim counts as long as there was an associated case reserve at some point in its life cycle. The following tables are in thousands except claim counts. All Lines - Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior $ 15,481 2010 $ 131,617 $ 137,994 $ 134,941 $ 134,307 $ 136,115 $ 143,344 $ 152,840 $ 145,444 $ 148,117 $ 150,543 3,108 3,926 2011 115,644 128,879 126,752 122,773 124,543 131,081 124,798 131,385 131,360 3,772 4,419 2012 137,380 157,477 157,985 165,015 165,889 156,355 159,120 158,523 6,491 6,622 2013 210,368 222,277 232,660 251,353 243,567 237,900 249,802 16,133 13,229 2014 286,842 312,987 323,792 333,865 342,788 356,733 30,978 16,333 2015 384,269 407,279 407,427 395,751 430,942 44,665 20,869 2016 390,430 423,538 406,204 416,266 93,163 20,049 2017 354,948 361,299 339,505 127,760 18,582 2018 422,104 406,199 233,890 18,720 2019 457,973 330,679 17,591 $ 3,097,846 $ 906,120 All Lines – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 $ 11,912 $ 38,723 $ 72,312 $ 85,754 $ 102,016 $ 114,140 $ 125,646 $ 132,525 $ 137,470 $ 140,927 2011 14,796 51,006 65,103 76,731 88,243 98,411 105,584 109,007 111,247 2012 16,619 48,276 73,249 98,960 119,374 130,200 136,909 139,793 2013 27,465 74,012 115,396 158,978 181,989 192,476 214,863 2014 44,738 111,919 166,907 217,986 250,928 280,933 2015 75,043 159,708 234,756 281,637 331,748 2016 78,271 150,198 204,589 266,496 2017 54,026 116,204 163,937 2018 45,012 112,889 2019 66,522 1,829,355 Incurred less paid 1,268,491 Reserves 2009 and prior 44,965 Other (1) 14,240 Total net reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 1,327,696 (1) Other category represents unallocated loss adjustment expense (“ULAE”) reserves $45.6 million, discounting of loss reserves $(47.4) million and retroactive reinsurance agreements $12.3 million, allowance for uncollectible reinsurance $0.5 million and other $3.2 million. The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 14 % 19 % 15 % 13 % 10 % 7 % 7 % 3 % 3 % 2 % Commercial Auto The following tables represent information on the Company’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and cumulative paid losses, since 2010 for Commercial Auto line, in thousands except claim counts: Commercial Auto-Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior 2010 $ 13,046 $ 17,710 $ 18,011 $ 17,334 $ 18,717 $ 18,688 $ 19,046 $ 19,437 $ 19,280 $ 19,282 $ — 874 2011 13,864 13,462 11,260 11,231 12,547 12,547 12,508 12,476 12,476 — 1,219 2012 21,101 29,959 36,319 43,031 42,028 41,479 41,572 39,231 444 1,746 2013 47,191 50,752 63,764 77,570 76,768 72,265 81,422 993 6,224 2014 74,185 95,283 105,528 112,157 113,747 113,790 843 8,231 2015 120,137 139,415 152,268 146,757 155,266 1,981 11,153 2016 114,568 124,760 119,931 124,166 6,229 9,642 2017 81,986 79,156 71,068 12,343 7,061 2018 87,993 78,777 28,210 7,146 2019 115,393 72,508 8,141 $ 810,871 $ 123,551 Commercial Auto – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 $ 3,105 $ 7,866 $ 12,346 $ 13,723 $ 17,275 $ 17,829 $ 18,074 $ 19,098 $ 19,138 $ 19,162 2011 4,717 7,791 7,250 9,111 11,587 12,005 12,123 12,117 12,128 2012 6,660 15,397 25,280 33,248 39,680 40,852 41,305 38,657 2013 13,015 26,773 43,403 64,073 72,906 71,010 79,066 2014 21,692 52,048 74,431 96,385 108,102 110,883 2015 37,964 74,524 107,063 126,831 142,806 2016 39,580 63,123 83,161 102,003 2017 19,950 34,659 47,199 2018 16,709 32,698 2019 22,082 606,684 Incurred less paid $ 204,187 The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 23 % 22 % 19 % 17 % 12 % 1 % 6 % (2) % — % — % General Liability The following tables represent information on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and cumulative paid losses, since 2010 for the Company’s General Liability line, in thousands except claim counts: General Liability – Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior $ 7,384 2010 $ 56,373 $ 59,577 $ 64,210 $ 63,596 $ 62,270 $ 69,103 $ 72,902 $ 66,226 $ 68,905 $ 69,586 746 1,682 2011 45,894 58,633 61,398 60,375 63,264 67,791 62,127 66,641 64,682 1,254 1,532 2012 42,685 43,677 38,288 42,401 45,771 46,312 48,096 50,509 1,998 1,483 2013 48,466 61,785 62,618 70,459 60,613 61,796 69,565 7,755 2,608 2014 70,878 77,255 78,801 93,468 104,281 114,976 15,352 3,093 2015 80,225 80,411 78,163 80,514 93,808 21,362 3,007 2016 93,737 101,479 92,401 91,228 28,786 2,868 2017 99,845 100,306 94,554 50,712 2,921 2018 142,486 137,525 101,954 2,949 2019 153,650 139,174 2,309 $ 940,083 $ 376,477 General Liability – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 $ 1,692 $ 14,901 $ 34,045 $ 44,087 $ 50,830 $ 61,716 $ 66,332 $ 70,235 $ 74,101 $ 76,201 2011 5,009 18,912 30,123 37,344 44,166 50,136 54,250 56,659 57,932 2012 945 8,844 14,751 24,257 32,585 36,521 40,754 45,509 2013 1,930 10,941 22,152 36,493 46,821 55,148 66,439 2014 5,456 14,032 28,581 41,079 53,712 73,491 2015 5,404 14,720 25,931 39,407 61,168 2016 3,547 13,873 25,223 47,333 2017 2,596 11,279 26,354 2018 2,223 15,625 2019 3,487 473,539 Incurred less paid $ 466,544 The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 3 % 12 % 15 % 16 % 14 % 13 % 10 % 6 % 4 % 3 % Workers’ Compensation The following tables represent information on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and cumulative paid losses, since 2010 for the Company’s Workers’ Compensation line, in thousands except claim counts: Workers’ Compensation – Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior $ 5,590 2010 $ 24,965 $ 23,206 $ 26,970 $ 23,643 $ 25,751 $ 25,825 $ 28,260 $ 28,135 $ 28,597 $ 30,457 2,361 78 2011 28,987 22,186 23,576 21,411 19,489 21,943 18,986 21,247 23,750 2,508 202 2012 46,503 51,724 53,038 48,983 47,373 38,501 38,835 38,919 4,017 1,770 2013 76,844 71,683 70,939 68,109 71,532 69,729 64,727 7,141 2,694 2014 88,181 81,628 83,543 74,134 69,886 67,784 12,581 2,679 2015 101,762 101,410 89,383 82,212 87,570 14,957 3,881 2016 99,292 109,623 103,382 102,716 47,500 4,358 2017 102,250 101,691 93,134 52,781 4,678 2018 116,278 118,973 77,694 5,125 2019 97,485 76,057 4,468 $ 725,515 $ 303,187 Workers’ Compensation – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 $ — $ 180 $ 1,633 $ 2,907 $ 4,427 $ 6,165 $ 7,830 $ 9,706 $ 10,695 $ 11,908 2011 473 4,148 5,127 5,503 7,239 8,662 8,978 9,971 10,841 2012 2,381 5,481 10,598 14,634 18,468 23,694 25,495 26,237 2013 2,639 12,579 20,520 26,088 29,036 32,962 35,793 2014 4,644 14,901 24,411 35,131 39,846 42,423 2015 6,504 18,434 27,423 33,543 38,061 2016 10,891 24,557 35,385 43,171 2017 8,631 22,462 30,776 2018 9,563 29,008 2019 9,745 277,963 Incurred less paid $ 447,552 The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 8 % 14 % 10 % 9 % 6 % 7 % 4 % 4 % 3 % 4 % Commercial Multiple Peril The following tables represent information on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and cumulative paid losses, since 2010 for the Company’s Commercial Multiple Peril line, in thousands except claim counts: Commercial Multiple Peril – Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior 2010 2011 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 7 $ 6 $ 6 $ 2 $ 2 $ — — 2012 96 94 73 49 39 813 813 $ 813 — 5 2013 968 1,065 1,051 1,442 8,226 8,250 8,198 19 54 2014 13,037 15,884 16,448 25,915 27,126 30,172 1,326 614 2015 27,876 27,542 17,952 18,345 24,144 4,825 1,015 2016 34,010 30,379 34,883 44,758 8,295 1,190 2017 37,760 44,044 44,260 8,921 1,431 2018 39,507 37,015 20,432 1,184 2019 36,895 25,835 935 $ 226,257 $ 69,653 Commercial Multiple Peril – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2 $ 2 $ 2012 — — 1 1 2 813 813 813 2013 43 192 312 754 8,083 8,149 8,157 2014 1,795 4,271 7,358 20,545 22,880 26,366 2015 6,879 14,751 8,949 14,293 20,676 2016 4,974 7,028 16,715 27,870 2017 7,270 19,733 27,816 2018 5,323 11,953 2019 5,940 129,593 Incurred less paid $ 96,664 The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 14 % 17 % 10 % 28 % 25 % 11 % — % — % — % — % All Other The following tables represent information on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and cumulative paid losses, since 2010 for the Company’s all other lines in thousands except claim counts: All Other Lines – Incurred Unaudited IBNR as of Cumulative For the Years Ended December 31, Claim Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 Counts Prior $ 2,507 2010 $ 37,233 $ 37,501 $ 25,750 $ 29,735 $ 29,377 $ 29,727 $ 32,631 $ 31,647 $ 31,335 $ 31,218 1 1,292 2011 26,899 34,597 30,507 29,749 29,238 28,794 31,176 31,018 30,450 10 1,466 2012 26,995 32,022 30,266 30,551 30,678 29,250 29,803 29,051 32 1,618 2013 36,900 36,992 34,287 33,773 26,428 25,859 25,890 225 1,649 2014 40,562 42,938 39,473 28,192 27,749 30,011 876 1,716 2015 54,269 58,501 69,660 67,924 70,154 1,540 1,813 2016 48,824 57,296 55,607 53,398 2,353 1,991 2017 33,108 36,102 36,489 3,003 2,491 2018 35,839 33,909 5,600 2,316 2019 54,550 17,105 1,738 $ 395,120 $ 33,252 All Other Lines – Paid Unaudited For the Years Ended Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 $ 7,115 $ 15,776 $ 24,288 $ 25,038 $ 29,484 $ 28,429 $ 33,410 $ 33,485 $ 33,536 $ 33,656 2011 4,597 20,155 22,603 24,773 25,251 27,608 30,231 30,259 30,344 2012 6,634 18,554 22,619 26,821 28,639 28,319 28,542 28,577 2013 9,838 23,526 29,009 31,569 25,144 25,206 25,408 2014 11,150 26,667 32,126 24,846 26,388 27,770 2015 18,292 37,279 65,390 67,563 69,037 2016 19,279 41,618 44,104 46,119 2017 15,580 28,070 31,792 2018 11,194 23,605 2019 25,268 341,576 Incurred less paid $ 53,544 The following table presents the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2019: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 33 % 39 % 20 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 7 % — % — % — % The Company participated in an insurance pool in both the issuance of umbrella casualty insurance and ocean marine liability insurance during the period from 1978 to 1996. Depending on the underwriting year, the insurance pools’ net retention per occurrence after applicable reinsurance ranged from $250,000 to $2,000,000. The Company’s effective pool participation on such risks varied from 11% in 1978 to 59% in 1985, which exposed the Company to asbestos and environmental losses. Subsequent to this period, the pools substantially reduced their umbrella writings and coverage was provided to smaller insureds. The Company’s asbestos and environmental related losses were as follows: December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands) Gross Ceded Net Balance at beginning of year $ 14,262 $ 9,860 $ 4,402 Incurred losses and loss adjustment expense 430 66 364 Payments for losses and loss adjustment expenses 1,882 1,564 318 Balance at end of year $ 12,810 $ 8,362 $ 4,448 December 31, 2018 ($ in thousands) Gross Ceded Net Balance at beginning of year $ 15,628 $ 11,116 $ 4,512 Incurred losses and loss adjustment expense 30 24 6 Payments for losses and loss adjustment expenses 1,396 1,280 116 Balance at end of year $ 14,262 $ 9,860 $ 4,402 Additionally, the Company has assumed asbestos and environmental reserves on a retroactive basis from prior members of the pool. The liability related to the same was $8.4 million and $8.7 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively. The Company believes that the uncertainty surrounding asbestos and environmental exposures, including issues as to insureds’ liabilities, ascertainment of loss date, definitions of occurrence, scope of coverage, policy limits and application and interpretation of policy terms, including exclusions, all affect the estimation of ultimate losses. Under such circumstances, it is difficult to determine the ultimate loss for asbestos and environmental-related claims. Given the uncertainty in this area, losses from asbestos and environmental-related claims may develop adversely and accordingly, management is unable to estimate the range of possible loss that could arise from asbestos and environmental-related claims. However, the Company’s net unpaid reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, in the aggregate, as of December 31, 2019, represent management’s best estimate. Salvage and Subrogation Estimates of salvage and subrogation recoverable on paid and unpaid losses have been recorded as a reduction of unpaid losses and amounted to $27.5 million and $27.4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs The following table presents a roll forward of the deferred policy acquisition costs and are net of reinsurance: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2017 $ 60,759 Acquisition costs deferred 204,283 Acquisition costs expensed (171,429) December 31, 2018 93,613 Acquisition costs deferred 189,970 Acquisition costs expensed (184,771) December 31, 2019 $ 98,812 |