Summary of significant accounting policies and basis of presentation | 2. Summary of significant accounting policies and basis of presentation Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries, Strongbridge U.S. Inc. (Trevose, Pennsylvania, United States), Strongbridge Dublin Limited (Dublin, Ireland), and Cortendo AB (Gothenburg, Sweden). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the FASB. Revenue recognition We follow ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers within each contract, determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for net product revenue, see Note 3. Accounts Receivable Our accounts receivable represents amounts due to us from our product sales, see Note 3. We deduct the trade discount fee to our customer from our accounts receivable. We make judgments as to our ability to collect our outstanding receivables and provide an allowance for receivables when collection becomes doubtful. Provisions are made based upon a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices as well as historical payment patterns and existing economic factors. We did not have an allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Inventory and cost of sales Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value where cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Cost of sales includes the cost of inventory sold, which includes third-party acquisition costs, third-party warehousing and product distribution charges. Leases We account for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases i.e. Operating leases where we are the lessee are included in Right-of- use (“ROU”) assets and Accrued and other current liabilities Other long-term liabilities ASC 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. Because our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest we would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. The lease term for all of our leases includes the noncancellable period of the lease. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease asset or liability are comprised of our fixed payments. The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date less any lease incentives received. For operating leases, the ROU asset is subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We monitor for events or changes in circumstances that require a reassessment of a lease. If a reassessment results in the remeasurement of a lease liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the corresponding ROU asset unless doing so would reduce the carrying amount of the ROU asset to an amount less than zero. In that case, the amount of the adjustment that would result in a negative ROU asset balance is recorded in profit or loss. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for all short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. We recognize the lease payments associated with our short-term leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments associated with these leases are recognized and presented in the same manner as for all of our other leases. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We must apply significant judgment in this process. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities We consider all short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of account balances at banks and money market accounts, respectively. We occasionally invest our excess cash balances in marketable debt securities of highly rated financial institutions. We seek to diversify our investments and limit the amount of investment concentrations for individual institutions, maturities and investment types. We classify marketable debt securities as available-for-sale and, accordingly, record such securities at fair value. We classify these securities as current assets as these investments are available to us for use in funding current operations. There were Unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities are recorded as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive income included in shareholders’ equity. Segment information Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. We view our operations and manage our business as one operating segment. Concentration of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties As part of our cash and investment management processes, we perform periodic evaluations of the credit standing of the financial institutions with which we deposit our cash or purchase cash equivalents or marketable securities, and we have not sustained any credit losses from instruments held at these financial institutions. Fair value of financial instruments Fair value accounting is applied for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). We are required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described as follows: Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or quoted prices in markets that are not active, and for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3—Valuations that require inputs that reflect our own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment we exercise in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In December 2016, we issued warrants in connection with our private placement of ordinary shares. Pursuant to the terms of the warrant agreement, we could be required to settle the warrants in cash in the event of an acquisition of the Company and, as a result, the warrants are required to be measured at fair value and reported as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet. We recorded the fair value of the warrants upon issuance using the Black-Scholes Model and are required to revalue the warrants at each reporting date with any changes in fair value recorded on our statement of operations. The valuation of the warrants is considered under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the need to use assumptions in the valuation that that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. The change in the fair value of the Level 3 warrant liabilities is reflected in the statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Property and equipment, net Property and equipment, net, consists of office equipment such as furniture, fixtures and computers. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, was not significant. The following useful lives were used for the various classifications of property and equipment, net: Amortization Periods Computer hardware 3 - 5 years Computer software 2 - 5 years Furniture and fixtures 2 - 5 years Leasehold improvements Lesser of useful life or remaining lease term Intangible assets Certain intangible assets were acquired as part of an asset purchase and have been capitalized at their acquisition date fair value. Acquired definite life intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their respective estimated useful lives. We evaluate the potential impairment of intangible assets if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Goodwill We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events occur that may indicate possible impairment. This analysis requires us to make a series of critical assumptions to (1) evaluate whether any impairment exists and (2) measure the amount of impairment. Because we have one reporting unit, when testing for a potential impairment of goodwill, we are required to estimate the fair value of our business and determine the carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value of our business, then we are required to estimate the fair value of all identifiable assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation for an acquired business. Only after this process is completed can the goodwill impairment be determined, if any. To estimate the fair value of the business, primarily a market-based approach is applied, utilizing our public market value. We did not record a charge for impairment for our goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018. Stock-based compensation We account for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation We record compensation expense for service-based awards over the vesting period of the award on a straight-line basis. Compensation expense related to awards with performance-based vesting conditions is recognized over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method to the extent achievement of the performance condition is probable. We estimate the fair value of our awards with service conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including (i) the expected stock price volatility, (ii) the expected term of the award, (iii) the risk-free interest rate and (iv) expected dividends. We have estimated the expected term of employee service-based stock options using the “simplified” method, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option, due to our lack of sufficient historical data. The risk-free interest rates for periods within the expected term of the option are based on the U.S. Treasury Bond rate with a maturity date commensurate with the expected term of the associated award. We have never paid dividends and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. We account for forfeitures as they occur as opposed to estimating forfeitures. We record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. Income taxes On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act contains numerous income tax provisions, such as enhanced interest deductibility, repeal of the 80% limitation with respect to net operating losses arising in taxable years 2018-2020, and additional depreciation deductions related to qualified improvement property. The Company has concluded its analysis of these provisions as of the 2020 fiscal year-end and has determined that the CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income taxes for 2020. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts have been recognized in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. Net (loss) income per share Basic net (loss) income per share is calculated by dividing the net (loss) income attributable to shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net (loss) income per share is calculated by dividing the net (loss) income attributable to shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period, including any dilutive effect from outstanding stock options and other equity-based awards. Net (loss) income per share was calculated as follows for the periods indicated below: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018 Basic Net (Loss) Income Per Share Basic net (loss) income $ (45,075) $ (49,451) $ 31,851 Unrealized gain on fair value of warrants $ - $ 11,386 $ 16,337 Diluted net (loss) income $ (45,075) $ (60,837) $ 15,514 Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding 57,976,472 54,182,499 46,297,088 Basic net (loss) income per share $ (0.78) $ (0.91) $ 0.69 Diluted Net (Loss) Income Per Share Diluted net (loss) income $ (45,075) $ (60,837) $ 15,514 Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding 57,976,472 54,182,499 46,297,088 Dilutive warrants, stock options and RSUs - 1,200,531 3,427,415 Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net (loss) income per share 57,976,472 55,383,030 49,724,503 Diluted net (loss) income per share $ (0.78) $ (1.10) $ 0.31 Shares used in the diluted net loss per share calculations exclude anti-dilutive ordinary share equivalents, which consist of outstanding stock options, unvested restricted stock units and warrants, if applicable. December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Warrants 7,368,033 1,803,253 1,642,539 Stock options issued and outstanding 8,989,306 9,192,684 4,444,830 Unvested RSUs 1,350,300 791,350 — Conversion feature of our outstanding term loan agreement 1,339,285 — — Recently issued accounting pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments |