Investments | INVESTMENTS (A) Investment Income The major components of net investment income are as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) Gross investment income: Debt and equity securities $ 399,645 409,401 416,638 Mortgage loans 12,066 11,045 7,964 Policy loans 3,185 3,485 3,700 Derivative gains (losses) (80,004 ) 222,875 28,364 Short term investments 2,249 1,012 668 Other investment income 13,289 13,137 11,432 Total investment income 350,430 660,955 468,766 Less investment expenses 1,353 1,270 1,092 Net investment income $ 349,077 659,685 467,674 (B) Mortgage Loans and Real Estate A financing receivable is a contractual right to receive money on demand or on fixed or determinable dates that is recognized as an asset in a company’s statement of financial position. The Company’s mortgage, participation and mezzanine loans on real estate are the only financing receivables included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In general, the Company originates loans on high quality, income-producing properties such as shopping centers, freestanding retail stores, office buildings, industrial and sales or service facilities, selected apartment buildings, hotels, and health care facilities. The location of these properties is typically in major metropolitan areas that offer a potential for property value appreciation. Credit and default risk is minimized through strict underwriting guidelines and diversification of underlying property types and geographic locations. In addition to being secured by the property, mortgage loans with leases on the underlying property are often guaranteed by the lease payments and also by the borrower. This approach has proven to result in quality mortgage loans with few defaults. Mortgage loan interest income is recognized on an accrual basis with any premium or discount amortized over the life of the loan. Prepayment and late fees are recorded on the date of collection. The Company requires a minimum specified yield on mortgage loan investments determined by reference to currently available debt security instrument yields, plus a desired amount of incremental basis points. During the past several years, the low interest rate environment has resulted in fewer loan opportunities being available that meet the Company's required rate of return. Mortgage loans originated by the Company totaled $29.9 million and $59.4 million for the years 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Loans in foreclosure, loans considered impaired or loans past due 90 days or more are placed on a non-accrual status. If a mortgage loan is determined to be on non-accrual status, the mortgage loan does not accrue any income into the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The loan is independently monitored and evaluated as to potential impairment or foreclosure. If delinquent payments are made and the loan is brought current, then the Company returns the loan to active status and accrues income accordingly. The Company has no loans past due 90 days which are accruing interest. The Company's direct investments in real estate historically have not been a significant portion of its total investment portfolio as most of these type of investments are acquired through mortgage loan foreclosures. The Company also participates in several real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships that invest primarily in income-producing retail properties. These investments have generally served to enhance the Company's overall investment portfolio returns. The Company held net investments in mortgage loans, after allowances for possible losses, totaling $203.2 million and $208.2 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The diversification of the portfolio by geographic region, property type, and loan-to-value ratio was as follows: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % Amount % (In thousands) (In thousands) Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region: West South Central $ 116,205 57.0 $ 119,794 57.3 East North Central 20,944 10.3 30,876 14.8 South Atlantic 29,829 14.6 19,155 9.2 East South Central 13,801 6.8 14,273 6.8 West North Central 12,751 6.3 12,967 6.2 Pacific 6,626 3.2 8,014 3.8 Middle Atlantic 2,138 1.0 2,215 1.1 Mountain 1,561 0.8 1,605 0.8 Gross balance 203,855 100.0 208,899 100.0 Allowance for possible losses (675 ) (0.3 ) (650 ) (0.3 ) Totals $ 203,180 99.7 $ 208,249 99.7 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % Amount % (In thousands) (In thousands) Mortgage Loans by Property Type: Retail $ 96,075 47.1 $ 87,805 42.0 Office 71,194 34.9 74,301 35.6 Hotel 14,454 7.1 13,782 6.6 Land/Lots 3,498 1.7 10,563 5.1 All other 18,634 9.2 22,448 10.7 Gross balance 203,855 100.0 208,899 100.0 Allowance for possible losses (675 ) (0.3 ) (650 ) (0.3 ) Totals $ 203,180 99.7 $ 208,249 99.7 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % Amount % (In thousands) (In thousands) Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio (1): Less than 50% $ 66,371 32.6 $ 82,224 39.4 50% to 60% 22,610 11.1 27,395 13.1 60% to 70% 102,857 50.4 86,849 41.6 70% to 80% 6,642 3.3 — — 80% to 90% 5,375 2.6 6,929 3.3 Greater than 90% — — 5,502 2.6 Gross balance 203,855 100.0 208,899 100.0 Allowance for possible losses (675 ) (0.3 ) (650 ) (0.3 ) Totals $ 203,180 99.7 $ 208,249 99.7 (1) Loan-to-Value Ratio using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are required at the time of funding and may be updated if a material change occurs from the original loan agreement. The greater than 90% category is related to loans made with a long standing borrower which are backed by the investment property, contracted leases and the guarantee of the borrower. All mortgage loans are analyzed quarterly in order to monitor the financial quality of these assets. Based on ongoing monitoring, mortgage loans with a likelihood of becoming delinquent are identified and placed on an internal “watch list”. Among the criteria that would indicate a potential problem are: major tenant vacancies or bankruptcies, late payments, and loan relief/restructuring requests. The mortgage loan portfolio is analyzed for the need for a valuation allowance on any loan that is on the internal watch list, in the process of foreclosure, or that currently has a valuation allowance. Mortgage loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When it is determined that a loan is impaired, a loss is recognized for the difference between the carrying amount of the mortgage loan and the estimated value reduced by the cost to sell. Estimated value is typically based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell. Impairments and changes in the valuation allowance are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The Company recognized no impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . The current mortgage loan valuation allowance represents a general valuation allowance established for the Company's mortgage loan portfolio based upon the Company's loss experience over an extended period of time and is not specifically identified to individual loans. Impairments are based on information which indicated that the Company may not collect all amounts in accordance with the mortgage agreement. While the Company closely monitors its mortgage loan portfolio, future changes in economic conditions can result in impairments beyond those currently identified. The following table represents the mortgage loan allowance for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 : 2018 2017 (In thousands) Balance, beginning of period $ 650 650 Provision 25 — Releases — — Balance, end of period $ 675 650 The Company does not recognize interest income on loans past due 90 days or more. The Company had no mortgage loans past due six months or more at December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . There was no interest income not recognized in 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . The contractual maturities of mortgage loan principal balances at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount % Amount % (In thousands) (In thousands) Principal Balance by Contractual Maturity: Due in one year or less $ 23,839 11.7 $ 22,966 11.0 Due after one year through five years 39,391 19.3 41,248 19.7 Due after five years through ten years 134,574 65.8 119,966 57.2 Due after ten years through fifteen years 6,642 3.2 25,429 12.1 Totals $ 204,446 100.0 $ 209,609 100.0 The Company's direct investments in real estate investments are not a significant portion of its total investment portfolio. These investments totaled approximately $35.7 million at December 31, 2018 and $37.4 million at December 31, 2017 , and consist primarily of income-producing properties which are being operated by a wholly owned subsidiary of National Western. The Company’s real estate holdings are reflected in other long-term investments in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company records real estate at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell, which is determined on an individual asset basis. The Company recognized operating income on these properties of approximately $2.2 million , $2.9 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The Company had real estate investments that were non-income producing for the preceding twelve months totaling $5.2 million , $0.1 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Included in the balance at December 31, 2018 is National Western's prior home office facility, owned by The Westcap Corporation ("Westcap"), which was being held for sale. Effective February 20, 2019, Westcap entered into an agreement to sell this property for approximately $8.6 million . Closing of the transaction is expected to occur during the third calendar quarter of 2019. The Company monitors the conditions and market values of these properties on a regular basis and makes repairs and capital improvements to keep the properties in good condition. The Company recorded net realized investment gains on disposals of $1.8 million , $2.7 million and $2.9 million associated with these real estate investments in the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The net realized investment gain in 2018 was on a sale of previously occupied home office property located in Austin, Texas. The net realized investment gains in 2017 were on disposed properties located in Austin, Texas and Dallas, Texas. The net realized investment gains in 2016 were on disposed properties located in Brazoria County (Texas), Ruidoso, New Mexico, and Austin, Texas. During the year ended 2016 the Company purchased two properties, one located in Cypress, Texas and the other in Tupelo, Mississippi for a total of $16.8 million . (C) Debt Securities The table below presents amortized costs and fair values of securities held to maturity at December 31, 2018 . Securities Held to Maturity Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (In thousands) Debt securities: U.S. Treasury $ 1,341 116 — 1,457 States and political subdivisions 457,404 9,764 (2,376 ) 464,792 Public utilities 930,629 5,928 (12,944 ) 923,613 Corporate 4,715,775 27,652 (87,043 ) 4,656,384 Residential mortgage-backed 1,176,216 13,771 (11,932 ) 1,178,055 Home equity 3,193 47 (10 ) 3,230 Manufactured housing 696 41 — 737 Totals $ 7,285,254 57,319 (114,305 ) 7,228,268 The table below presents amortized costs and fair values of securities available for sale at December 31, 2018 . As indicated in Note (1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, effective January 1, 2018, equity securities are no longer included in the Securities Available for Sale category. Securities Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (In thousands) Debt securities: States and political subdivisions $ 570 — (4 ) 566 Foreign governments 9,974 30 — 10,004 Public utilities 82,943 1,045 (517 ) 83,471 Corporate 2,893,221 15,473 (79,638 ) 2,829,056 Residential mortgage-backed 15,947 937 (84 ) 16,800 Home equity 5,969 193 — 6,162 Manufactured housing — — — — $ 3,008,624 17,678 (80,243 ) 2,946,059 The table below presents amortized costs and fair values of securities held to maturity at December 31, 2017 . Securities Held to Maturity Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (In thousands) Debt securities: U.S. Treasury $ 1,337 177 — 1,514 States and political subdivisions 467,437 21,907 (100 ) 489,244 Public utilities 1,062,545 30,527 (894 ) 1,092,178 Corporate 4,430,099 121,978 (7,876 ) 4,544,201 Residential mortgage-backed 1,280,307 27,445 (6,216 ) 1,301,536 Home equity 4,262 57 (4 ) 4,315 Manufactured housing 1,037 79 — 1,116 Totals $ 7,247,024 202,170 (15,090 ) 7,434,104 The table below presents amortized costs and fair values of securities available for sale at December 31, 2017 . Securities Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (In thousands) Debt securities: States and political subdivisions $ 575 — (29 ) 546 Foreign governments 9,964 326 — 10,290 Public utilities 83,466 3,640 — 87,106 Corporate 2,842,381 81,737 (10,744 ) 2,913,374 Residential mortgage-backed 20,246 1,376 (52 ) 21,570 Home equity 7,878 367 — 8,245 Manufactured housing — — — — 2,964,510 87,446 (10,825 ) 3,041,131 Equity securities 12,890 5,708 (120 ) 18,478 Totals $ 2,977,400 93,154 (10,945 ) 3,059,609 The Company's investment policy is to invest in high quality securities with the primary intention of holding these securities until the stated maturity. As such, the portfolio has exposure to interest rate risk, which is the risk that funds are invested today at a market interest rate and in the future interest rates rise causing the current market price on that investment to be lower. This risk is not a significant factor relative to the Company's buy and hold portfolio, since the intention is to receive the stated interest rate and principal at maturity to match liability requirements to policyholders. Also, the Company takes steps to manage these risks. For example, the Company purchases mortgage-backed securities types that have more predictable cash flow patterns. In addition, the Company is exposed to credit risk which is continually monitored. Credit risk is the risk that an issuer of a security will not be able to fulfill their obligations relative to a security payment schedule and maturity date. The Company reviewed pertinent information for all issuers in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 including market pricing history, credit ratings, analyst reports, as well as data provided by the issuers themselves. The Company then made a determination on each specific issuer relating to whether an other-than-temporary impairment existed. For the securities that have not been impaired at December 31, 2018 , the Company intends to hold these securities until recovery in fair value and expects to receive all amounts due relative to principal and interest. The Company held below investment grade debt securities totaling $94.2 million and $101.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. These amounts represent 0.9% and 0.9% of total invested assets for December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Below investment grade holdings are the result of credit rating downgrades subsequent to purchase, as the Company only invests in high quality securities with ratings quoted as investment grade. Below investment grade securities generally have greater default risk than higher rated corporate debt. The issuers of these securities are usually more sensitive to adverse industry or economic conditions than are investment grade issuers. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded net realized gains totaling $8.4 million related to the disposition of investment securities. The net realized gains included $0.0 million losses for other-than-temporary impairment write-downs on investments. For the years ended December 2017 and 2016 , the Company recorded net realized gains totaling $14.8 million and $13.1 million , respectively, related to disposition of securities. The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair values of the Company's held to maturity investments by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 . Securities Held to Maturity Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Debt securities: State and political subdivisions $ 88,253 (2,124 ) 10,645 (252 ) 98,898 (2,376 ) Public utilities 396,980 (8,371 ) 98,632 (4,573 ) 495,612 (12,944 ) Corporate 2,144,969 (55,125 ) 650,401 (31,918 ) 2,795,370 (87,043 ) Residential mortgage-backed 202,986 (2,032 ) 311,374 (9,900 ) 514,360 (11,932 ) Home equity — — 1,976 (10 ) 1,976 (10 ) Total $ 2,833,188 (67,652 ) 1,073,028 (46,653 ) 3,906,216 (114,305 ) The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair values of the Company's available for sale investments by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 . Securities Available For Sale Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Debt securities: State and political subdivisions $ 566 (4 ) — — 566 (4 ) Public utilities 38,903 (517 ) — — 38,903 (517 ) Corporate 1,468,953 (44,575 ) 442,798 (35,063 ) 1,911,751 (79,638 ) Residential mortgage-backed — — 878 (84 ) 878 (84 ) Total $ 1,508,422 (45,096 ) 443,676 (35,147 ) 1,952,098 (80,243 ) The Company does not consider securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired where the market decline is attributable to factors such as market volatility, liquidity, spread widening and credit quality where it is anticipated that a recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security will occur and the Company has the intent and ability to hold until recovery or maturity. Based on its review, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018 . The Company monitors the investment portfolio on an ongoing basis for any changes in issuer facts and circumstances that could result in future impairments. Gross unrealized losses for debt securities are made up of 653 individual issues, or 50.6% of the total debt securities held by the Company. The market value of these bonds as a percent of amortized cost averages 96.8% . Of the 653 securities, 195 , or approximately 29.9% , fall in the 12 months or greater aging category; and 644 were rated investment grade at December 31, 2018 . The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair values of the Company's held to maturity investments by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2017 . Securities Held to Maturity Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Debt securities: State and political subdivisions $ 6,308 (14 ) 4,869 (86 ) 11,177 (100 ) Public utilities 68,368 (407 ) 34,091 (487 ) 102,459 (894 ) Corporate 248,844 (1,296 ) 431,591 (6,580 ) 680,435 (7,876 ) Residential mortgage-backed 130,015 (738 ) 192,399 (5,478 ) 322,414 (6,216 ) Home equity 2,830 (4 ) — — 2,830 (4 ) Total $ 456,365 (2,459 ) 662,950 (12,631 ) 1,119,315 (15,090 ) The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair values of the Company's available for sale investments by investment category, and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2017 . Securities Available For Sale Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses (In thousands) Debt securities: State and political subdivisions $ 546 (29 ) — — 546 (29 ) Corporate 201,575 (1,134 ) 296,845 (9,610 ) 498,420 (10,744 ) Residential mortgage-backed 1,325 (14 ) 1,085 (38 ) 2,410 (52 ) Home equity 1,653 — — — 1,653 — 205,099 (1,177 ) 297,930 (9,648 ) 503,029 (10,825 ) Equity securities 1,246 (77 ) 289 (43 ) 1,535 (120 ) Total $ 206,345 (1,254 ) 298,219 (9,691 ) 504,564 (10,945 ) Unrealized losses increased in 2018 from 2017 levels primarily as a result of an increase in market interest rate levels during the year and a slight widening of spreads on corporate debt securities. The Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired because the Company does not intend to sell these securities before recovery in fair value and expects to receive all amounts due relative to principal and interest. The amortized cost and fair value of investments in debt securities at December 31, 2018 , by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Debt Securities Available for Sale Debt Securities Held to Maturity Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (In thousands) Due in 1 year or less $ 159,967 162,279 371,423 375,021 Due after 1 year through 5 years 1,076,437 1,073,423 2,885,587 2,889,770 Due after 5 years through 10 years 1,697,093 1,636,466 2,486,014 2,418,209 Due after 10 years 53,211 50,929 362,125 363,246 2,986,708 2,923,097 6,105,149 6,046,246 Mortgage and asset-backed securities 21,916 22,962 1,180,105 1,182,022 Total $ 3,008,624 2,946,059 7,285,254 7,228,268 The Company uses the specific identification method in computing realized gains and losses. The table below details the nature of realized gains and losses, excluding impairments, during the year. Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) Available for sale debt securities: Realized gains on disposal $ 3,447 5,208 2,644 Realized losses on disposal (6 ) (7 ) (29 ) Held to maturity debt securities: Realized gains on redemption 3,208 6,944 6,940 Realized losses on redemption — (74 ) (137 ) Equity securities realized gains — 147 702 Real estate 1,799 2,657 2,950 Mortgage loans (25 ) — — Other — — — Totals $ 8,423 14,875 13,070 One small municipal bond was sold out of the held to maturity portfolio during 2016 due to a material deterioration in the creditworthiness of the territory it pertained to. No sales were made out of the held to maturity portfolio in 2018 and 2017. Except for the total U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities held, the Company had no other investments in any entity in excess of 10% of stockholders' equity at December 31, 2018 or 2017 . The table below presents net impairment losses recognized in earnings for the periods indicated. Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (In thousands) Total other-than-temporary impairment recoveries (losses) on debt securities $ 12 599 110 Portion recognized in comprehensive income (12 ) (599 ) (110 ) Net impairment losses on debt securities recognized in earnings — — — Equity securities impairments — (112 ) — Totals $ — (112 ) — For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company recovered $0.0 million , $0.6 million , and $0.1 million , respectively, on previously impaired asset-backed securities. The credit component of the asset-backed securities impairment was determined as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the cash flows expected to be received, discounted at the original yield. The significant inputs used to project cash flows on asset-backed securities are estimated future prepayment rates, default rates and default loss severity. The table below presents a roll forward of credit losses on securities for which the Company also recorded non-credit other-than-temporary impairments in other comprehensive loss. Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (In thousands) Beginning balance, cumulative credit losses related to other-than-temporary impairments $ 627 1,440 Reductions for securities disposed during current period — (813 ) Additions for OTTI where credit losses have been previously recognized — — Ending balance, cumulative credit losses related to other-than-temporary impairments $ 627 627 (D) Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities included in stockholders' equity at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 (In thousands) Gross unrealized gains $ 17,678 93,034 Gross unrealized losses (80,263 ) (10,856 ) Adjustments for: Deferred policy acquisition costs and sales inducements 24,237 (39,579 ) Deferred Federal income tax expense 8,053 (8,946 ) (30,295 ) 33,653 Net unrealized gains related to securities transferred to held to maturity — — Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities $ (30,295 ) 33,653 (E) Transfer of Securities |