MetaVia (MTVA) S-4 3 Sep 19 Registration of securities issued in business combination transactions Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	Gemphire Therapeutics Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001638287
Document Type	S-4
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2019
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true

Condensed Balance Sheets

Condensed Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,643,000		$ 18,954,000	$ 28,039,000		$ 18,473,000	$ 24,033,000	$ 3,620,000
Prepaid expenses	252,000		715,000			490,000
Deferred offering costs			0			21,000
Other assets	78,000		17,000			25,000
Total current assets	3,988,000		19,686,000			19,009,000
Deposits	26,000		8,000			8,000
Total assets	4,014,000		19,694,000			19,017,000
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,668,000		2,044,000			4,025,000
Accrued liabilities	382,000		438,000			1,010,000
Term loan - current portion			9,437,000			1,355,000
Total current liabilities	2,050,000		11,919,000			6,390,000
Long-term liabilities:
Term loan						8,683,000
Other liabilities			1,000			3,000
Total liabilities	2,050,000		11,920,000			15,076,000
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, no shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, 14,265,411 and 10,633,042 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.	22,000		22,000			18,000
Additional paid in capital	92,774,000		91,863,000			64,397,000
Accumulated deficit	(90,832,000)		(84,111,000)			(60,474,000)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,964,000	$ 4,446,000	7,774,000	$ 15,048,000	$ 20,817,000	3,941,000	$ 20,632,000	$ (12,380,000)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 4,014,000		$ 19,694,000			$ 19,017,000

Condensed Balance Sheets (Paren

Condensed Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Aug. 03, 2016
Condensed Balance Sheets
Preferred stock, par value (in dollar per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollar per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	14,265,411	14,265,411	10,633,042
Common stock, shares outstanding	14,265,411	14,265,411	10,633,042

Condensed Statements of Compreh

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	3 Months Ended										6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Operating expenses:
General and administrative	$ 1,115,000		$ 1,468,000	$ 2,364,000	$ 2,574,000	$ 2,087,000	$ 1,487,000	$ 2,050,000	$ 4,678,000	$ 2,223,000	$ 2,522,000	$ 4,661,000	$ 8,493,000	$ 10,438,000	$ 5,956,000
Research and development	1,234,000		1,833,000	3,542,000	3,960,000	4,977,000	5,080,000	6,489,000	5,837,000	5,280,000	2,627,000	8,937,000	14,312,000	22,686,000	8,740,000
Total operating expenses	2,349,000		3,301,000	5,906,000	6,534,000	7,064,000	6,567,000	8,539,000	10,515,000	7,503,000	5,149,000	13,598,000	22,805,000	33,124,000	14,696,000
Loss from operations	(2,349,000)		(3,301,000)	(5,906,000)	(6,534,000)	(7,064,000)	(6,567,000)	(8,539,000)	(10,515,000)	(7,503,000)	(5,149,000)	(13,598,000)	(22,805,000)	(33,124,000)	(14,696,000)
Interest (expense) income	10,000		(178,000)	(172,000)	(144,000)	(160,000)	(179,000)	(132,000)	13,000	12,000	(820,000)	(304,000)	(654,000)	(286,000)	114,000
Other expense	(581,000)		(177,000)	(1,000)						(5,000)	(752,000)		(178,000)	(5,000)	(4,000)
Loss before income taxes	(2,920,000)		(3,656,000)	(6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	(7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	0				0						0	0	0
Net loss	(2,920,000)	$ (3,801,000)	(3,656,000)	(6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	(7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Comprehensive loss	(2,920,000)		$ (3,656,000)	$ (6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	$ (7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock							$ (0.63)	$ (0.82)	$ (0.99)	$ (0.79)					(366,000)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$ (2,920,000)				$ (6,678,000)						$ (6,721,000)	$ (13,902,000)	$ (23,637,000)	$ (33,415,000)	$ (14,952,000)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted (Note 9)	$ (0.20)		$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.58)					$ (0.47)	$ (1.04)	$ (1.71)	$ (3.23)	$ (2.57)
Number of shares used in per share calculations:
Basic and diluted	14,265,411				14,232,313						14,265,411	13,340,941	13,805,552	10,349,136	5,809,396

Condensed Statements of Changes

Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) - USD ($)	Common StockPrivate placement	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in CapitalPrivate placement	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Private placement	Total
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2015		$ 12,000			$ (12,392,000)		$ (12,380,000)
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2015		3,758,488
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Redemption value adjustment - Series A preferred stock				$ (285,000)	(81,000)		(366,000)
Conversion of Series A preferred stock to common stock		$ 1,000		8,318,000			8,319,000
Conversion of Series A preferred stock to common stock (in shares)		827,205
Separation of convertible note beneficial conversion feature upon contingency resolution				372,000			372,000
Conversion of convertible notes to common stock		$ 1,000		11,444,000			11,445,000
Conversion of convertible notes to common stock (in shares)		1,656,807
Issuance of common stock		$ 3,000		30,275,000			30,278,000
Issuance of common stock		3,027,755
Issuance costs of offering				(4,168,000)			(4,168,000)
Share-based compensation - employee				1,498,000			1,498,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee				220,000			220,000
Net loss					(14,586,000)		(14,586,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2016		$ 17,000		47,674,000	(27,059,000)		20,632,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2016		9,270,255
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock	$ 1,000		$ 8,978,000			$ 8,979,000
Issuance of common stock	1,324,256
Issuance costs of offering			(1,287,000)			(1,287,000)
Exercise of stock options				41,000			41,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		23,531
Issuance of detachable stock warrants in connection with private placement			$ 3,562,000			$ 3,562,000
Exercise of warrants				156,000			$ 156,000
Exercise of warrants (in shares)		15,000					15,000
Share-based compensation - employee				5,244,000			$ 5,244,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee				29,000			29,000
Net loss					(33,415,000)		(33,415,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2017		$ 18,000		64,397,000	(60,474,000)		3,941,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock		$ 4,000		25,146,000			$ 25,150,000
Issuance of common stock		3,592,858					3,592,858
Issuance costs of offering				(2,093,000)			$ (2,093,000)
Exercise of stock options				23,000			23,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		6,413
Share-based compensation - employee				1,019,000			1,019,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee				1,000			1,000
Net loss					(7,224,000)		(7,224,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2018		$ 22,000		88,493,000	(67,698,000)		20,817,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2018		14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2017		$ 18,000		64,397,000	(60,474,000)		3,941,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss							(13,902,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2018		$ 22,000		89,402,000	(74,376,000)		15,048,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2018		14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2017		$ 18,000		64,397,000	(60,474,000)		3,941,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock		$ 4,000		25,146,000			25,150,000
Issuance of common stock		3,592,858
Issuance costs of offering				(2,091,000)			(2,091,000)
Warrant issuance				196,000			196,000
Exercise of stock options				84,000			84,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		39,511
Exercise of warrants							0
Share-based compensation - employee				4,128,000			4,128,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee				3,000			3,000
Net loss					(23,637,000)		(23,637,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 22,000		91,863,000	(84,111,000)		7,774,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018		14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2018		$ 22,000		88,493,000	(67,698,000)		20,817,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2018		14,232,313
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation - employee				908,000			908,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee				1,000			1,000
Net loss					(6,678,000)		(6,678,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2018		$ 22,000		89,402,000	(74,376,000)		15,048,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2018		14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 22,000		91,863,000	(84,111,000)		7,774,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018		14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation - employee				473,000			473,000
Net loss					(3,801,000)		(3,801,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2019		$ 22,000		92,336,000	(87,912,000)		4,446,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2019		14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 22,000		91,863,000	(84,111,000)		7,774,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018		14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss							(6,721,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019		$ 22,000		92,774,000	(90,832,000)		1,964,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2019		14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2019		$ 22,000		92,336,000	(87,912,000)		4,446,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2019		14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation - employee				438,000			438,000
Net loss					(2,920,000)		(2,920,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019		$ 22,000		$ 92,774,000	$ (90,832,000)		$ 1,964,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2019		14,265,411

Statements of Changes in Conver

Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) - Temporary Equity - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2016 $ in Thousands	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.USD ($)shares
Temporary equity, balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 7,953
Temporary equity, balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2015 | shares	745,637
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity
Redemption value adjustment - Series A preferred stock	$ 366
Conversion of Series A preferred stock, amount converted	$ (8,319)
Conversion of Series A preferred stock, shares converted (shares) | shares	(745,637)
Temporary equity, balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 0
Temporary equity, balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2016 | shares	0

Statements of Cash Flows

Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (23,637,000)	$ (33,415,000)	$ (14,586,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation	4,131,000	5,273,000	1,718,000
Non-cash interest on convertible notes to related parties			145,000
Non-cash interest on convertible notes			256,000
Non-cash discount amortization on convertible notes to related parties			(17,000)
Non-cash discount amortization on term loan and convertible notes	346,000	137,000	(276,000)
Revaluation of premium conversion derivative			(850,000)
Non-cash interest upon conversion of convertible notes			649,000
Change in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(196,000)	198,000	(55,000)
Accounts payable	(1,981,000)	2,007,000	1,477,000
Accrued and other liabilities	(574,000)	(1,101,000)	496,000
Net cash used in operating activities	(21,911,000)	(26,901,000)	(11,043,000)
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of term loan and convertible notes		10,000,000	2,651,000
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes to related parties			2,500,000
Issuance costs related to term loan and convertible notes	(10,000)	(89,000)	(10,000)
Repayment of principal	(741,000)
Exercise of stock options	84,000	41,000
Exercise of warrants		156,000
Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants	25,150,000	12,541,000	30,278,000
Offering costs	(2,091,000)	(1,287,000)	(3,963,000)
Deferred offering costs		(21,000)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	22,392,000	21,341,000	31,456,000
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	481,000	(5,560,000)	20,413,000
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	18,473,000	24,033,000	3,620,000
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	18,954,000	18,473,000	24,033,000
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	488,000	291,000
Supplemental non-cash financing transactions:
Issuance of warrants in connection with term loan	$ 196,000
Redemption value change of Series A preferred stock			366,000
Bifurcation of premium conversion derivative related to convertible notes			505,000
Separation of convertible note beneficial conversion feature upon contingency resolution			372,000
Other Assets
Supplemental non-cash financing transactions:
Offering costs in other assets paid in prior year			205,000
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
Supplemental non-cash financing transactions:
Issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		$ 10,000
Conversion of Convertible Notes
Supplemental non-cash financing transactions:
Issuance of warrants in connection with term loan			11,445,000
Conversion of Series A Preferred Stock
Supplemental non-cash financing transactions:
Conversion of Series A preferred stock to common stock			$ 8,319,000

The Company and Basis of Presen

The Company and Basis of Presentation	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
The Company and Basis of Presentation
The Company and Basis of Presentation	1. The Company and Basis of Presentation The Company, headquartered in Livonia Michigan, is a clinical‑stage biopharmaceutical entity focused on developing and commercializing therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease, particularly orphan indications as well as NAFLD/NASH (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). The Company’s primary activities to date have been conducting research and development activities, planning and conducting clinical trials, performing business and financial planning, recruiting personnel and raising capital. On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) with GR Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub”), and NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NeuroBo”), pursuant to which Merger Sub will merge with and into NeuroBo, with NeuroBo surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company in an all-stock transaction (the “Merger”). (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events .) The Company is subject to certain risks, which include risks related to the proposed Merger and the need to research, develop, and clinically test potentially therapeutic products, initially one product candidate gemcabene (also known as CI‑1027); obtain regulatory approval for its products and commercialize them around the world, if approved; expand its management scientific staff; finance its operations; and find collaboration partners to further advance development and commercial efforts. Follow-On Public Offering On February 12, 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the Follow-On Offering) of 3,142,858 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. As part of such offering, the Company issued 450,000 additional shares of common stock representing partial exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Capital Requirements The Company has sustained operating losses since inception and expects such losses to continue over the next several years. Management plans to continue financing the Company’s operations with equity and/or debt issuances. The Company’s management believes the Company’s cash and cash equivalents on hand are not adequate to fund the Company’s operations for at least the next 12 months (see Going Concern section below). If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate part or all of its research and development programs or discontinue its operations. Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared by the Company, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed financial statements may not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP; however, the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019 . The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2018 was derived from the audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods, have been made. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future periods. Going Concern The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has disclosed its conclusions regarding whether there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of the issuance of these financial statements. In the course of its activities, the Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $90.8 million. The Company expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $3.6 million at June 30, 2019 are not sufficient to fund the Company's current operating plan for at least twelve months after the date the condensed financial statements are issued. The Company has no current source of revenue to sustain its present activities and does not expect to generate revenue until, and unless, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory authorities approve, and the Company successfully commercializes, gemcabene or any other product candidate it may pursue in the future or unless certain development and commercialization milestones are met under the Beijing SL Agreement (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events ). Until such time, if ever, the Company expects to finance its cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings as well as collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. The Company does not have any committed external source of funds beyond the upfront gross payment of $2.5 million due from Beijing SL under the Beijing SL Agreement (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events ) and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, or the proposed Merger is not consummated, the Company may have to significantly reduce or terminate its operations or delay, further scale back or discontinue the development of gemcabene or the board of directors may elect to dissolve and liquidate the Company’s assets. The condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.	1. The Company and Basis of Presentation The Company, headquartered in Livonia, Michigan, is a clinical‑stage biopharmaceutical entity focused on developing and commercializing therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemias as well as NAFLD/NASH with an initial focus on orphan indications including HoFH, FCS, and FPL. The Company’s primary activities to date have been conducting research and development activities, planning and conducting clinical trials, performing business and financial planning, recruiting personnel and raising capital. The Company is subject to certain risks, which include the need to research, develop, and clinically test potentially therapeutic products, initially one product candidate gemcabene (also known as CI‑1027); obtain regulatory approval for its products and commercialize them around the world, if approved; expand its management scientific staff; finance its operations; and find collaboration partners to further advance development and commercial efforts. Initial Public Offering On August 4, 2016, the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-210815) relating to its initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Pursuant to such Registration Statement, on August 10, 2016, the Company closed its IPO whereby 3,000,000 shares of its common stock were issued and sold at a public offering price of $10.00 per share. On September 8, 2016, the Company closed the sale of 27,755 shares of its common stock at the public offering price of $10.00 per share, representing a partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, following which, the IPO terminated. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $26.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $2.1 million and other offering expenses of $2.1 million. Immediately prior to the IPO, the Company amended and restated its certificate of incorporation and bylaws to, among other things, change its authorized capital stock to consist of (i) 100,000,000 shares of common stock and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock. Both the common stock and the preferred stock have a par value of $0.001 per share. Private Placement Offering On March 10, 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement for a private placement (the Private Placement) with a select group of accredited investors whereby, on March 15, 2017 the Company issued and sold 1,324,256 units at a price of $9.47 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately $12.5 million. Each unit consists of one share of the Company’s common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $10.40 per share and are exercisable for a period of five years from the date of issuance. On April 20, 2017, the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-217296) for the resale of the shares of common stock issued in the Private Placement and the shares of common stock to be issued upon exercise of the warrants issued in the Private Placement was declared effective by the SEC. Follow-On Public Offering On February 12, 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the Follow-On Offering) of 3,142,858 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. As part of such offering, the Company issued 450,000 additional shares of common stock representing partial exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Reverse Stock Split In April 2016, the board of directors approved an amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-3.119 reverse stock split (the Reverse Stock Split) for all common and Series A preferred stock. The Reverse Stock Split became effective on April 27, 2016 upon the filing of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation. The authorized shares and par value of the common stock and Series A preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All issued and outstanding common and Series A preferred stock, options for common stock and per share amounts contained in the financial statements were retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) effective December 31, 2016, which requires the Company to make certain disclosures if it concludes that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of the issuance of these financial statements. In the course of its activities, the Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $84.1 million. The Company expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $19.0 million at December 31, 2018 are not sufficient to fund the Company's current operating plan for at least twelve months after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. See “Contractual Obligations and Commitments—Term Loan” below regarding our prepayment of all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan subsequent to year end. We have no current source of revenue to sustain our present activities, and we do not expect to generate revenue until, and unless, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory authorities approve gemcabene and we successfully commercialize gemcabene. Until such time, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings as well as collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of gemcabene. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Summary of Significant Accounti

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and invests in highly liquid investments in money market accounts. Restricted Cash The Company considers the cash security requirement related to a commercial credit card arrangement with Silicon Valley Bank as restricted cash (See Note 4 – Debt ). Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s condensed financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these condensed financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 10 — Fair Value Measurements , for further discussion of fair values. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development activities, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets. Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease particularly orphan indications. Accordingly, the Company has a single reportable segment. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. This pronouncement is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and applied the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company did not restate comparative periods and did not recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption given that no difference in operating expense resulted upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard did not have an impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.	2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and highly liquid investments in money market accounts. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of fair value. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Acquired In‑Process Research and Development Expenses The Company includes costs to acquire or in‑license product candidates in acquired in‑process research and development expenses. The Company has acquired the right to develop and commercialize its product candidate gemcabene. These costs are immediately expensed provided that the payments do not also represent processes or activities that would constitute a “business” as defined under GAAP or provided that the product candidate has not achieved regulatory approval for marketing and absent obtaining such approval, has no alternative future use. Royalties owed on future sales of any licensed product will be expensed in the period the related revenues are recognized. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets. Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re‑measurement as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period (typically the vesting period of the awards). Common Stock Valuation Due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to the close of the IPO, the Company utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately‑Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation , to estimate the fair value of its common stock. The valuation methodology included estimates and assumptions that required the Company’s judgment. These estimates and assumptions included a number of objective and subjective factors, including external market conditions affecting the biopharmaceutical industry sector, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale. Significant changes to the key assumptions used in the valuations could have resulted in different fair values of common stock at each valuation date. Convertible Preferred Stock On March 31, 2015, the Company issued 745,637 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock (the Series A preferred stock). On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock. The Series A preferred stock prior to conversion was classified outside of permanent equity, in mezzanine equity, on the Company’s balance sheet. The Company initially records preferred stock that may be redeemed at the option of the holder, or based on the occurrence of events outside of the Company’s control, at the value of the proceeds received. Subsequently, if it is probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company recognizes changes in the redemption value immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying amount of the instrument to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. If it is not probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company does not adjust the carrying value. In the absence of retained earnings, these charges are recorded against additional paid‑in‑capital, if any, and then to accumulated deficit. As a result of their conversion to common stock on August 10, 2016 as described above, no shares of Series A preferred stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease and NAFLD/NASH. Accordingly, the Company has a single reporting segment. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC 605. The new guidance primarily states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. In January 2017 and September 2017, the FASB issued several amendments to ASU 2014‑09, including updates stemming from SEC Accounting Staff Announcement in July 2017. The amendments and updates included clarification on accounting for principal versus agent considerations (i.e., reporting gross versus net), licenses of intellectual property and identification of performance obligations. These amendments and updates do not change the core principle of the standard but provide clarity and implementation guidance. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and selected the modified retrospective transition method. The Company modified its accounting policies to reflect the requirements of this standard; however, the planned adoption will not affect the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures for these periods or future periods until the Company generates revenues. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , that codified the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) issued on December 22, 2017, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete, but for which they are able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional amount in the financial statements. Provisional treatment is proper in light of anticipated additional guidance from various taxing authorities, the SEC, the FASB, and even the Joint Committee on Taxation. If a company cannot determine a provisional amount to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA. The Company has applied this guidance to its financial statements and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements . Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. The guidance is effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company plans to adopt the standard on January 1, 2019, and will apply the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company would not restate comparative periods and would recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption. The Company plans to elect the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company is in the process of completing an impact analysis over the application of the standard as of the planned adoption date. The Company expects to recognize a range of approximately $0.1 million to $0.2 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. The finalization of our assessment may result in significant changes to our estimates. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and Derivatives and Hedging , which changes the accounting and earnings per share for certain instruments with down round features. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year or retrospective adjustment to each period presented and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods. The Company is currently evaluating the requirements of this new guidance and has not yet determined its impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued Liabilities	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued Liabilities	3. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): June 30, December 31, 2019 2018 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 20 $ 137 Legal costs 269 106 Accrued interest — 43 Lease liability 18 — Other research and development expenses 54 135 Other general and administrative expenses 21 17 Total $ 382 $ 438	3. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 2017 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 137 $ 306 Legal costs 106 91 Accrued interest 43 38 Other research and development expenses 135 522 Other general and administrative expenses 17 53 Total $ 438 $ 1,010 On September 18, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a workforce reduction involving 5 employees (or 33% of the workforce at that time) to lower costs and conserve cash resources in light of the previously announced request by the FDA for additional pre-clinical data. $0.1 million of unpaid severance costs related to the workforce reduction remained in accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and is included in accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities.

Debt

Debt	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt
Debt	4. Debt Term Loan On January 25, 2019, the Company agreed to prepay in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Original Loan Agreement”) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) dated July 24, 2017 (the “Initial Effective Date”), as amended by the First Amendment, dated July 31, 2018 (the “First Amendment” and, the Original Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, the “Loan Agreement”). Effective January 28, 2019, the Company prepaid in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan. As of the date of repayment, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in principal and interest outstanding as well as a final payment fee due of $1.0 million. Upon repayment, approximately $0.8 million of unamortized note discounts were recognized as interest expense. The obligations, liabilities, covenants, and terms that are expressly specified in the Loan Agreement and any other related loan and collateral security documents issued by the Company to SVB in connection with the transaction evidenced by the Loan Agreement as surviving termination shall continue to survive notwithstanding the payment, including without limitation, the Company’s indemnity obligations and the Company’s obligation to pay to SVB a success fee of 3.5% of the funded principal amount of the Term Loan in the event any of the following occur on or before 5:00 PM, Eastern time, on July 24, 2024: (a) the Company receives FDA approval for any new drug application for gemcabene, (b) a sale or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company occurs, (c) a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person or entity occurs where the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation hold less than a majority of the issued and outstanding voting equity securities of the successor immediately following such transaction or (d) any sale by the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities where such holders do not continue to hold at least a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding voting equity securities immediately following the consummation of such transaction. The Merger, upon completion, will trigger a success fee of $350,000 (See Note 14 - Subsequent Events ). The Warrant to purchase 36,000 shares (subject to adjustment) of the Company’s common stock dated as of July 31, 2018 between the Company and SVB remains outstanding and exercisable in accordance with its terms. The Company was required to reserve $15,000 in cash related to a SVB commercial credit card arrangement in February 2019 upon the prepayment of the Term Loan. The cash reserve is reflected as restricted cash in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.	4. Debt Term Loan On January 25, 2019, the Company agreed to prepay in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Loan and Security Agreement (the Original Loan Agreement) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) dated July 24, 2017 (the “Initial Effective Date”), as amended by the First Amendment, dated July 31, 2018 (the First Amendment and, the Original Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, the Loan Agreement), which prepayment was effective January 28, 2019. Upon payoff, any unfunded commitments to make credit extensions or financial accommodations to the Company terminated, and all security interests and other liens granted to or held by SVB as security for the obligations were terminated and automatically released, except those that were specified as surviving termination (see Note 16 – Subsequent Events ). This note describes the terms of the Loan Agreement in effect on December 31, 2018 prior to the prepayment. The Loan Agreement established a term loan facility (the Term Loan) in the aggregate principal amount of up to $15,000,000 to be funded in up to three tranches. Of such amount, $10,000,000 was funded on the Initial Effective Date. A third tranche of $5,000,000 was available through November 30, 2018 conditioned on the occurrence of certain events and was not drawn by the Company. Under the Loan Agreement, if a Pre-Clinical Event did not occur on or prior to September 30, 2019 or, if at any time prior to a Pre-Clinical Event, the Company’s unrestricted cash balance at SVB was less than $18,000,000, the Company was required to either (i) provide cash security and maintain a cash balance in a restricted account at SVB in an amount not less than 100% of the amounts owed by the Company to SVB or (ii) prepay the Term Loan, including certain fees, in its entirety. All amounts advanced under the Term Loan would have matured on February 1, 2021. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company issued a warrant to SVB (the Warrant) to purchase 36,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share on July 31, 2018. The Warrant is immediately exercisable and has a term of ten years. The exercise price and number and type of shares underlying the Warrant are subject to adjustment upon specified events, including any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described therein. The Warrant contains a “cashless exercise” feature that allows SVB to exercise the Warrant without a cash payment to the Company, on a net issuance basis, based upon the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise, upon the terms set forth therein. The Warrant was deemed to be a free-standing instrument and was accounted for as equity given that there were no variable terms. The Company recorded $0.2 million to additional paid-in capital upon issuance with an offset to a discount to the Term Loan. A Black-Scholes pricing model was used to estimate the aggregate fair value of the Warrant on the issuance date. Input assumptions used were as follows: risk-free interest rate of 2.96 percent; expected volatility of 66 percent; expected life of 10 years; and expected dividend yield of 0 percent. The discount to the Term Loan associated with the Warrant is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreement and amounted to $33,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of the date of payment on January 28, 2019, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in outstanding borrowings and approximately $1.0 million in outstanding interest and fees under the Loan Agreement, including the final payment fee equal to 10% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan funded by SVB and drawn by the Company, which were repaid in full at the time of payment. The obligations, liabilities, covenants, and terms that are expressly specified in the Loan Agreement and any other related loan and collateral security documents issued by the Company to SVB in connection with the transaction evidenced by the Loan Agreement as surviving termination shall continue to survive notwithstanding the payment, including without limitation, the Company’s indemnity obligations and the Company’s obligation to pay to SVB a success fee of 3.5% of the funded principal amount of the Term Loan in the event any of the following occur on or before 5:00 PM, Eastern time, on July 24, 2024: (a) the Company receives FDA approval for any new drug application for gemcabene, (b) a sale or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company occurs, (c) a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person or entity occurs where the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation hold less than a majority of the issued and outstanding voting equity securities of the successor immediately following such transaction or (d) any sale by the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities where such holders do not continue to hold at least a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding voting equity securities immediately following the consummation of such transaction. No event requiring payment of the success fee has occurred through the issuance date of these audited financial statements. Lastly, the Warrant to purchase 36,000 shares (subject to adjustment) of the Company’s common stock dated as of July 31, 2018 between the Company and SVB will remain outstanding and exercisable in accordance with its terms. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company was charged $10,000 by SVB and the fee was recorded as a discount to the Term Loan; the discount is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreement and amounted to $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, the Company incurred $20,000 in third-party legal fees which were recorded to general and administrative expense in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company was in compliance with the Loan Agreement covenants as of December 31, 2018 and through the repayment of the Term Loan on January 28, 2019. Interest accrued on the unpaid principal balance at a floating per annum rate equal to the prime rate, except that, following an event of default, interest would have accrued at a rate up to 5% above the rate that is otherwise applicable. The prime rate in effect for the year ended December 31, 2018 ranged from 4.5% to 5.5% and the prime rate in effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 ranged from 4.25% to 4.5%. Lastly, debt issue costs that were incurred upon the July 2017 issuance of the Term Loan in the amount of $0.1 million were recorded as a discount to the Term Loan and were amortized ratably to interest expense over the term of the loan. The Company recorded in aggregate $0.5 million and $0.3 million interest expense related to the Term Loan for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, minimum aggregate future payments under the Term Loan were as follows (in thousands) prior to repayment in January 2019: December 31, 2019 $ 2020 2021 Total minimum payments Amount representing interest and discounts (1,338) Present value of minimum payments Current portion (9,437) Long-term portion $ - Future minimum interest payments under the Term Loan reflect the 5.5% per annum rate in effect at December 31, 2018 and on the date of repayment in January 2019. Given the intent of the Company to pay-off the Term Loan in January 2019 as of the December 31, 2018 balance sheet date, the Company classified the otherwise long-term portion of the Term Loan obligation as a current liability consistent with ASC 210 and other related accounting guidance. See Note 16 – Subsequent Events . Interim Notes On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into a convertible interim note financing (collectively with the notes issued in December 2015, February 2016 and April 2016, the Interim Notes), pursuant to which certain investors agreed to loan the Company approximately $2.8 million. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, converted into 1,656,807 shares of common stock. The Interim Notes accrued interest at a rate of 8% per annum, compounded annually, and would automatically convert into shares issued to investors in the Company’s next equity financing round that results in gross proceeds of at least $5.0 million (a Qualified Financing). The conversion would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus any unpaid accrued interest. The investors would be paid out principal at 200% if a change of control occurred before the next financing round. In the event that a Qualified Financing, change of control, or an IPO did not occur before July 31, 2016, the parties would then negotiate a price for conversion into a new round of stock. In December 2015, the Company amended the Interim Notes and certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $2.7 million for a revised financing total of $5.5 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended to automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next convertible preferred stock financing round (the Preferred Stock Financing). The conversion into shares issued in the Preferred Stock Financing would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus unpaid accrued interest. In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Preferred Stock Financing, the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share (which represents the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock) based on 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest. Lastly, if a Preferred Stock Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur before December 31, 2016, the parties agreed to then negotiate a conversion price into a new round of stock. In February 2016, certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $0.2 million for a revised financing total of $5.6 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended to automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next Preferred Stock Financing. The conversion into shares issued in the Preferred Stock Financing would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus unpaid accrued interest. In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Preferred Stock Financing, the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share (which represents the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split) based on 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest. Lastly, if a Preferred Stock Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur before December 31, 2016, the parties agreed to then negotiate a conversion price into a new round of stock. In April 2016, the Company amended the Interim Notes and certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $5.0 million for a revised financing total, including Interim Notes previously issued, of $10.6 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended so that 125% of the unpaid principal and accrued interest, would automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next convertible preferred stock financing round of at least $5.0 million (the Qualified Financing). In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Qualified Financing, 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest on the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. Lastly, if a Qualified Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur, the Interim Notes would become payable on demand any time after December 31, 2016. The Company incurred issuance costs related to the April 2016 financing in the amount of $10,000. The Interim Notes were discounted for the issuance costs, and the discount was amortized to interest expense over their remaining term using the straight‑line method. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, converted into 1,656,807 shares of common stock. At the time of their issuance, the Interim Notes contained a conversion premium with regard to the conversion into shares at the time of the next Qualified Financing. The Company determined that the redemption feature under the Interim Notes qualified as an embedded derivative and was separated from its debt host. The bifurcation of the embedded derivative from its debt host resulted in a discount to the Interim Notes. The discount was amortized to interest expense over the term of the Interim Notes using the straight‑line method. The embedded derivative was accounted for separately on a fair market value basis. The Company recorded the fair value changes of the premium conversion derivative associated with the Interim Notes to interest income (expense) that amounted to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. As a result of the conversion of the Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, into common stock immediately prior to the closing of the IPO on August 10, 2016, there were no Interim Notes or premium conversion derivatives outstanding as of December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies	5. Commitments and Contingencies Pfizer License Agreement In April 2011, the Company and Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) entered into an exclusive license agreement for the clinical product candidate gemcabene, which was subsequently amended and restated in August 2018 (as so amended, the Pfizer Agreement). In exchange for this worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene, the Company agreed to certain milestone and royalty payments on future sales (See Note 6 — License Agreement) . As of June 30, 2019, there was sufficient uncertainty with regard to both the outcome of the clinical trials and the ability to obtain sufficient funding to support any of the cash milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, and as such, no liabilities were recorded related to the Pfizer Agreement. Other Agreements In May 2016, the Company entered into a non-cancellable lease agreement for its headquarters location, commencing in the third quarter of 2016. The initial term of the agreement is 3 years with an initial monthly base rent of approximately $8,400 and increasing to approximately $8,900 during the last year of the lease term. The total rent expense under this operating classified lease was $26,000 during the three month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $52,000 during the six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Supplemental cash flow information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands): Six months ended Six months ended June 30, 2019 June 30, 2018 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ $ Right-of -use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases $ $ - Supplemental balance sheet information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands, except weighted average data): As of As of June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Right-of-use assets $ $ Lease liability $ $ Weighted average remaining lease term 0.2 years 0.7 years Weighted average discount rate Maturity of the lease liability was as follows (in thousands): As of June 30, 2019 2019 (period from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019) $ Total lease payments $ Less imputed interest - Total $ Other Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of business, from time to time, the Company may be subject to a broad range of claims and legal proceedings that relate to contractual allegations, patent infringement, employment-related matters and other claims. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations or financial position.	5. Commitments and Contingencies Pfizer License Agreement In April 2011, the Company and Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) entered into an exclusive license agreement (the Pfizer Agreement) for the clinical product candidate gemcabene. In exchange for this worldwide exclusive right and license to certain patent rights to make, use, sell, offer for sale and import the clinical product gemcabene, the Company agreed to certain milestone and royalty payments on future sales (See Note 6 — License Agreement) . As of December 31, 2018, there was sufficient uncertainty with regard to both the outcome of the clinical trials and the ability to obtain sufficient funding to support any of the cash milestone payments under the license agreement, and as such, no liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement. Series A Preferred Stock Dividends Holders of the Series A preferred stock were entitled to cumulative accruing dividends at a simple rate of 8% per year on the original issue price of the preferred stock of $6.70585 per share, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. The dividends effectively accrued daily on each share of preferred stock. The dividends were payable upon the earliest to occur of (1) the date determined by the Board, (2) the liquidation of the Company (including a deemed liquidation event) or (3) the conversion or redemption of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock. If the board reasonably believed that the Company was not legally able to pay the dividends in cash at the payment date, or if elected by the majority of the Series A preferred stockholders or if issued in connection with an IPO, the dividends were to be paid in shares of common stock at the conversion price for the Series A preferred stock in effect at that time, which was the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock as adjusted from time to time for any stock dividends, combinations, splits or recapitalizations. Since the dividends were payable upon a contingent event, the Company did not record them in the accompanying financial statements while outstanding. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock, and as such, there were no cumulative unpaid dividends for the Series A preferred stock as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Other Agreements Both cancellable and non-cancellable facility agreements were in place that provided for fixed monthly rent for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The total rent expense was $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $58,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In May 2016, the Company entered into a new lease agreement for its headquarters location, commencing in August 2016. The initial term of the agreement is 3 years with an initial monthly base rent of approximately $8,400 and increasing to approximately $8,900 during the last year of the lease term. In conjunction with entering into the new lease agreement, the Company cancelled its original Northville, Michigan lease agreement, as amended, effective August 31, 2016 and renegotiated a new cancellable lease agreement for limited use of office space in the Northville location that expired in September 2017 that had nominal rent. Future minimum lease payments under fixed non-cancellable operating leases that expire on various dates through August 2019 consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2019 $ Total $ Other Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of business, from time to time, the Company may be subject to a broad range of claims and legal proceedings that relate to contractual allegations, patent infringement, employment-related matters and other claims. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations or financial position.

License Agreement

License Agreement	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
License Agreement
License Agreement	6. License Agreement The Company is party to the Pfizer Agreement, as amended on August 2, 2018, for a worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Pfizer retains the right to make, use and import gemcabene solely for internal research purposes. In partial exchange for the rights granted by Pfizer, the Company agreed to issue shares of its common stock to Pfizer representing 15% of the Company’s fully diluted capital at the close of its first arms‑length Series A financing, which occurred on March 31, 2015. The Company agreed to make milestone payments totaling up to $37 million upon the achievement of certain milestones, including the first new drug application (or its foreign equivalent) in any country, regulatory approval in each of the United States, Europe and Japan, the first anniversary of the first regulatory approval in any country, and upon achieving certain aggregate sales levels of gemcabene. Future milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least several years and extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company also agreed to pay Pfizer tiered royalties on a country‑by‑country basis based upon the annual amount of net sales, as specified in the Pfizer Agreement, until the later of: (a) five (5) years after the first commercial sale in such country; (b) the expiration of all regulatory or data exclusivity for gemcabene in such country; and (c) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid claim of the licensed patents, including any patent term extensions or supplemental protection certificates in such country (collectively, the Royalty Term). Under the Pfizer Agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize gemcabene. On March 31, 2015, upon the closing of the Series A preferred stock financing, the Company issued 675,250 shares of its common stock, at a fair market value of $0.9 million, to Pfizer in connection with the first equity payment, pursuant to which Pfizer became the owner of more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock. The transaction was recorded as acquired in‑process research and development expenses based on the fair value of the common shares issued since no processes or activities that would constitute a “business” were acquired and none of the rights and underlying assets acquired had alternative future uses or reached a stage of technological feasibility. None of the other milestone or royalty payments were triggered as of June 30, 2019. The Pfizer Agreement will expire upon expiration of the last Royalty Term. On expiration (but not earlier termination), the Company will have a perpetual, exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty-free license under the licensed patent rights and related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Either party may terminate the Pfizer Agreement for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or immediately upon certain insolvency events relating to the other party. Pfizer may immediately terminate the Pfizer Agreement in the event that (i) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicenses contests or challenges, or supports or assists any third party to contest or challenge, Pfizer’s ownership of or rights in, or the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the patents licensed under the Pfizer Agreement or (ii) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicensees fails to achieve the first commercial sale in at least one country by April 16, 2024. Furthermore, upon termination of the Pfizer Agreement by Pfizer for any of the foregoing reasons, the Company grants Pfizer a non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free, worldwide, transferrable, perpetual and irrevocable license to use any intellectual property rights arising from the development or commercialization of gemcabene by the Company and any trademarks identifying gemcabene and agrees to transfer regulatory filings and approvals to Pfizer or permit Pfizer to cross-reference and rely on such regulatory filings and approvals for gemcabene. The Company may terminate the License Agreement for convenience upon 90 days’ written notice and payment of an early termination fee.	6. License Agreement The Company is party to the Pfizer Agreement, as amended on August 2, 2018, for a worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Pfizer retains the right to make, use and import gemcabene solely for internal research purposes. In partial exchange for the rights granted by Pfizer, the Company agreed to issue shares of its common stock to Pfizer representing 15% of the Company’s fully diluted capital at the close of its first arms‑length Series A financing, which occurred on March 31, 2015. The Company agreed to make milestone payments totaling up to $37 million upon the achievement of certain milestones, including the first new drug application (or its foreign equivalent) in any country, regulatory approval in each of the United States, Europe and Japan, the first anniversary of the first regulatory approval in any country, and upon achieving certain aggregate sales levels of gemcabene. Future milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least several years and extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company also agreed to pay Pfizer tiered royalties on a country‑by‑country basis based upon the annual amount of net sales, as specified in the Pfizer Agreement, until the later of: (a) five (5) years after the first commercial sale in such country; (b) the expiration of all regulatory or data exclusivity for gemcabene in such country; and (c) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid claim of the licensed patents, including any patent term extensions or supplemental protection certificates in such country (collectively, the Royalty Term). Under the Pfizer Agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize gemcabene. On March 31, 2015, upon the closing of the Series A preferred stock financing, the Company issued 675,250 shares of its common stock, at a fair market value of $0.9 million, to Pfizer in connection with the first equity payment, pursuant to which Pfizer became the owner of more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock. The transaction was recorded as acquired in‑process research and development expenses based on the fair value of the common shares issued since no processes or activities that would constitute a “business” were acquired and none of the rights and underlying assets acquired had alternative future uses or reached a stage of technological feasibility. None of the other milestone or royalty payments were triggered as of December 31, 2018. The Pfizer Agreement will expire upon expiration of the last Royalty Term. On expiration (but not earlier termination), the Company will have a perpetual, exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty-free license under the licensed patent rights and related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Either party may terminate the Pfizer Agreement for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or immediately upon certain insolvency events relating to the other party. Pfizer may immediately terminate the Pfizer Agreement in the event that (i) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicenses contests or challenges, or supports or assists any third party to contest or challenge, Pfizer’s ownership of or rights in, or the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the patents licensed under the Pfizer Agreement or (ii) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicensees fails to achieve the first commercial sale in at least one country by April 16, 2024. Furthermore, upon termination of the Pfizer Agreement by Pfizer for any of the foregoing reasons, the Company grants Pfizer a non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free, worldwide, transferrable, perpetual and irrevocable license to use any intellectual property rights arising from the development or commercialization of gemcabene by the Company and any trademarks identifying gemcabene and agrees to transfer regulatory filings and approvals to Pfizer or permit Pfizer to cross-reference and rely on such regulatory filings and approvals for gemcabene. The Company may terminate the License Agreement for convenience upon 90 days’ written notice and payment of an early termination fee.

Convertible Series A Preferred

Convertible Series A Preferred Stock	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock	7. Convertible Series A Preferred Stock On March 31, 2015, the Company issued 745,637 shares of Series A preferred stock at a per share price of $6.70585, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split, or $5.0 million in the aggregate, consisting of $1.5 million in cash and $3.5 million representing 125% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest on previously issued convertible notes, all of which converted into shares of Series A preferred stock. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock. Prior to their conversion into shares of common stock, the Series A preferred stock had the following rights and preferences: Dividend Rights Dividends effectively accrued on a daily basis at a simple rate of 8% per annum on the sum of the original per share issue price. Dividends were effectively deemed declared daily and were payable upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, the holders of the Series A preferred stock had rights to participate in common stock dividends, entitling holders of Series A preferred stock to a dividend payable at the same time as the dividend paid on common stock based on the number of shares of common stock each share of Series A preferred stock would convert into if such shares had converted on the record date. There were no dividends deemed payable and accrued as of December 31, 2018 or 2017 due to the conversion of the Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, on August 10, 2016 immediately prior to the closing of the IPO. Voting Rights Each share of Series A preferred stock was entitled to vote together with the common stock on all actions to be taken by the stockholders of the Company, based on the number of shares of common stock into which each share of Series A preferred stock could be converted. A separate vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock was required to (1) issue or authorize any class or series of equity securities or equivalents, (2) effect any transaction that results in a change in control, (3) change the principal business of the Company, enter new lines of business, or exit the current line of business, (4) issue of convertible debt above a certain threshold, or (5) materially sell, transfer, license, pledge or encumber technology or intellectual property. A management stock option plan approved by the board of directors, however, was not subject to a separate vote of the Series A preferred stockholders, but any subsequent increases to the authorized option pool were subject to approval by the Series A preferred stock holders via a separate vote. Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, merger, consolidation or transaction in which over 50% of the Company’s voting power was transferred, or a sale, lease, transfer, exclusive license or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, the Series A preferred stock holders were entitled to the assets of the Company legally available for distribution before any distribution or payment was made to the holders of common stock. The distribution amount would have been equal the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock (as adjusted for any stock dividends, combinations, splits or other recapitalizations since issuance), plus any accrued or declared but unpaid dividends thereon. After payment of the full liquidation preference to the Series A preferred stock holders, the remaining assets legally available for distribution would have been distributed to the holders of common stock and holders of the Series A preferred stock pro rata based on the number of shares of common stock each share of Series A preferred stock would convert into if such shares had converted immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up. Conversion Rights Shares of Series A preferred stock, at the option of the holder, could have been converted at any time into shares of common stock. The conversion rate would have been obtained by dividing the Series A preferred stock original issue price of $6.70585 per share, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split, by the conversion price per share in effect at the time of conversion. The Series A conversion price was initially equal to the original issue price, but could be adjusted on a broad‑based weighted average basis in connection with certain dilutive events. The Series A holder was also entitled to receive additional shares of common stock for any unpaid Series A dividends (whether or not declared). Shares of Series A preferred stock would have automatically converted into common stock based upon the then‑effective Series A conversion price upon the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of the Series A preferred stock, or at the closing of a firmly underwritten public offering. The conversion price for the Series A preferred stock was $6.70585 per share (as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split) at the time of the conversion of the Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO on August 10, 2016. Redemption Rights The holders of at least 80% of the outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock could have required the Company to redeem all outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock at any time on or after December 31, 2020 at a redemption price equal to the greater of 150% of the liquidation preference of the Series A preferred stock or the fair market value per share plus any unpaid declared dividends. The liquidation preference of the Series A preferred stock was defined as an amount per share equal to $6.70585, as adjusted from time to time for any stock dividends, combinations, splits or recapitalizations, plus any accrued or declared but unpaid dividends thereon. The redemption value for redeemable preferred stock could have at times been based on fair market value. The assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair market value at each reporting period represented the Company’s best estimate, however, inherent uncertainties were involved. As a result, if factors or assumptions changed, the estimated fair value could have been materially different. The Company recognized changes in the redemption value immediately as they occurred and adjusted the carrying amount of the instrument to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period since it was probable that the instruments would have become redeemable. In the absence of retained earnings, these charges were recorded against additional paid‑in‑capital, if any, and then to accumulated deficit. The Company evaluated the Series A preferred stock and determined that it was considered an equity host under ASC 815 , Derivatives and Hedging. In making this determination, the Company’s analysis followed the whole instrument approach that compared an individual feature against the entire Series A preferred stock instrument that included that feature. The Company’s analysis was based on a consideration of the economic characteristics and risks of the Series A preferred stock. More specifically, the Company evaluated all of the stated and implied substantive terms and features of the Series A preferred stock, including: (1) redemption features and their underlying exercisability, (2) existence of any protective covenants, (3) nature of dividends rights, (4) nature of voting rights, and (5) the existence and nature of any conversion rights. As a result of the above, the Company concluded that the Series A preferred stock represented an equity host, and as such, the redemption and/or conversion features of the Series A preferred stock were considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated Series A preferred stock host instrument. Accordingly, the redemption and/or conversion features of the Series A preferred stock were not considered an embedded derivative that required bifurcation.

Stockholders_ Equity (Deficit)

Stockholders? Equity (Deficit)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	7. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock The Company had 14,265,411 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the common stock are subject to the Company’s articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws and underlying shareholder agreements. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company completed the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock which includes 450,000 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters upon the partial exercise of their overallotment option, at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The costs incurred related to the Follow-On Offering were $2.1 million. Warrants During the three and six month periods ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, no warrants were exercised. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, warrants to purchase 1,014,204 shares of common stock were outstanding. Dividend Rights Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends at the sole discretion of the board of directors of the Company. There have been no dividends declared on common stock as of June 30, 2019. Voting Rights The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock along with all other classes and series of stock of the Company on all actions to be taken by the stockholders of the Company, including actions that would amend the certificate of incorporation of the Company to increase the number of authorized shares of the common stock. Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up of the Company, the holders of common stock shall be entitled to share in the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution post preferential distributions made to preferred stockholders, if any.	8. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Common Stock The Company had 14,265,411 and 10,633,042 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the common stock are subject to the Company’s articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws and underlying shareholder agreements. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company completed the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock which includes 450,000 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters upon the partial exercise of their overallotment option, at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The costs incurred related to the Follow-On Offering were $2.1 million through December 31, 2018. On March 15, 2017, the Company issued and sold 1,324,256 units at a price of $9.47 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately $12.5 million in connection with the Private Placement. Each unit consisted of one share of the Company’s common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $11.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Offering costs incurred related to the 2017 Private Placement were $1.3 million. Warrants In connection with the Private Placement, the Company issued warrants to the investors participating in the financing to purchase an additional 993,204 shares of common stock. The warrants have a term of five years and were exercisable immediately upon issuance with an exercise price equal to $10.40 per share. The warrants were classified as additional paid-in capital and recorded based on their relative fair value to the underlying common shares issued in the Private Placement. The fair market value of the warrants was approximately $4.9 million. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model with the following assumptions: a risk-free interest rate of 2.0%, a contractual term of five years, zero dividend yield and a volatility factor of 65.1%. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company issued a warrant to SVB to purchase an additional 36,000 shares of common stock on July 31, 2018 (See Note 4 – Debt ). During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, zero and 15,000 warrants were exercised, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, warrants to purchase 1,014,204 and 978,204 shares of common stock were outstanding, respectively. Dividend Rights Common stock holders are entitled to receive dividends at the sole discretion of the board of directors of the Company. There have been no dividends declared on common stock as of December 31, 2018. Voting Rights The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock along with all other classes and series of stock of the Company on all actions to be taken by the stockholders of the Company, including actions that would amend the certificate of incorporation of the Company to increase the number of authorized shares of the common stock. Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up of the Company, the holders of common stock shall be entitled to share in the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution post preferential distributions made to holders of the Company’s preferred stock. There was no preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Deferred Offering Costs There were $21,000 of deferred offering costs capitalized at December 31, 2017 related to the Private Placement. There were no deferred offering costs capitalized as of December 31, 2018.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation	8. Share‑Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development expenses as follows in the accompanying condensed statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 General and administrative $ $ $ $ 1,147 Research and development 782 Total share-based compensation $ $ $ $ 1,929 Stock Options In April 2015, the Company adopted a 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2015 Plan) under which 320,615 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance to employees, directors and consultants. The 2015 Plan permits the grant of incentive and non‑statutory stock options, appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock and cash awards, and other stock‑based awards. Amended and Restated 2015 Equity Incentive Plan In April 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s amended and restated 2015 Plan (the A&R 2015 Plan). The Company’s stockholders also approved the A&R 2015 Plan in April 2016 and the A&R 2015 Plan became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The A&R 2015 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity awards, as well as performance cash awards. Under the A&R 2015 Plan, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder automatically increases on January 1st of each year, for a period of 10 years commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2026, to an amount equal to 20% of the Company’s fully-diluted shares as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase in the shares reserved for such year, or that the increase in shares reserved for such year will be less than would have otherwise been allowed under the provision. Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. As a result, the t otal shares available under the A&R 2015 Plan for future issuance was 1,030,583 shares as of June 30, 2019. Inducement Plan In September 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Inducement Plan (the Inducement Plan). The Company initially reserved 300,000 shares of its common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as an inducement material to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. The Plan was approved by the Company’s board of directors without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4), and the terms and conditions of the Plan are substantially similar to the Company’s stockholder-approved A&R 2015 Plan. The total shares available under the Inducement Plan for future issuance was 249,479 shares as of June 30, 2019. 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In April 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP) in order to enable eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount following the effective date of the IPO. The Company’s stockholders also approved the ESPP in April 2016 and the ESPP became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The Company initially reserved 150,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. As of June 30, 2019, no shares have been purchased under the ESPP. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted an aggregate of zero and 350,000 stock options, respectively, and zero and 822,000 stock options during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, under the A&R 2015 Plan and the Inducement Plan to its officers, directors, employees and consultants, generally vesting over a four-year period. The weighted average grant date fair value for option shares granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $3.57 and $5.07 per share, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of stock options to employees, consultants and directors on the date of grant with service‑based and performance‑based vesting criteria using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model and market-based vesting criteria using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company does not have sufficient history to support a calculation of volatility and expected term. As such, the Company has used a weighted‑average volatility considering the volatilities of several guideline companies. For purposes of identifying similar entities, the Company considered characteristics such as industry, length of trading history, and stage of life cycle. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The average expected life of the options was determined based on the mid‑point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the “simplified method” as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The risk‑free interest rate is determined by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing and Monte Carlo simulation models are as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Expected stock price volatility — — Expected life of options (years) — — Expected dividend yield — — Risk free interest rate — — During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 87,021 and 127,062 stock options vested, respectively, and 166,133 and 307,410 stock options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 70,800 and 111,389 stock options were forfeited, respectively, and 77,800 and 114,889 stock options were forfeited during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, 2,722,973 stock options were outstanding, 1,930,014 stock options were vested and 1,280,062 shares in the aggregate were available for future issuance under the A&R 2015 and Inducement Plans. Unrecognized share‑based compensation cost for stock options issued under the A&R 2015 Plan and the Inducement Plan was $2.8 million as of June 30, 2019. The unrecognized share‑based expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years.	9. Share‑Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development costs as follows in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 General and administrative $ 2,378 $ 4,091 $ 1,166 Research and development 1,753 1,182 552 Total share-based compensation $ 4,131 $ 5,273 $ 1,718 Restricted Stock Awards During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not grant any restricted stock awards (RSAs). Previously granted RSAs were subject to various vesting schedules and generally vested ratably over a six to twenty four month period coinciding with their respective service periods. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no RSAs were forfeited. A summary of RSA grant activity is as follows: Number of Weighted-Average Shares Fair Value (per share) Non‑vested at December 31, 2015 348,093 $ Granted — $ — Vested (344,084) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2016 4,009 $ Granted — $ — Vested (4,009) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2017 — $ — Granted — $ — Vested — $ — Non‑vested at December 31, 2018 — $ — Grant date fair market value for the RSAs issued prior to the IPO was based on traditional valuation techniques and methods in determining the fair value of the Company’s equity as a private company including market, income, and cost valuation approaches. A number of objective and subjective factors were considered including contemporaneous and retrospective valuations of its common stock performed by an unrelated valuation specialist, sales of the Company’s convertible preferred stock to unrelated third parties, valuations of comparable peer public companies, the lack of liquidity of the Company’s capital stock and general and industry‑specific economic outlook. The fair value of the Company’s common stock was determined by the Company’s board of directors prior to the IPO. Stock Options In April 2015, the Company adopted a 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2015 Plan) under which 320,615 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance to employees, directors and consultants. The 2015 Plan permits the grant of incentive and non‑statutory stock options, appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock and cash awards, and other stock‑based awards. Amendment and Restatement of 2015 Equity Incentive Plan In April 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s amended and restated 2015 Plan (the A&R 2015 Plan). The A&R 2015 Plan became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The A&R 2015 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity awards, as well as performance cash awards. The Company initially reserved 2,400,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the A&R 2015 Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company granted an aggregate of 772,000, 150,500 and 1,825,700, respectively, of stock options under the A&R 2015 Plan or the 2015 Plan to its officers, directors, employees and consultants, generally vesting over a three or four-year period. Inducement Plan In September 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Inducement Plan (the Inducement Plan). The Company initially reserved 300,000 shares of its common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as an inducement material to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Plan was approved by the Company’s board of directors without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4), and the terms and conditions of the Plan are substantially similar to the Company’s stockholder-approved A&R 2015 Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was 50,000, 98,000 and 198,000 stock options to newly-hired officers and employees were granted, respectively, under the Inducement Plan, generally vesting over a four-year period. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option plan activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 as follows: Weighted‑ Weighted Average Average Remaining Aggregate Number of Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Options Price Term (years) Value(1) Outstanding at December 31, 2015 302,842 $ 2.43 9.60 $ 1,031,000 Granted 2,023,700 $ 10.07 — — Exercised — $ — — — Forfeited/Cancelled $ 9.12 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2016 2,242,800 $ 9.07 9.48 $ (2,759,000) Granted 248,500 $ 12.24 — — Exercised (23,910) $ 1.92 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (3,250) $ 1.34 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2017 2,464,140 $ 9.46 8.58 $ (3,715,000) Granted 822,000 $ 8.24 — — Exercised (40,398) $ 2.25 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (444,968) $ 10.61 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018 1,812,181 $ 9.15 7.72 $ Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of our common stock as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $0.81, $7.95 and $7.84 per share, respectively. The weighted average fair value per share of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $5.07, $7.35 and $6.37, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of stock options with service‑based and performance‑based vesting criteria to employees, consultants and directors on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of equity instruments issued to non‑employees is re‑measured as the award vests. The Company does not have history to support a calculation of volatility and expected term. As such, the Company has used a weighted‑average volatility considering the volatilities of several guideline companies. For purposes of identifying similar entities, the Company considered characteristics such as industry, length of trading history, and stage of life cycle. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The average expected life of the options was determined based on the mid‑point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the “simplified method” as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The risk‑free interest rate is determined by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected stock price volatility % % % Expected life of options (years) Expected dividend yield % % % Risk free interest rate % % % During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 709,521, 861,645 and 276,248 stock options vested, respectively. The weighted average fair value per share of options vesting during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $6.15, $5.99 and $4.59, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 444,968, 3,250, and 83,742 stock options were forfeited, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, 701,261 shares were available for future issuance under the A&R 2015 and Inducement Plans. Under the A&R 2015 Plan, common shares reserved automatically increase on January 1 st of each year, for a period of 10 years commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2026, to an amount equal to 20% of the Company’s fully-diluted shares as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase in the shares reserved for such year, or that the increase in shares reserved for such year will be a lesser number of shares than what would have otherwise been allowed to occur under the provision. Effective January 1, 2018, 415,077 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. There were no shares added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision during fiscal year 2017 or 2016. Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. See Note 16 – Subsequent Events . Unrecognized share‑based compensation cost for the RSAs and stock options issued under the Company’s 2014 Shareholders Agreement, A&R 2015 Plan and Inducement Plan was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2018. All of the unrecognized compensation cost was related to the stock options. The non‑employee portion of the unrecognized compensation cost was estimated utilizing the Company’s fair market value for its common stock as of December 31, 2018. The unrecognized share‑based expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Adoption of 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In April 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP) in order to enable eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount following the effective date of the IPO. The Company’s stockholders also approved the ESPP in April 2016 and the ESPP became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The Company initially reserved 150,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. As of December 31, 2018, no shares were purchased under the ESPP.

Net Loss Per Common Share

Net Loss Per Common Share	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Net Loss Per Common Share
Net Loss Per Common Share	9. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed similarly to basic earnings or loss per share except the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares from the assumed exercise of any common stock equivalents, if dilutive. The Company’s stock options and warrants are considered common stock equivalents while outstanding for this purpose. Diluted earnings are computed utilizing the treasury method for stock options and warrants. No incremental common stock equivalents were included in calculating diluted loss per share because such inclusion would be anti‑dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Numerator: Net loss attributed to common stockholders $ (2,920) $ (6,678) $ (6,721) $ (13,902) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 14,265,411 14,232,313 14,265,411 13,340,941 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.20) $ (0.47) $ (0.47) $ (1.04) The following potential common shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti‑dilutive during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Stock options 2,722,973 3,164,838 2,722,973 3,164,838 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 1,014,204 978,204	10. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The holders of the Series A preferred stock had rights to participate in common stock dividends, entitling the holders of Series A preferred stock to a dividend payable at the same time and rate per share as the dividend paid on common stock based the number of shares of common stock each share of Series A preferred stock would have converted into if such shares had converted on the record date. The Series A preferred stock, however, did not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company, and as such, no losses were allocated to the Series A preferred stock for the purposes of the basic loss per share calculation while they were outstanding. Diluted earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed similarly to basic earnings or loss per share except the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares from the assumed exercise of any common stock equivalents, if dilutive. The Company’s RSAs, stock options, warrants, shares of Series A preferred stock, and convertible notes are considered common stock equivalents while outstanding for this purpose. Diluted earnings is computed utilizing the treasury stock method for the RSAs, stock options and warrants, and in the case of the Series A preferred stock, either the two‑class method or the if‑converted method, whichever was more dilutive. No incremental common stock equivalents were included in calculating diluted loss per share because such inclusion would be anti‑dilutive given the net loss reported for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Numerator: Net loss $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,586) Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock — — (366) Net loss attributed to common stock holders $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,952) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 13,805,552 10,349,136 5,809,396 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (1.71) $ (3.23) $ (2.57) The following potential common shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti‑dilutive: Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Stock options 2,800,774 2,464,140 2,242,800 Restricted stock awards — — 4,009 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 — Series A — — — Convertible notes — — —

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	10. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows accounting guidance that emphasizes that fair value is a market‑based measurement, not an entity specific measurement. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value measurements are defined on a three level hierarchy: Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 inputs: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, weather directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities approximated their carrying values because of the short‑term nature of these assets or liabilities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s Term Loan while outstanding was based on amortized cost which was deemed to approximate fair value. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. There were no instruments measured on a recurring fair value basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In addition, no financial instruments were measured on a non‑recurring basis for any of the periods presented.	11. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows accounting guidance that emphasizes that fair value is a market‑based measurement, not an entity specific measurement. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value measurements are defined on a three level hierarchy: Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 inputs: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, weather directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximated their carrying values because of the short‑term nature of these assets or liabilities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s Interim Notes prior to conversion upon the close of the IPO, and Term Loan was based on amortized cost which was deemed to approximate fair value. The derivative liability associated with the conversion premium on the Interim Notes while outstanding was based on cash flow models discounted at current implied market rates evidenced in recent arms‑length transactions representing expected returns by market participants for similar instruments which were based on Level 3 inputs. The following table provides a roll‑forward of the Company’s premium conversion derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable level 3 inputs (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Balance as of beginning of period $ — $ — $ 345 Issuance of underlying convertible notes — — 505 Change in fair value of premium conversion derivative — — (850) Reversal of premium conversion derivative associated with note extinguishment — — — Redemption of underlying convertible notes — — — Balance as of end of period $ — $ — $ — There were no financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and on a non‑recurring basis for any of the periods presented.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes
Income Taxes	11. Income Taxes The effective tax rate for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was zero percent. As a result of the analysis of all available evidence as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets. Consequently, the Company reported no income tax benefit for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. If the Company’s assumptions change and the Company believes that it will be able to realize these deferred tax assets, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets will be recognized as a reduction of future income tax expense. If the assumptions do not change, each period the Company could record an additional valuation allowance on any increases in the deferred tax assets.	12. Income Taxes On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA), which significantly modified U.S. corporate income tax law, was signed into law by President Trump. The TCJA contains significant changes to corporate income taxation, including but not limited to the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of earnings (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income and generally eliminating net operating loss carrybacks, allowing net operating losses to carryforward without expiration, one-time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S. tax on foreign earnings (subject to certain important exceptions), immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits (including changes to the orphan drug tax credit and changes to the deductibility of research and experimental expenditures that will be effective in the future). This revaluation resulted in a reduction to the Company’s deferred tax asset of $6.8 million as of December 31, 2017. This amount was offset by a corresponding reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance. The other provisions of the TCJA did not have a material impact on the December 31, 2017 financial statements. The Company’s final determination of the TCJA impact and the remeasurement of its deferred assets and liabilities was completed prior to the deadline of one year from the enactment of the TCJA. For the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no material changes to the analysis originally performed as of December 31, 2017. The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was zero percent. A reconciliation of income tax computed at the statutory federal income tax rate to the provision (benefit) for income taxes included in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss is as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Income tax (benefit) provision at federal statutory rate (21.0) % (34.0) % (34.0) % Valuation allowance 28.2 21.0 40.2 U.S. tax reform - 20.2 — State income tax, net of federal benefit (4.8) (4.1) (4.7) Convertible notes — — 1.1 Research credits (3.0) (3.6) (4.0) Other 0.6 0.5 1.4 Effective tax rate — % — % — % Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the tables below as of (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Deferred tax assets: 2018 2017 Federal and state operating loss carryforwards $ 5,073 $ 3,349 Research and development costs deferral election 12,264 8,881 Acquired intangibles 235 235 Term loan — 33 Charitable contributions 21 14 Stock-based compensation 2,618 1,722 Research and development credit carryforwards 2,655 1,947 22,866 16,181 Valuation allowance (22,866) (16,181) Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance — — Deferred tax liabilities: Total deferred tax liabilities — — Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had gross deferred tax assets of approximately $22.9 million and $16.2 million, respectively. Realization of the deferred assets is primarily dependent upon future taxable income, if any, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. The Company has had significant pre‑tax losses since its inception. The Company has not yet generated revenues and faces significant challenges to becoming profitable. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance of $22.9 million and $16.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. U.S. net deferred tax assets will continue to require a valuation allowance until the Company can demonstrate their realizability through sustained profitability or another source of income. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the tax effect of the Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards was approximately $4.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The Company had federal research credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 of approximately $2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The federal net operating loss incurred prior to January 1, 2018 and tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034 if not utilized. Federal net operating losses incurred after December 31, 2017 will not expire. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards with a tax effect of approximately $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The Company had state research credit carryforwards of $0.1 million and $45,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2026, if not utilized, and the state research credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2023 if not utilized. Recent tax reform legislation has significantly revised the rules applicable to the utilization of net operating losses for tax years either beginning or ending after January 1, 2018. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. Generally, in addition to certain entity reorganizations, the limitation applies when one or more “5-percent shareholders” increase their ownership, in the aggregate, by more than 50 percentage points over a 36‑month time period testing period, or beginning the day after the most recent ownership change, if shorter. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There were no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded to income tax expense. The Company’s corporate returns are subject to examination beginning with the 2015 tax year for federal and in various state jurisdictions.

Quarterly Data

Quarterly Data	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Supplementary Data — Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
Supplementary Data — Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)	13. Supplementary Data — Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) The following table presents certain unaudited quarterly financial information for each of the eight fiscal quarters in the period ended December 31, 2018. This quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The results for these quarterly periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for a full year or any future period. Three Months Ended December 31, September 30, June 30, March 31, 2018 (B) 2018 (B) 2018 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 1,468 $ 2,364 $ 2,574 $ 2,087 Research and development 1,833 3,542 3,960 4,977 Total operating expenses 3,301 5,906 6,534 7,064 Loss from operations (3,301) (5,906) (6,534) (7,064) Interest expense (178) (172) (144) (160) Other expense (177) (1) — — Loss before income taxes (3,656) (6,079) (6,678) (7,224) Provision (benefit) for income taxes — — — — Net loss (3,656) (6,079) (6,678) (7,224) Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — Comprehensive loss $ (3,656) $ (6,079) $ (6,678) $ (7,224) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted (A) $ (0.26) $ (0.43) $ (0.47) $ (0.58) Three Months Ended December 31, September 30, June 30, March 31, 2017 2017 2017 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 1,487 $ 2,050 $ 4,678 $ 2,223 Research and development 5,080 6,489 5,837 5,280 Total operating expenses 6,567 8,539 10,515 7,503 Loss from operations (6,567) (8,539) (10,515) (7,503) Interest (expense) income (179) (132) 13 12 Other expense — — — (5) Loss before income taxes (6,746) (8,671) (10,502) (7,496) Provision (benefit) for income taxes — — — — Net loss (6,746) (8,671) (10,502) (7,496) Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — Comprehensive loss $ (6,746) $ (8,671) $ (10,502) $ (7,496) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted (A) $ (0.63) $ (0.82) $ (0.99) $ (0.79) (A) Net loss per share for the year may not equal the sum of the four historical quarters loss per share due to changes in weighted-average shares outstanding. (B) On September 18, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a workforce reduction involving 5 employees (or 33% of the workforce at that time) to lower costs and conserve cash resources in light of the previously announced request by the FDA for additional pre-clinical data required in order to schedule an End of Phase 2 (EOP2) meeting for gemcabene in the Company’s target indications. Related expenses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled approximately $1.6 million, largely in the third quarter, of which approximately $0.6 million was recorded as general and administrative expense and $1.0 million was recorded as research and development expense.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions	13. Related Party Transactions In the first quarter of 2018, in connection with an underwritten public offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock, the offering included 14,286 shares sold to 1 officer, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.1 million and 71,429 shares sold to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million.	14. Related Party Transactions The Company rented an office in Northville, Michigan from an LLC owned by two officers under short‑term agreements during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The original facility lease, as amended, was cancelled and replaced with a cancellable lease agreement in August 2016 for limited use of office space in the same Northville location. The new lease agreement became effective in August 2016 and expired in September 2017. Rent expense under the related party agreements was nominal during the year ended December 31, 2017 and was $21,000 and $23,000 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There was no rent expense under the related party agreements during the year ended December 31, 2018. In February 2016, the Company issued an additional $0.2 million of Interim Notes , which included two notes issued to two board members (or entities they control) in the amount of $81,000. The February 2016 Interim Note issuances also included a $20,000 note to an investor who is related to an officer of the Company. The Interim Note were converted upon the close of the IPO. In April 2016, the Company issued an additional $5.0 million of Interim Notes , which included two notes to investors who were related to two of the Company’s officers in the aggregate amount of $0.2 million. The April 2016 Interim Notes issuances also included three notes to investors who were related to three of the Company’s directors in the aggregate amount of $2.3 million. The Interim Note were converted upon the close of the IPO. The IPO included 154,450 shares sold to 5 officers and 3 board members, totaling $1.5 million. In addition, 500,000 shares were sold to 1 investor who is related to 1 of the Company’s directors, totaling $5.0 million, and 47,000 shares totaling $0.5 million were sold to 14 investors who are related to 5 officers of the Company. The Private Placement included 56,678 units sold to three board members, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million, and 52,798 units sold to one investor who was related to one board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million. In the first quarter of 2018, in connection with the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock, the offering included 14,286 shares sold to 1 officer, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.1 million and 71,429 shares sold to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million.

Defined Contribution Plan

Defined Contribution Plan	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Defined Contribution Plan
Defined Contribution Plan	12. Defined Contribution Plan The Company adopted a 401(k) defined contribution plan on September 5, 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, for all employees over age 21. Employees can defer up to 100% of their compensation through payroll withholdings into the plan subject to federal law limits. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began matching contributions on deferrals at 100% of deferrals up to 3% of one’s contributions and 50% on deferrals over 3%, but not exceeding 5% of one’s contributions in order to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code. Employee contributions and any employer matching contributions made to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code are 100% vested upon contribution. Discretionary employer matches vest over a six-year period beginning on the second anniversary of an employee’s date of hire. The amount of matching contributions made during the three month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $19,000 and $29,000, respectively, and $47,000 and $54,000 during the six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.	15. Defined Contribution Plan The Company adopted a 401(k) defined contribution plan on September 5, 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, for all employees over age 21. Employees can defer up to 100% of their compensation through payroll withholdings into the plan subject to federal law limits. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began matching contributions on deferrals at 100% of deferrals up to 3% of one’s contributions and 50% on deferrals over 3%, but not exceeding 5% of one’s contributions in order to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code. Employee contributions and any employer matching contributions made to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code are 100% vested upon contribution. Discretionary employer matches vest over a six-year period beginning on the second anniversary of an employee’s date of hire. The amount of matching contributions made during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $0.1 million and zero, respectively.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events	14. Subsequent Events License Agreement with Beijing SL On July 23, 2019, the Company entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Beijing SL Agreement”) with Beijing SL Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Beijing SL”), pursuant to which the Company granted Beijing SL an exclusive royalty-bearing license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize pharmaceutical products comprising, as an active ingredient, gemcabene in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (each, a “region,” and collectively, the “Territory”). Under the terms of the Beijing SL Agreement, Beijing SL will be responsible, at its expense, for developing and commercializing products containing gemcabene (each, a “Licensed Product”) in the Territory, with certain assistance from the Company. To the extent mutually agreed to in writing, the Company and Beijing SL will collaborate on the Phase 3 clinical trial for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or other clinical trials with the Company as the sponsor designed to enroll patients both inside and outside the Territory (a “Global Study”), but Beijing SL will be responsible, at its expense, for the conduct of any Global Study to the extent solely in the Territory, subject to the Company’s final decision making authority, and the Company will be responsible, at its expense, for the conduct of any Global Study to the extent solely outside of the Territory. Under a territory development plan, the parties shall develop Licensed Products with respect to the Territory. Beijing SL will be responsible for development activities, including non-clinical and clinical studies directed at obtaining regulatory approval of the Licensed Product in the Territory. Beijing SL has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the Licensed Products for each indication that receives regulatory approval in the Territory and shall prepare and present a commercialization plan that shall be subject to approval by the joint steering committee. Pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement, Beijing SL will make an upfront gross payment of $2.5 million to the Company within 45 days of the effective date of the Beijing SL Agreement. Additionally, with respect to each Licensed Product, the Company will be eligible to receive (i) payments for specified developmental and regulatory milestones (including submission of a new drug application to China’s National Medical Product Administration, dosing of the first patient in a phase 3 clinical trial in mainland China and regulatory approval for the first and each additional indication of a Licensed Product in the Territory) totaling up to $6 million in the aggregate and (ii) payments for specified global net sales milestones of up to $20 million in the aggregate multiplied by the ratio of the net sales of a Licensed Product sold by Beijing SL in the Territory divided by the global net sales of a Licensed Product, which net sales milestone payments are payable once, upon the first achievement of such milestone. Beijing SL will also be obligated to pay the Company tiered royalties ranging from the mid-teens to twenty percent on the net sales of all Licensed Products in the Territory until the latest of (a) the date on which any applicable regulatory exclusivity with respect to such Licensed Product expires in such region, (b) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid patent claim or joint patent claim covering such Licensed Product in each region and (c) the fifth anniversary of the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such region (the “Royalty Term”). Future milestone payments under the Beijing SL Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least one year and will extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company cannot determine the date on which Beijing SL’s potential royalty payment obligations to the Company would expire because Beijing SL has not yet developed any Licensed Products under the Beijing SL Agreement and therefore the Company cannot at this time identify the date of the first commercial sale or the periods of any regulatory exclusivity or patent claims with respect to any Licensed Product. On a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and region-by-region basis upon the expiration of the Royalty Term, the license granted to Beijing SL shall be deemed perpetual, fully paid-up and royalty free with respect to such Licensed Product in such region. Either party may terminate the Agreement (x) with written notice for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or (y) if the other party becomes subject to certain insolvency proceedings. In addition, the Company may terminate the agreement in its entirety if Beijing SL or its affiliates or sublicensees commence a proceeding challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the Company’s patents. To the extent rights granted to Beijing SL under the Beijing SL Agreement are controlled by the Company pursuant to the Pfizer Agreement between Gemphire and Pfizer, such rights are subject to the terms and conditions of such agreement with Pfizer, and Beijing SL has agreed to comply with such terms and conditions. The Beijing SL Agreement contemplates that Beijing SL and the Company shall, no later than 60 days following the effective date of the Beijing SL Agreement, negotiate in good faith and execute a clinical supply agreement and, no later than twelve months prior to the anticipated date of the first commercial sale of a Licensed Product, if any, negotiate in good faith and execute a commercial supply agreement, pursuant to which Beijing SL shall purchase from the Company, and the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to supply, gemcabene or Licensed Product for clinical or commercial purposes, as applicable, until manufacturing and regulatory transfers are complete. Each of the Company and Beijing SL has agreed to indemnify the other party against certain losses and expenses relating to the development or commercialization of a Licensed Product by the indemnifying party, the negligence or willful misconduct of the indemnifying party or its directors, officers, employees or agents or a breach of the indemnifying party’s representations, warranties or covenants. Merger Agreement with NeuroBo On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with NeuroBo pursuant to which, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Merger Sub, will merge with and into NeuroBo, with NeuroBo surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, in an all-stock transaction. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), (a) each share of NeuroBo common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (excluding shares held as treasury stock, held by NeuroBo and dissenting shares) will be converted into the right to receive shares of Gemphire common stock equal to the Exchange Ratio described below; and (b) each outstanding NeuroBo stock option that has not previously been exercised prior to the Effective Time will be assumed by the Company. Under the exchange ratio formula in the Merger Agreement (the “Exchange Ratio”), upon the closing of the Merger, on a pro forma basis and based upon the number of shares of common stock expected to be issued in the Merger, former Company security holders immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 4.06% of the combined company and former NeuroBo security holders immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 95.94% of the combined company, on a fully-diluted basis and assuming that the Company has the minimum net cash amount of negative $3 million at closing and that NeuroBo raises the minimum required amount of $24,240,000 in its Series B Preferred Stock financing described below. The ownership percentages are subject to adjustment to the extent that the Company’s net cash at the Effective Time is negative or to reflect aggregate gross proceeds received by NeuroBo in its financing before the closing of the Merger above the minimum required amount and up to and including $50 million. Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, approval by the Company’s stockholders and NeuroBo’s stockholders, the continued listing of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the conversion of all NeuroBo preferred stock and NeuroBo convertible notes into NeuroBo common stock and satisfaction by the Company of a minimum parent cash amount of negative $3 million at closing. Prior to signing the Merger Agreement, NeuroBo entered into subscription agreements with investors for a Series B Preferred Stock financing for approximate gross proceeds of $24,240,000, the minimum required amount under the Merger Agreement, and may enter into additional subscription agreements and receive additional proceeds between signing and closing of the Merger. The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and NeuroBo, and further provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, either party may be required to pay the other party a termination fee of $1,000,000, or in some circumstances reimburse the other party’s expenses up to a maximum of $500,000. Following the closing of the Merger, NeuroBo’s Chief Executive Officer, John L. Brooks III, will serve as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the board of directors of the Company will be six directors, consisting of five directors designated by NeuroBo and Steven Gullans, the Company’s current President and Chief Executive Officer. Contingent Value Rights Agreement At the Effective Time, the Company will enter into a Contingent Value Rights Agreement (the “CVR Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and the CVR Agreement, for each share of the Company’s common stock held, stockholders of record as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will receive one contingent value right (“CVR”) entitling such holders to receive in the aggregate, 80% of the Gross Consideration (as defined in the CVR Agreement which contemplates the post-Merger combined company’s prior retention of an aggregate of $500,000) less other Permitted Deductions (each as defined in the CVR Agreement) received during the 15-year period after the closing of the Merger (the “CVR Term”) from the grant, sale or transfer of rights to the Company’s product candidate gemcabene (other than a grant, sale or transfer of rights involving a sale or disposition of the post-Merger combined company) that is entered into during the 10-year period after the closing of the Merger or pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement, but not including the $2.5 million upfront gross payment pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement. Under the CVR Agreement, the combined company agreed to commit $1 million to support the further development of gemcabene through the quarter ending March 31, 2020, to be funded following execution of the Beijing SL Agreement and the receipt by the Company of the $2.5 million upfront gross payment payable under the Beijing SL Agreement. The CVRs are not transferable, except in certain limited circumstances, will not be certificated or evidenced by any instrument, will not accrue interest and will not be registered with the SEC or listed for trading on any exchange. The CVR Agreement will be effective prior to the closing of the Merger and will continue in effect until the later of the end of the CVR Term and the payment of all amounts payable thereunder, unless and until earlier terminated upon termination of the Merger Agreement. Change in Control Payments and Severance Awards On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into amendments to the employment agreements (the “Amendments”) of Dr. Steven Gullans, Chief Executive Officer and President, Dr. Charles Bisgaier, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the board of directors, and Seth Reno, Chief Commercial Officer (the “Executives”) to reduce the cash severance obligation owed to each Executive in connection with the termination of their employment upon the closing of the Merger. Pursuant to the Amendments, if the Merger is completed, each of Dr. Gullans, Dr. Bisgaier and Mr. Reno will receive a lump sum cash payment within thirty days after the effective date of the Merger in an amount equal to $75,000, $330,000 and $297,536, respectively, subject to a reduction for withholding tax, in lieu of the cash compensation such Executives would otherwise be entitled to receive in connection with a termination following a change in control pursuant to such Executives’ employment agreements. In connection with the Executives agreeing to the Amendments, on July 24, 2019, the Company issued each of Dr. Gullans, Dr. Bisgaier and Mr. Reno a restricted stock award representing 300,000, 100,000 and 100,000 shares, respectively, of common stock. The restricted stock awards were made pursuant to Restricted Stock Grant Notices and Restricted Stock Agreements (the “Award Agreements”). Such Award Agreements provide that such shares shall fully vest immediately prior to the Effective Time, provided that the Executive has executed and delivered to the Company a release and waiver of claims and such release is not subsequently revoked. The Company shall automatically reacquire for no consideration all unvested shares upon the earliest to occur of (i) the Executive’s termination of continuous service (unless such termination results from the completion of the Merger prior to March 31, 2020) or (ii) March 31, 2020 if the Merger has not been completed. The Award Agreements provide that the holders shall have all rights and privileges of a holder of common stock, including for purposes of voting and receiving dividends. Grants were also made to the Company’s non-employee directors (45,000 shares of restricted stock in the aggregate) and employees (62,000 shares of restricted stock in the aggregate) pursuant to Award Agreements on July 24, 2019. The non-employee director Award Agreements do not require the execution and delivery of a release and waiver of claims. On July 23, 2019, the Company’s non-employee directors agreed to waive payment of the cash retainer for the remainder of 2019 otherwise payable to such directors pursuant to the Company’s non-employee director compensation policy. Nasdaq Compliance On August 8, 2019, the Company received a notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) stating that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company’s common stock was below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Rule”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has 180 calendar days, or until February 4, 2020, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule. To regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days at any time during this 180-day period. If the Company regains compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule, Nasdaq will provide the Company with written confirmation and will close the matter. If the Company does not regain compliance with the rule by February 4, 2020, the Company may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify, the Company would need to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other applicable standards for initial listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, and would need to provide written notice of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if it appears to Nasdaq that the Company will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the Company is not eligible for a second compliance period, Nasdaq will notify the Company that its common stock will be subject to delisting. In the event of such a notification, the Company may appeal the determination, but there can be no assurance Nasdaq would grant the Company’s request for continued listing. The notice has no immediate impact on the listing of the Company’s common stock, which will continue to trade on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GEMP”. The Company believes that the completion of its proposed Merger with NeuroBo, including the reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock contemplated by the Merger Agreement , will address the Nasdaq compliance matter described above. The Company will continue to monitor the bid price of its common stock and consider various other options available to it if its common stock does not trade at a level that is likely to regain compliance. See Part II “Other Information,” Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.	16. Subsequent Events Term Loan Effective January 28, 2019, the Company prepaid in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan. As of the date of repayment, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in principal and interest outstanding as well as a final payment fee due of $1.0 million. Upon repayment, approximately $0.8 million of unamortized note discounts were recognized as interest expense. See Note 4 – Debt for further information relating to the Term Loan. A&R 2015 Plan Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. See Note 9 – Share-Based Compensation .

Summary of Significant Accoun_2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and invests in highly liquid investments in money market accounts.	Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and highly liquid investments in money market accounts.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Restricted Cash The Company considers the cash security requirement related to a commercial credit card arrangement with Silicon Valley Bank as restricted cash (See Note 4 – Debt ). Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s condensed financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these condensed financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 10 — Fair Value Measurements , for further discussion of fair values.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of fair value.
General and Administrative Expenses	General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services.	General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services.
Research and Development Expenses	Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development activities, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.	Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Acquired In-Process Research and Development Expenses		Acquired In‑Process Research and Development Expenses The Company includes costs to acquire or in‑license product candidates in acquired in‑process research and development expenses. The Company has acquired the right to develop and commercialize its product candidate gemcabene. These costs are immediately expensed provided that the payments do not also represent processes or activities that would constitute a “business” as defined under GAAP or provided that the product candidate has not achieved regulatory approval for marketing and absent obtaining such approval, has no alternative future use. Royalties owed on future sales of any licensed product will be expensed in the period the related revenues are recognized.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets.	Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets.
Share-Based Compensation	Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach.	Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re‑measurement as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period (typically the vesting period of the awards).
Common Stock Valuation		Common Stock Valuation Due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to the close of the IPO, the Company utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately‑Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation , to estimate the fair value of its common stock. The valuation methodology included estimates and assumptions that required the Company’s judgment. These estimates and assumptions included a number of objective and subjective factors, including external market conditions affecting the biopharmaceutical industry sector, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale. Significant changes to the key assumptions used in the valuations could have resulted in different fair values of common stock at each valuation date.
Convertible Preferred Stock		Convertible Preferred Stock On March 31, 2015, the Company issued 745,637 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock (the Series A preferred stock). On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock. The Series A preferred stock prior to conversion was classified outside of permanent equity, in mezzanine equity, on the Company’s balance sheet. The Company initially records preferred stock that may be redeemed at the option of the holder, or based on the occurrence of events outside of the Company’s control, at the value of the proceeds received. Subsequently, if it is probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company recognizes changes in the redemption value immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying amount of the instrument to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. If it is not probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company does not adjust the carrying value. In the absence of retained earnings, these charges are recorded against additional paid‑in‑capital, if any, and then to accumulated deficit. As a result of their conversion to common stock on August 10, 2016 as described above, no shares of Series A preferred stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Segment Information	Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease particularly orphan indications. Accordingly, the Company has a single reportable segment.	Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease and NAFLD/NASH. Accordingly, the Company has a single reporting segment.
Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election	Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.	Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. This pronouncement is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and applied the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company did not restate comparative periods and did not recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption given that no difference in operating expense resulted upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard did not have an impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC 605. The new guidance primarily states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. In January 2017 and September 2017, the FASB issued several amendments to ASU 2014‑09, including updates stemming from SEC Accounting Staff Announcement in July 2017. The amendments and updates included clarification on accounting for principal versus agent considerations (i.e., reporting gross versus net), licenses of intellectual property and identification of performance obligations. These amendments and updates do not change the core principle of the standard but provide clarity and implementation guidance. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and selected the modified retrospective transition method. The Company modified its accounting policies to reflect the requirements of this standard; however, the planned adoption will not affect the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures for these periods or future periods until the Company generates revenues. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , that codified the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) issued on December 22, 2017, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete, but for which they are able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional amount in the financial statements. Provisional treatment is proper in light of anticipated additional guidance from various taxing authorities, the SEC, the FASB, and even the Joint Committee on Taxation. If a company cannot determine a provisional amount to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA. The Company has applied this guidance to its financial statements and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements . Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. The guidance is effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company plans to adopt the standard on January 1, 2019, and will apply the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company would not restate comparative periods and would recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption. The Company plans to elect the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company is in the process of completing an impact analysis over the application of the standard as of the planned adoption date. The Company expects to recognize a range of approximately $0.1 million to $0.2 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. The finalization of our assessment may result in significant changes to our estimates. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and Derivatives and Hedging , which changes the accounting and earnings per share for certain instruments with down round features. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year or retrospective adjustment to each period presented and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods. The Company is currently evaluating the requirements of this new guidance and has not yet determined its impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements

Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

Accrued Liabilities (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accrued Liabilities
Schedule of accrued liabilities	Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): June 30, December 31, 2019 2018 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 20 $ 137 Legal costs 269 106 Accrued interest — 43 Lease liability 18 — Other research and development expenses 54 135 Other general and administrative expenses 21 17 Total $ 382 $ 438	Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 2017 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 137 $ 306 Legal costs 106 91 Accrued interest 43 38 Other research and development expenses 135 522 Other general and administrative expenses 17 53 Total $ 438 $ 1,010

Debt (Tables)

Debt (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt
Schedule of minimum aggregate future payments	As of December 31, 2018, minimum aggregate future payments under the Term Loan were as follows (in thousands) prior to repayment in January 2019: December 31, 2019 $ 2020 2021 Total minimum payments Amount representing interest and discounts (1,338) Present value of minimum payments Current portion (9,437) Long-term portion $ -

Commitments and Contingencies (

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies
Future minimum lease payments	December 31, 2019 $ Total $

Share-Based Compensation (Table

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Share-Based Compensation
Schedule of share-based compensation expense	Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development expenses as follows in the accompanying condensed statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 General and administrative $ $ $ $ 1,147 Research and development 782 Total share-based compensation $ $ $ $ 1,929	Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development costs as follows in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 General and administrative $ 2,378 $ 4,091 $ 1,166 Research and development 1,753 1,182 552 Total share-based compensation $ 4,131 $ 5,273 $ 1,718
Schedule of RSA grant activity		Number of Weighted-Average Shares Fair Value (per share) Non‑vested at December 31, 2015 348,093 $ Granted — $ — Vested (344,084) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2016 4,009 $ Granted — $ — Vested (4,009) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2017 — $ — Granted — $ — Vested — $ — Non‑vested at December 31, 2018 — $ —
Schedule of stock option plan activity		Weighted‑ Weighted Average Average Remaining Aggregate Number of Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Options Price Term (years) Value(1) Outstanding at December 31, 2015 302,842 $ 2.43 9.60 $ 1,031,000 Granted 2,023,700 $ 10.07 — — Exercised — $ — — — Forfeited/Cancelled $ 9.12 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2016 2,242,800 $ 9.07 9.48 $ (2,759,000) Granted 248,500 $ 12.24 — — Exercised (23,910) $ 1.92 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (3,250) $ 1.34 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2017 2,464,140 $ 9.46 8.58 $ (3,715,000) Granted 822,000 $ 8.24 — — Exercised (40,398) $ 2.25 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (444,968) $ 10.61 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018 1,812,181 $ 9.15 7.72 $ Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of our common stock as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $0.81, $7.95 and $7.84 per share, respectively.
Schedule of weighted-average assumptions, option-pricing model	The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing and Monte Carlo simulation models are as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Expected stock price volatility — — Expected life of options (years) — — Expected dividend yield — — Risk free interest rate — —	Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected stock price volatility % % % Expected life of options (years) Expected dividend yield % % % Risk free interest rate % % %

Net Loss Per Common Share (Tabl

Net Loss Per Common Share (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Net Loss Per Common Share
Schedule of computation of basic and diluted loss per share	The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Numerator: Net loss attributed to common stockholders $ (2,920) $ (6,678) $ (6,721) $ (13,902) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 14,265,411 14,232,313 14,265,411 13,340,941 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.20) $ (0.47) $ (0.47) $ (1.04)	The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Numerator: Net loss $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,586) Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock — — (366) Net loss attributed to common stock holders $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,952) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 13,805,552 10,349,136 5,809,396 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (1.71) $ (3.23) $ (2.57)
Schedule of potential common shares not considered in computation of diluted net loss per share	Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Stock options 2,722,973 3,164,838 2,722,973 3,164,838 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 1,014,204 978,204	Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Stock options 2,800,774 2,464,140 2,242,800 Restricted stock awards — — 4,009 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 — Series A — — — Convertible notes — — —

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Measurements
Schedule of premium conversion derivative liabilities measured at fair value on recurring basis using unobservable level 3 inputs	The following table provides a roll‑forward of the Company’s premium conversion derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable level 3 inputs (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Balance as of beginning of period $ — $ — $ 345 Issuance of underlying convertible notes — — 505 Change in fair value of premium conversion derivative — — (850) Reversal of premium conversion derivative associated with note extinguishment — — — Redemption of underlying convertible notes — — — Balance as of end of period $ — $ — $ —

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes
Schedule of statutory federal income tax rate to the provision (benefit)	For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Income tax (benefit) provision at federal statutory rate (21.0) % (34.0) % (34.0) % Valuation allowance 28.2 21.0 40.2 U.S. tax reform - 20.2 — State income tax, net of federal benefit (4.8) (4.1) (4.7) Convertible notes — — 1.1 Research credits (3.0) (3.6) (4.0) Other 0.6 0.5 1.4 Effective tax rate — % — % — %
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities	Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the tables below as of (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Deferred tax assets: 2018 2017 Federal and state operating loss carryforwards $ 5,073 $ 3,349 Research and development costs deferral election 12,264 8,881 Acquired intangibles 235 235 Term loan — 33 Charitable contributions 21 14 Stock-based compensation 2,618 1,722 Research and development credit carryforwards 2,655 1,947 22,866 16,181 Valuation allowance (22,866) (16,181) Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance — — Deferred tax liabilities: Total deferred tax liabilities — — Net deferred tax assets $ — $ —

Quarterly Data (Tables)

Quarterly Data (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Supplementary Data — Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited).
Schedule of unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information	Three Months Ended December 31, September 30, June 30, March 31, 2018 (B) 2018 (B) 2018 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 1,468 $ 2,364 $ 2,574 $ 2,087 Research and development 1,833 3,542 3,960 4,977 Total operating expenses 3,301 5,906 6,534 7,064 Loss from operations (3,301) (5,906) (6,534) (7,064) Interest expense (178) (172) (144) (160) Other expense (177) (1) — — Loss before income taxes (3,656) (6,079) (6,678) (7,224) Provision (benefit) for income taxes — — — — Net loss (3,656) (6,079) (6,678) (7,224) Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — Comprehensive loss $ (3,656) $ (6,079) $ (6,678) $ (7,224) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted (A) $ (0.26) $ (0.43) $ (0.47) $ (0.58) Three Months Ended December 31, September 30, June 30, March 31, 2017 2017 2017 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 1,487 $ 2,050 $ 4,678 $ 2,223 Research and development 5,080 6,489 5,837 5,280 Total operating expenses 6,567 8,539 10,515 7,503 Loss from operations (6,567) (8,539) (10,515) (7,503) Interest (expense) income (179) (132) 13 12 Other expense — — — (5) Loss before income taxes (6,746) (8,671) (10,502) (7,496) Provision (benefit) for income taxes — — — — Net loss (6,746) (8,671) (10,502) (7,496) Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — Comprehensive loss $ (6,746) $ (8,671) $ (10,502) $ (7,496) Net loss per share: Basic and diluted (A) $ (0.63) $ (0.82) $ (0.99) $ (0.79) (A) Net loss per share for the year may not equal the sum of the four historical quarters loss per share due to changes in weighted-average shares outstanding. (B) On September 18, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a workforce reduction involving 5 employees (or 33% of the workforce at that time) to lower costs and conserve cash resources in light of the previously announced request by the FDA for additional pre-clinical data required in order to schedule an End of Phase 2 (EOP2) meeting for gemcabene in the Company’s target indications. Related expenses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled approximately $1.6 million, largely in the third quarter, of which approximately $0.6 million was recorded as general and administrative expense and $1.0 million was recorded as research and development expense.

The Company and Basis of Pres_2

The Company and Basis of Presentation (IPO and Capital Requirements) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018	Sep. 08, 2016	Aug. 04, 2016	Mar. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2019	Aug. 03, 2016
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,592,858			3,592,858
Other offering expenses					$ 2,093	$ 2,091	$ 1,287	$ 3,963
Common stock, shares authorized						100,000,000	100,000,000		100,000,000	100,000,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized						10,000,000	10,000,000		10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollar per share)						$ 0.001	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Preferred stock, par value (in dollar per share)						$ 0.001	$ 0.001		$ 0.001	$ 0.001
IPO
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)			3,000,000
Share price (in dollars per share)			$ 10
Net proceeds			$ 26,100
Underwriting discounts and commissions		$ 2,100
Other offering expenses		$ 2,100
Overallotment
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)	450,000	27,755		450,000
Share price (in dollars per share)		$ 10

The Company and Basis of Pres_3

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Private Placement Offering) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018	Mar. 15, 2017	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Private Placement Offering
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,592,858		3,592,858
Gross proceeds			$ 25,150	$ 25,150		$ 30,278
Exercise price of warrant				$ 10.40
Term of warrants				5 years
Private placement
Private Placement Offering
Issuance of stock (in shares)		1,324,256
Price per issue and sold units		$ 9.47
Gross proceeds		$ 12,500			$ 8,979
Number of shares per unit		1
Number of warrants per unit		0.75
Exercise price of warrant		$ 10.40
Term of warrants		5 years

The Company and Basis of Pres_4

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Follow-On Offering) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Feb. 12, 2018	Sep. 08, 2016	Mar. 31, 2018
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,592,858		3,592,858
Follow On Offering
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,142,858		3,592,858
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 7		$ 7
Net proceeds	$ 23.1		$ 23.1
Overallotment
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)	450,000	27,755	450,000
Share price (in dollars per share)		$ 10

The Company and Basis of Pres_5

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Reverse Stock Split) (Details)	1 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2016
The Company and Basis of Presentation
Reverse stock split	0.320615582

The Company and Basis of Pres_6

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Going Concern) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
The Company and Basis of Presentation
Accumulated deficit	$ (90,832)	$ (84,111)		$ (60,474)
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,643	$ 18,954	$ 28,039	$ 18,473	$ 24,033	$ 3,620

Summary of Significant Accoun_3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	Aug. 10, 2016shares	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)segment	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)segmentshares	Jan. 01, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017shares	Mar. 31, 2015shares
Income Taxes
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Segment Information
Number of operating segment | segment				1		1
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Right of use asset		18,000		$ 18,000		$ 68,000
Lease asset liability		$ 18,000		$ 18,000		$ 70,000
ASU 2016-02 | Adjustment
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Right of use asset							$ 100,000
Lease asset liability							100,000
ASU 2016-02 | Adjustment | Minimum
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Right of use asset							100,000
Lease asset liability							100,000
ASU 2016-02 | Adjustment | Maximum
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Right of use asset							200,000
Lease asset liability							$ 200,000
Series A
Convertible Preferred Stock
Convertible Preferred stock, share issued | shares									745,637
Shares converted | shares	827,205
Convertible Preferred stock, share outstanding | shares						0		0

Accrued Liabilities (Details)

Accrued Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Sep. 18, 2018employee	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities	$ 20	$ 137		$ 306
Workforce reduction severance		100
Legal costs	269	106		91
Accrued interest		43		38
Other research and development expenses		135		522
Other general and administrative expenses	21	17		53
Total	$ 382	$ 438		$ 1,010
Number of employees | employee			5
Workforce (as a percentage)			33.00%

Debt - Term Loan (Details)

Debt - Term Loan (Details)	Jan. 28, 2019USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2018USD ($)$ / sharesshares	Jul. 31, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)tranche$ / sharesshares	Sep. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)tranche$ / sharesshares	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Debt
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants | shares					993,204										993,204
Term of warrants					5 years										5 years
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares					$ 10.40										$ 10.40
Interest (expense) income				$ 10,000	$ (178,000)	$ (172,000)	$ (144,000)	$ (160,000)	$ (179,000)	$ (132,000)	$ 13,000	$ 12,000	$ (820,000)	$ (304,000)	$ (654,000)	$ (286,000)	$ 114,000
Outstanding borrowings									$ 8,683,000							8,683,000
Risk Free Interest Rate
Debt
Warrant measurement		2.96			2										2
Price Volatility
Debt
Warrant measurement		66			65.1										65.1
Expected Term
Debt
Term of warrants		10 years			5 years										5 years
Expected Dividend Rate
Debt
Warrant measurement		0			0										0
Minimum
Debt
Interest rate (as a percentage)					4.50%										4.50%
Debt issue costs					$ 4.25										$ 4.25
Maximum
Debt
Interest rate (as a percentage)					5.50%										5.50%
Debt issue costs					$ 4.5										$ 4.5
Term Loan
Debt
Principal amount					$ 15,000,000										$ 15,000,000
Number of tranches | tranche					3										3
Interest rate (as a percentage)					5.00%										5.00%
Cash security (as a percentage)															100.00%
Unrestricted cash					$ 18,000,000										$ 18,000,000
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses			$ 100,000
Interest (expense) income		$ 33,000													500,000	$ 300,000
Term Loan | Subsequent Event
Debt
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses	$ 800,000
Outstanding borrowings	8,900,000
Term Loan | SVB
Debt
Debt issue costs	$ 1,000,000
Final payment fee (as a percentage)	10.00%
Success fee (as a percentage)	3.50%
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants | shares		36,000
Term of warrants		10 years
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares		$ 7.47
Additional paid in capital upon issuance with offset of loan discount		$ 200,000
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses	$ 800,000
Outstanding borrowings	8,900,000
Term Loan | SVB | Subsequent Event
Debt
Debt issue costs	$ 1,000,000
Initial Tranche
Debt
Principal amount					10,000,000										10,000,000
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses															2,000
Legal fees incurred															20,000
Initial Tranche | SVB
Debt
Fee recorded as discount															10,000
Third Tranche Available Through November 2018
Debt
Principal amount					$ 5,000,000										$ 5,000,000

Debt - Term Loan Minimum Aggreg

Debt - Term Loan Minimum Aggregate Future Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Minimum aggregate future payments
Current portion	$ (9,437)	$ (1,355)
Long-term portion		$ 8,683
Term Loan
Minimum aggregate future payments
2019	4,826
2020	4,579
2021	1,370
Total minimum payments	10,775
Amount representing interest and discounts	(1,338)
Present value of minimum payments	9,437
Current portion	$ (9,437)

Debt - Interim Notes (Details)

Debt - Interim Notes (Details)	Aug. 10, 2016USD ($)shares	Feb. 29, 2016USD ($)$ / shares	Jul. 31, 2015USD ($)shares	Apr. 30, 2016USD ($)$ / shares	Feb. 29, 2016USD ($)$ / shares	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)$ / shares	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Debt
Qualified Financing threshold for debt conversion			$ 5,000,000
Debt redemption price			200.00%
Conversion ratio			115
Interest (expense) income							$ 10,000	$ (178,000)	$ (172,000)	$ (144,000)	$ (160,000)	$ (179,000)	$ (132,000)	$ 13,000	$ 12,000	$ (820,000)	$ (304,000)	$ (654,000)	$ (286,000)	$ 114,000
Interim Notes
Debt
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes		$ 200,000	$ 2,800,000	$ 5,000,000	$ 200,000	$ 2,700,000
Shares converted | shares	1,656,807		1,656,807
Convertible interest rate (as a percentage)		8.00%	8.00%		8.00%
Qualified Financing threshold for debt conversion				5,000,000
Principal amount		$ 5,600,000		10,600,000	$ 5,600,000	$ 5,500,000
Debt issue costs				$ 10,000
Conversion ratio				125	115
Conversion price | $ / shares		$ 6.70585		$ 6.70585	$ 6.70585	$ 6.70585
Premium conversion derivative								$ 0				$ 0						$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Interest (expense) income	$ 200,000

Commitments and Contingencies -

Commitments and Contingencies - Pfizer License Agreement (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Commitments and Contingencies
No liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement	$ 2,050,000	$ 11,920,000	$ 15,076,000
Pfizer, Inc.
Commitments and Contingencies
No liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement	$ 0
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement
Commitments and Contingencies
No liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement		$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies_2

Commitments and Contingencies - Preferred Stock Dividends (Details) - Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. - USD ($)	Aug. 10, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2015
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Dividend rate		8.00%
Original issue price, per share				$ 6.70585
Shares converted	827,205
Cumulative unpaid dividends		$ 0	$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies_3

Commitments and Contingencies - Other Agreements (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Other Agreements
Agreement Term	3 years
Monthly base rent	$ 8,400
Lease term monthly base rate	$ 8,900
Future minimum lease payments of operating leases:
2019		$ 71,000
Total		71,000
Office Rental
Other Agreements
Rent expense		$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 58,000

License Agreement (Details)

License Agreement (Details) - USD ($)	Feb. 12, 2018	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2015	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
License Agreements
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,592,858			3,592,858
Issuance of common stock				$ 25,150,000			$ 25,150,000	$ 30,278,000
Milestones or royalty payments triggered						$ 0	$ 0
Common Stock
License Agreements
Issuance of stock (in shares)				3,592,858			3,592,858	3,027,755
Issuance of common stock				$ 4,000			$ 4,000	$ 3,000
License Agreement | Pfizer, Inc.
License Agreements
Ownership by Pfizer		5.00%	5.00%		5.00%
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement
License Agreements
Percentage of shares of common stock offering issued to Pfizer		15.00%	15.00%
Number of years after the first commercial sale			P5Y
Issuance of stock (in shares)			675,250
Issuance of common stock			$ 900,000
Notice period			90 days		90 days
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Common Stock
License Agreements
Issuance of stock (in shares)		675,250
Issuance of common stock		$ 900,000
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Common Stock | Minimum | Pfizer, Inc.
License Agreements
Ownership by Pfizer		5.00%	5.00%		5.00%
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Milestone Payments | Maximum
License Agreements
Potential payments upon achievement of certain milestones		$ 37,000,000	$ 37,000,000		$ 37,000,000
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Milestone Payments | Maximum | Pfizer, Inc.
License Agreements
Potential payments upon achievement of certain milestones		$ 37,000,000	$ 37,000,000		$ 37,000,000

Convertible Series A Preferre_2

Convertible Series A Preferred Stock (Details) - USD ($)	Aug. 10, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Dividends deemed payable and accrued				$ 0	$ 0
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Issuance of convertible Series A preferred stock (shares)		745,637
Original issue price, per share		$ 6.70585
Aggregate consideration, cash and noncash		$ 5,000,000
Cash proceeds from issuance of Series A preferred		1,500,000
Shares converted	827,205
Dividend rate			8.00%
Liquidation preference, per share			$ 6.70585
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. | Minimum
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Liquidation preference upon transfer of voting power, percentage			50.00%
Percentage of outstanding shares which may require the Company to redeem shares			80.00%
Redemption price, as a percent of liquidation preference			150.00%
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. | Convertible Notes
Convertible Series A Preferred Stock
Noncash consideration received, debt converted into stock		$ 3,500,000
Conversion price percentage of principal and unpaid accrued interest		125.00%

Stockholders_ Equity (Deficit)

Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018	Mar. 15, 2017	Sep. 08, 2016	Mar. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2019
Common Stock
Common stock, shares issued						14,265,411	10,633,042		14,265,411
Issuance of common stock	3,592,858			3,592,858
Gross proceeds				$ 25,150		$ 25,150		$ 30,278
Offering costs					$ 2,093	$ 2,091	$ 1,287	$ 3,963
Follow On Offering
Common Stock
Common stock, shares issued	3,142,858
Issuance of common stock	3,142,858			3,592,858
Net proceeds	$ 23,100			$ 23,100
Offering costs	$ 2,100			$ 2,100
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 7			$ 7
Private placement
Common Stock
Common stock, shares issued		1,324,256
Issuance of common stock		1,324,256
Price per issue and sold units		$ 9.47
Gross proceeds		$ 12,500					$ 8,979
Number of shares per unit		1
Number of warrants per unit		0.75
Net proceeds		$ 11,300
Offering costs		$ 1,300
Overallotment
Common Stock
Issuance of common stock	450,000		27,755	450,000
Share price (in dollars per share)			$ 10

Stockholders_ Equity (Deficit_2

Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) - Warrants (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)$ / sharesshares	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)shares	Jun. 30, 2019shares	Jul. 31, 2018$ / sharesshares
Warrants
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants	993,204
Term of warrants	5 years
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares	$ 10.40
Fair market value of warrant | $	$ 4,900,000
Exercise of warrants (in shares)		15,000
Exercise of warrants | $	$ 0	$ 156,000
Warrants to purchase	1,014,204	978,204	1,014,204
Risk Free Interest Rate
Warrants
Warrant measurement	2			2.96
Expected Term
Warrants
Term of warrants	5 years			10 years
Expected Dividend Rate
Warrants
Warrant measurement	0			0
Price Volatility
Warrants
Warrant measurement	65.1			66
Term Loan | SVB
Warrants
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants				36,000
Term of warrants				10 years
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares				$ 7.47

Stockholders_ Equity (Deficit_3

Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) - Dividend Rights (Details)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)Vote / sharesshares	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)Vote / sharesshares	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)shares
Voting Rights
Preferred stock, shares outstanding | shares	0	0	0
Deferred offering costs		$ 0	$ 21,000
Common Stock
Dividends Rights
No dividends declared	$ 0	$ 0
Voting Rights
Common stock, vote per share | Vote / shares	1	1
Private placement
Voting Rights
Deferred offering costs			$ 21,000

Share-Based Compensation (Detai

Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	$ 438	$ 909	$ 911	$ 1,929	$ 4,131	$ 5,273	$ 1,718
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	275	436	559	1,147	2,378	4,091	1,166
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	$ 163	$ 473	$ 352	$ 782	$ 1,753	$ 1,182	$ 552

Share-Based Compensation - Rest

Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock (Details) - Restricted stock awards - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Restricted Stock Awards
Forfeited (in shares)	0	0	0
RSA grant activity [Rollforward], Number of Shares
Non‑vested , Beginning Balance (in shares)		4,009	348,093
Vested (in shares)		(4,009)	(344,084)
Non‑vested , Ending Balance (in shares)			4,009
RSA grant activity [Rollforward], Weighted-Average Fair Value (per share)
Non‑vested , Beginning Balance (per share)		$ 0.21	$ 0.09
Vested (per share)		$ 0.21	0.09
Non‑vested , Ending Balance (per share)			$ 0.21
Minimum
Restricted Stock Awards
Vesting period	6 months
Maximum
Restricted Stock Awards
Vesting period	24 months

Share-Based Compensation - Stoc

Share-Based Compensation - Stock Options (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Jan. 01, 2019	Sep. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2015
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vested	87,021	127,062	166,133	307,410
Percentage of company's fully diluted shares	20.00%		20.00%
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost					$ 3,900,000
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period					1 year 6 months
2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vested					709,521	861,645	276,248
A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	1,030,583		1,030,583		415,077	0			501,001
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance (in shares)	2,722,973		2,722,973
Vested			1,930,014
Number of years common shares automatically increase			10 years		10 years
Percentage of company's fully diluted shares					20.00%
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost	$ 2,800,000		$ 2,800,000
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period			1 year 1 month 6 days
Inducement Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	249,479		249,479							300,000
Employees, Directors And Consultants | 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)												320,615
Employees, Directors And Consultants | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)											2,400,000
Employees, Directors And Consultants | Inducement Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vesting period					4 years
Officers, Directors, And Employees | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Granted (in shares)					772,000	150,500	1,825,700
Officers And Employees | Inducement Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Granted (in shares)					50,000	98,000	198,000
Minimum | Employees, Directors And Consultants | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vesting period					3 years
Maximum | Employees, Directors And Consultants | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vesting period					4 years
Stock options
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance (in shares)			2,800,774	2,464,140	2,464,140	2,242,800	302,842
Granted (in shares)					822,000	248,500	2,023,700
Exercised (in shares)					(40,398)	(23,910)
Forfeited/Cancelled (in shares)					(444,968)	(3,250)	(83,742)
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance (in shares)					2,800,774	2,464,140	2,242,800	302,842
Vested and exercisable (in shares)					1,812,181
Vested and expected to vest (in shares)					2,800,774
Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance (in dollars per share)			$ 9.02	$ 9.46	$ 9.46	$ 9.07	$ 2.43
Granted (in dollars per share)					8.24	12.24	10.07
Exercise price (in dollars per share)					2.25	1.92
Forfeited/Cancelled (in dollars per share)					10.61	1.34	9.12
Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance (in dollars per share)					9.02	$ 9.46	$ 9.07	$ 2.43
Vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)					9.15
Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)					$ 9.02
Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)					7 years 11 months 16 days	8 years 6 months 29 days	9 years 5 months 23 days	9 years 7 months 6 days
Vested and exercisable (years)					7 years 8 months 19 days
Vested and expected to vest (years)					7 years 11 months 16 days
Options, Outstanding, Aggregate Intrinsic Value					$ (22,994,287)	$ (3,715,000)	$ (2,759,000)	$ 1,031,000
Vested and exercisable					(15,120,294)
Vested and expected to vest					$ (22,994,287)
Common stock aggregate intrinsic value of exercise price					$ 0.81	$ 7.95	$ 7.84
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted					5.07	7.35	6.37
Weighted average fair value per share of options vested					$ 6.15	$ 5.99	$ 4.59
Forfeited					444,968	3,250	83,742
Forecast | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)									501,001

Share-Based Compensation - Assu

Share-Based Compensation - Assumptions (Details)	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share-Based Compensation
Expected stock price volatility	66.00%	66.30%	66.30%	65.80%	71.447%
Expected life of options (years)	5 years 8 months 12 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 10 months 24 days	6 years 7 days
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Risk free interest rate	2.90%	2.70%	2.70%	2.00%	1.20%

Share-Based Compensation - 2016

Share-Based Compensation - 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 01, 2019	Sep. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2015
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Expected stock price volatility		66.00%		66.30%	66.30%	65.80%	71.447%
Expected life of options (years)		5 years 8 months 12 days		5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 10 months 24 days	6 years 7 days
Expected dividend yield		0.00%		0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Risk free interest rate		2.90%		2.70%	2.70%	2.00%	1.20%
Number of Options
Vested	87,021	127,062	166,133	307,410
Unrecognized share-based compensation
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost					$ 3.9
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period					1 year 6 months
ESPP
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Granted (in shares)			0		0
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)										150,000
A&R 2015 Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	1,030,583		1,030,583		415,077	0		501,001
Number of Options
Vested			1,930,014
Stock options outstanding	2,722,973		2,722,973
Available for future issuance	1,280,062		1,280,062
Unrecognized share-based compensation
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost	$ 2.8		$ 2.8
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period			1 year 1 month 6 days
Inducement Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	249,479		249,479						300,000
2015 Plan
Number of Options
Vested					709,521	861,645	276,248
Employees, Directors And Consultants | A&R 2015 Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)										2,400,000
Number of Options
Available for future issuance					701,261
Employees, Directors And Consultants | Inducement Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Vesting period					4 years
Number of Options
Available for future issuance					701,261
Employees, Directors And Consultants | 2015 Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)											320,615

Net Loss Per Common Share (Deta

Net Loss Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Net Loss Per Common Share
Loss allocated to preferred stock					$ 0
Incremental common stock equivalents	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Net Loss Per Common Share - Ear

Net Loss Per Common Share - Earning Per Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended										6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Numerator:
Comprehensive loss	$ (2,920,000)	$ (3,801,000)	$ (3,656,000)	$ (6,079,000)	$ (6,678,000)	$ (7,224,000)	$ (6,746,000)	$ (8,671,000)	$ (10,502,000)	$ (7,496,000)	$ (6,721,000)	$ (13,902,000)	$ (23,637,000)	$ (33,415,000)	$ (14,586,000)
Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock							$ (0.63)	$ (0.82)	$ (0.99)	$ (0.79)					(366,000)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$ (2,920,000)				$ (6,678,000)						$ (6,721,000)	$ (13,902,000)	$ (23,637,000)	$ (33,415,000)	$ (14,952,000)
Denominator:
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	14,265,411				14,232,313						14,265,411	13,340,941	13,805,552	10,349,136	5,809,396
Basic and diluted	$ (0.20)		$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.58)					$ (0.47)	$ (1.04)	$ (1.71)	$ (3.23)	$ (2.57)

Net Loss Per Common Share - Ant

Net Loss Per Common Share - Antidilutive Securities (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Stock options
Potential common shares
Potential common shares	2,722,973	3,164,838	2,722,973	3,164,838	2,800,774	2,464,140	2,242,800
Restricted stock awards
Potential common shares
Potential common shares							4,009
Warrants
Potential common shares
Potential common shares	1,014,204	978,204	1,014,204	978,204	1,014,204	978,204

Fair Value Measurements - Narra

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Recurring
Fair value measurements
Total liabilities at Fair Value	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Nonrecurring
Fair value measurements
Total liabilities at Fair Value	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements - Roll-

Fair Value Measurements - Roll-Forward of Premium conversion Derivative Liabilities (Details) - Premium conversion derivative $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Roll-forward of the company's premium conversion derivative liabilities
Balance as of beginning of period	$ 345
Issuance of underlying convertible notes	505
Change in fair value of premium conversion derivative	$ (850)

Income Taxes (Details)

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
US Corporate income tax rate					21.00%	34.00%	34.00%
Effective tax rate	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Income tax benefit (expense)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Maximum
US Corporate income tax rate						35.00%

Income Taxes - Reconciliation o

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of income tax (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Reconciliation of income tax:
Income tax (benefit) provision at federal statutory rate (as a percent)					(21.00%)	(34.00%)	(34.00%)
Valuation allowance					28.20%	21.00%	40.20%
U.S. tax reform (as a percent)						20.20%
State income tax, net of federal benefit (as a percent)					(4.80%)	(4.10%)	(4.70%)
Convertible notes (as a percent)							1.10%
Research credits (as a percent)					(3.00%)	(3.60%)	(4.00%)
Other (as a percent)					0.60%	0.50%	1.40%
Effective tax rate (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%

Income Taxes -Significant compo

Income Taxes -Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state operating loss carryforwards	$ 5,073	$ 3,349
Research and development costs deferral election	12,264	8,881
Acquired intangibles	235	235
Term loan		33
Charitable contributions	21	14
Stock-based compensation	2,618	1,722
Research and development credit carryforwards	2,655	1,947
Total deferred tax assets	22,866	16,181
Valuation allowance	$ (22,866)	$ (16,181)

Income Taxes - Additional Infor

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating loss carryforwards
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance, Total	$ 22,866,000	$ 16,181,000
Federal net operating loss carryforwards	4,200,000	2,800,000
Research and development credit carryforwards	2,655,000	1,947,000
State net operating loss carryforwards	900,000	600,000
State research credit carryforwards	$ 100,000	45,000
Income tax:
Threshold percentage of shareholders ownership change	5.00%
Minimum increase in ownership percentage annual limitation may result in expiration of NOL and credits	50.00%
Period for testing percentage of ownership change	36 months
Uncertain tax positions	$ 0	0
Interest or penalties	$ 0	$ 0

Quarterly Data (Details)

Quarterly Data (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended										6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 18, 2018
Operating expenses:
General and administrative	$ 1,115,000		$ 1,468,000	$ 2,364,000	$ 2,574,000	$ 2,087,000	$ 1,487,000	$ 2,050,000	$ 4,678,000	$ 2,223,000	$ 2,522,000	$ 4,661,000	$ 8,493,000	$ 10,438,000	$ 5,956,000
Research and development	1,234,000		1,833,000	3,542,000	3,960,000	4,977,000	5,080,000	6,489,000	5,837,000	5,280,000	2,627,000	8,937,000	14,312,000	22,686,000	8,740,000
Total operating expenses	2,349,000		3,301,000	5,906,000	6,534,000	7,064,000	6,567,000	8,539,000	10,515,000	7,503,000	5,149,000	13,598,000	22,805,000	33,124,000	14,696,000
Loss from operations	(2,349,000)		(3,301,000)	(5,906,000)	(6,534,000)	(7,064,000)	(6,567,000)	(8,539,000)	(10,515,000)	(7,503,000)	(5,149,000)	(13,598,000)	(22,805,000)	(33,124,000)	(14,696,000)
Interest (expense) income	10,000		(178,000)	(172,000)	(144,000)	(160,000)	(179,000)	(132,000)	13,000	12,000	(820,000)	(304,000)	(654,000)	(286,000)	114,000
Other income	(581,000)		(177,000)	(1,000)						(5,000)	(752,000)		(178,000)	(5,000)	(4,000)
Loss before income taxes	(2,920,000)		(3,656,000)	(6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	(7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	0				0						0	0	0
Net loss	(2,920,000)	$ (3,801,000)	(3,656,000)	(6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	(7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Comprehensive loss	(2,920,000)		(3,656,000)	(6,079,000)	(6,678,000)	(7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	(33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Comprehensive loss	$ (2,920,000)	$ (3,801,000)	$ (3,656,000)	$ (6,079,000)	$ (6,678,000)	$ (7,224,000)	(6,746,000)	(8,671,000)	(10,502,000)	(7,496,000)	$ (6,721,000)	$ (13,902,000)	(23,637,000)	$ (33,415,000)	(14,586,000)
Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock							$ (0.63)	$ (0.82)	$ (0.99)	$ (0.79)					$ (366,000)
Workforce (as a percentage)																33.00%
Workforce reduction related expenses													$ 1,600,000
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted	$ (0.20)		$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.58)					$ (0.47)	$ (1.04)	$ (1.71)	$ (3.23)	$ (2.57)
General and administrative
Operating expenses:
Workforce reduction related expenses													$ 600,000
Research and development
Operating expenses:
Workforce reduction related expenses													$ 1,000,000

Related Party Transactions - Re

Related Party Transactions - Rental agreement (Details) - Office Rental	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)item
Other Agreements
Rent expense	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 58,000
LLC owned by two officers
Other Agreements
Number of officers | item		2	2	2
Rent expense	$ 0		$ 21,000	$ 23,000

Related Party Transactions - In

Related Party Transactions - Interim Notes (Details)	Feb. 29, 2016USD ($)item	Jul. 31, 2015USD ($)	Apr. 30, 2016USD ($)item	Feb. 29, 2016USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Sep. 18, 2018employee
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of employees | employee						5
Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $	$ 200,000	$ 2,800,000	$ 5,000,000	$ 200,000	$ 2,700,000
Debt Issued To Related Parties | Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $			5,000,000
Investor - 2 Board members | Debt Issued To Related Parties | Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $				$ 81,000
Number of notes issued to related party | item	2			2
Number of board members related to investors | item	2			2
Investor related to an officer | Debt Issued To Related Parties | Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $				$ 20,000
Investors related to 2 officers | Debt Issued To Related Parties | Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $			$ 200,000
Number of notes issued to related party | item			2
Number of officers | item			2
Investors related to three directors | Debt Issued To Related Parties | Interim Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes | $			$ 2,300,000
Number of notes issued to related party | item			3
Number of board members related to investors | item			3

Related Party Transactions - IP

Related Party Transactions - IPO and Private Placement (Details) $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018shares	Mar. 15, 2017USD ($)persondirectorshares	Aug. 04, 2016USD ($)persondirectorshares	Mar. 31, 2018USD ($)itemshares	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares	3,592,858			3,592,858
Gross proceeds | $				$ 25,150	$ 25,150		$ 30,278
IPO
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of shares sold to 5 officers and 3 board members | shares			154,450
Number of officers | person			5
Number of board members | director			3
Proceeds from issuance of shares to 5 officers and 3 board members | $			$ 1,500
Number of shares sold to 1 investor related to 1 of the Company's directors | shares			500,000
Number of investor related to 1 of the Company’s directors | person			1
Number of shares sold to 14 investors who are related to 5 officers of the Company | shares			47,000
Proceeds from issuance of shares to 14 investors who are related to 5 officers of the Company | $			$ 500
Number of investors related to 5 officers of the company | person			14
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares			3,000,000
Proceeds from issuance of shares to 1 investor related to 1 of the Company's directors | $			$ 5,000
Private placement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares		1,324,256
Gross proceeds | $		$ 12,500				$ 8,979
Follow On Offering
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of officers | item				1
Number of shares sold to 1 investor				14,286
Proceeds from issuance of shares to 1 investor | $				$ 100
Number of shares sold to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member				71,429
Proceeds from issuance of shares to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member | $				$ 500
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares	3,142,858			3,592,858
Number of investor | item				1
Three Board Members | Private placement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of board members | director		3
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares		56,678
Gross proceeds | $		$ 500
One Board Member | Private placement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of board members | director		1
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares		52,798
Gross proceeds | $		$ 500
Number of investor | person		1

Defined Contribution Plan (Deta

Defined Contribution Plan (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)age	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)age	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)
Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Minimum age of employee to cover under the plan | age			21		21
Employee compensation deferred percentage			100.00%		100.00%
Employer match of employee contributions of eligible compensation			100.00%		100.00%
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			3.00%		3.00%
Employer match of over all employee contributions of eligible compensation			50.00%		50.00%
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			3.00%
Percentage of employee contribution vested on their contribution			100.00%		100.00%
Employer matches vesting period			6 years		6 years
Amount of discretionary matching contributions on employee deferrals | $	$ 19,000	$ 29,000	$ 47,000	$ 54,000	$ 100,000	$ 0
Maximum
Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			5.00%		5.00%

Subsequent Events (Details)

Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jan. 28, 2019	Jul. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Subsequent Events
Term loan						$ 8,683
A&R 2015 Plan
Subsequent Events
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)			1,030,583	501,001	415,077	0
A&R 2015 Plan | Subsequent Event
Subsequent Events
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)				501,001
Term Loan
Subsequent Events
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses		$ 100
Term Loan | Subsequent Event
Subsequent Events
Term loan	$ 8,900
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses	800
SVB | Term Loan
Subsequent Events
Term loan	8,900
Payment fee due	1,000
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses	800
SVB | Term Loan | Subsequent Event
Subsequent Events
Payment fee due	$ 1,000

Condensed Balance Sheets_2

Condensed Balance Sheets $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,643
Restricted cash	15
Prepaid expenses	252
Other assets	78
Total current assets	3,988
Right-of-use assets and deposits	26
Total assets	4,014
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,668
Accrued liabilities	382
Total current liabilities	2,050
Long-term liabilities:
Total liabilities	2,050
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, no shares issued or outstanding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 14,265,411 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.	22
Additional paid in capital	92,774
Accumulated deficit	(90,832)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,964
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 4,014

Condensed Balance Sheets (Par_2

Condensed Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Aug. 03, 2016
Condensed Balance Sheets
Preferred stock, par value (in dollar per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollar per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	14,265,411	14,265,411	10,633,042
Common stock, shares outstanding	14,265,411	14,265,411	10,633,042

Condensed Statements of Compr_2

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Operating expenses:
General and administrative	$ 1,115,000	$ 2,574,000	$ 2,522,000	$ 4,661,000
Research and development	1,234,000	3,960,000	2,627,000	8,937,000
Total operating expenses	2,349,000	6,534,000	5,149,000	13,598,000
Loss from operations	(2,349,000)	(6,534,000)	(5,149,000)	(13,598,000)
Interest income (expense), net	10,000	(144,000)	(820,000)	(304,000)
Other expense	(581,000)		(752,000)
Loss before income taxes	(2,920,000)	(6,678,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	0	0	0	0
Net loss	(2,920,000)	(6,678,000)	(6,721,000)	(13,902,000)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	0	0	0	0
Comprehensive loss	$ (2,920,000)	$ (6,678,000)	$ (6,721,000)	$ (13,902,000)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted (Note 9)	$ (0.20)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.47)	$ (1.04)
Number of shares used in per share calculations:
Basic and diluted	14,265,411	14,232,313	14,265,411	13,340,941

Condensed Statements of Chang_2

Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders? Equity (Deficit) - USD ($)	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 12,000		$ (12,392,000)	$ (12,380,000)
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2015	3,758,488
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock	$ 3,000	$ 30,275,000		30,278,000
Issuance of common stock	3,027,755
Issuance costs		(4,168,000)		(4,168,000)
Share-based compensation - employee		1,498,000		1,498,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee		220,000		220,000
Net loss			(14,586,000)	(14,586,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 17,000	47,674,000	(27,059,000)	20,632,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2016	9,270,255
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of stock options		41,000		41,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	23,531
Share-based compensation - employee		5,244,000		5,244,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee		29,000		29,000
Net loss			(33,415,000)	(33,415,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 18,000	64,397,000	(60,474,000)	3,941,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017	10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock	$ 4,000	25,146,000		$ 25,150,000
Issuance of common stock	3,592,858			3,592,858
Issuance costs		(2,093,000)		$ (2,093,000)
Exercise of stock options		23,000		23,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	6,413
Share-based compensation - employee		1,019,000		1,019,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee		1,000		1,000
Net loss			(7,224,000)	(7,224,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2018	$ 22,000	88,493,000	(67,698,000)	20,817,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2018	14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 18,000	64,397,000	(60,474,000)	3,941,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017	10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of warrants				0
Net loss				(13,902,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2018	$ 22,000	89,402,000	(74,376,000)	15,048,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2018	14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 18,000	64,397,000	(60,474,000)	3,941,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017	10,633,042
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock	$ 4,000	25,146,000		25,150,000
Issuance of common stock	3,592,858
Issuance costs		(2,091,000)		(2,091,000)
Exercise of stock options		84,000		84,000
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	39,511
Share-based compensation - employee		4,128,000		4,128,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee		3,000		3,000
Net loss			(23,637,000)	(23,637,000)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 22,000	91,863,000	(84,111,000)	7,774,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2018	$ 22,000	88,493,000	(67,698,000)	20,817,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2018	14,232,313
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of warrants				0
Share-based compensation - employee		908,000		908,000
Share-based compensation - non-employee		1,000		1,000
Net loss			(6,678,000)	(6,678,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2018	$ 22,000	89,402,000	(74,376,000)	15,048,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2018	14,232,313
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 22,000	91,863,000	(84,111,000)	7,774,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation - employee		473,000		473,000
Net loss			(3,801,000)	(3,801,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 22,000	92,336,000	(87,912,000)	4,446,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 22,000	91,863,000	(84,111,000)	7,774,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of warrants				0
Net loss				(6,721,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 22,000	92,774,000	(90,832,000)	1,964,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	14,265,411
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 22,000	92,336,000	(87,912,000)	4,446,000
Balance at beginning of period (shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	14,265,411
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of warrants				0
Share-based compensation - employee		438,000		438,000
Net loss			(2,920,000)	(2,920,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 22,000	$ 92,774,000	$ (90,832,000)	$ 1,964,000
Balance at end of period (shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	14,265,411

Statements of Cash Flows_2

Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (2,920)	$ (3,656)	$ (6,678)	$ (6,746)	$ (6,721)	$ (13,902)	$ (23,637)	$ (33,415)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation					911	1,929	4,131	5,273
Non-cash discount amortization on term loan					822	154	346	137
Change in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets					384	(223)	(196)	198
Accounts payable					(376)	(1,456)	(1,981)	2,007
Accrued and other liabilities					(57)	(16)	(574)	(1,101)
Net cash used in operating activities					(5,037)	(13,514)	(21,911)	(26,901)
Financing activities
Repayment of principal					(10,259)		(741)
Exercise of stock options						23	84	41
Proceeds from sale of common stock						25,150	25,150	12,541
Offering costs						(2,093)	(2,091)	(1,287)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities					(10,259)	23,080	22,392	21,341
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash					(15,296)	9,566
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period					18,954	18,473	18,473
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	3,658	18,954	28,039	18,473	3,658	28,039	18,954	18,473
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest					75	232	488	291
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and equivalents	3,643	$ 18,954	28,039	$ 18,473	3,643	28,039	$ 18,954	$ 18,473
Restricted cash	15				15
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 3,658		$ 28,039		$ 3,658	$ 28,039

The Company and Basis of Pres_7

The Company and Basis of Presentation	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
The Company and Basis of Presentation
The Company and Basis of Presentation	1. The Company and Basis of Presentation The Company, headquartered in Livonia Michigan, is a clinical‑stage biopharmaceutical entity focused on developing and commercializing therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease, particularly orphan indications as well as NAFLD/NASH (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). The Company’s primary activities to date have been conducting research and development activities, planning and conducting clinical trials, performing business and financial planning, recruiting personnel and raising capital. On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) with GR Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub”), and NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NeuroBo”), pursuant to which Merger Sub will merge with and into NeuroBo, with NeuroBo surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company in an all-stock transaction (the “Merger”). (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events .) The Company is subject to certain risks, which include risks related to the proposed Merger and the need to research, develop, and clinically test potentially therapeutic products, initially one product candidate gemcabene (also known as CI‑1027); obtain regulatory approval for its products and commercialize them around the world, if approved; expand its management scientific staff; finance its operations; and find collaboration partners to further advance development and commercial efforts. Follow-On Public Offering On February 12, 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the Follow-On Offering) of 3,142,858 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. As part of such offering, the Company issued 450,000 additional shares of common stock representing partial exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Capital Requirements The Company has sustained operating losses since inception and expects such losses to continue over the next several years. Management plans to continue financing the Company’s operations with equity and/or debt issuances. The Company’s management believes the Company’s cash and cash equivalents on hand are not adequate to fund the Company’s operations for at least the next 12 months (see Going Concern section below). If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate part or all of its research and development programs or discontinue its operations. Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared by the Company, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed financial statements may not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP; however, the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019 . The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2018 was derived from the audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods, have been made. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future periods. Going Concern The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has disclosed its conclusions regarding whether there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of the issuance of these financial statements. In the course of its activities, the Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $90.8 million. The Company expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $3.6 million at June 30, 2019 are not sufficient to fund the Company's current operating plan for at least twelve months after the date the condensed financial statements are issued. The Company has no current source of revenue to sustain its present activities and does not expect to generate revenue until, and unless, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory authorities approve, and the Company successfully commercializes, gemcabene or any other product candidate it may pursue in the future or unless certain development and commercialization milestones are met under the Beijing SL Agreement (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events ). Until such time, if ever, the Company expects to finance its cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings as well as collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. The Company does not have any committed external source of funds beyond the upfront gross payment of $2.5 million due from Beijing SL under the Beijing SL Agreement (See Note 14 – Subsequent Events ) and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, or the proposed Merger is not consummated, the Company may have to significantly reduce or terminate its operations or delay, further scale back or discontinue the development of gemcabene or the board of directors may elect to dissolve and liquidate the Company’s assets. The condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.	1. The Company and Basis of Presentation The Company, headquartered in Livonia, Michigan, is a clinical‑stage biopharmaceutical entity focused on developing and commercializing therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemias as well as NAFLD/NASH with an initial focus on orphan indications including HoFH, FCS, and FPL. The Company’s primary activities to date have been conducting research and development activities, planning and conducting clinical trials, performing business and financial planning, recruiting personnel and raising capital. The Company is subject to certain risks, which include the need to research, develop, and clinically test potentially therapeutic products, initially one product candidate gemcabene (also known as CI‑1027); obtain regulatory approval for its products and commercialize them around the world, if approved; expand its management scientific staff; finance its operations; and find collaboration partners to further advance development and commercial efforts. Initial Public Offering On August 4, 2016, the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-210815) relating to its initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Pursuant to such Registration Statement, on August 10, 2016, the Company closed its IPO whereby 3,000,000 shares of its common stock were issued and sold at a public offering price of $10.00 per share. On September 8, 2016, the Company closed the sale of 27,755 shares of its common stock at the public offering price of $10.00 per share, representing a partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, following which, the IPO terminated. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $26.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $2.1 million and other offering expenses of $2.1 million. Immediately prior to the IPO, the Company amended and restated its certificate of incorporation and bylaws to, among other things, change its authorized capital stock to consist of (i) 100,000,000 shares of common stock and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock. Both the common stock and the preferred stock have a par value of $0.001 per share. Private Placement Offering On March 10, 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement for a private placement (the Private Placement) with a select group of accredited investors whereby, on March 15, 2017 the Company issued and sold 1,324,256 units at a price of $9.47 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately $12.5 million. Each unit consists of one share of the Company’s common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $10.40 per share and are exercisable for a period of five years from the date of issuance. On April 20, 2017, the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-217296) for the resale of the shares of common stock issued in the Private Placement and the shares of common stock to be issued upon exercise of the warrants issued in the Private Placement was declared effective by the SEC. Follow-On Public Offering On February 12, 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the Follow-On Offering) of 3,142,858 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. As part of such offering, the Company issued 450,000 additional shares of common stock representing partial exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Reverse Stock Split In April 2016, the board of directors approved an amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-3.119 reverse stock split (the Reverse Stock Split) for all common and Series A preferred stock. The Reverse Stock Split became effective on April 27, 2016 upon the filing of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation. The authorized shares and par value of the common stock and Series A preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All issued and outstanding common and Series A preferred stock, options for common stock and per share amounts contained in the financial statements were retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) effective December 31, 2016, which requires the Company to make certain disclosures if it concludes that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of the issuance of these financial statements. In the course of its activities, the Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $84.1 million. The Company expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $19.0 million at December 31, 2018 are not sufficient to fund the Company's current operating plan for at least twelve months after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. See “Contractual Obligations and Commitments—Term Loan” below regarding our prepayment of all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan subsequent to year end. We have no current source of revenue to sustain our present activities, and we do not expect to generate revenue until, and unless, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory authorities approve gemcabene and we successfully commercialize gemcabene. Until such time, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings as well as collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of gemcabene. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Summary of Significant Accoun_4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and invests in highly liquid investments in money market accounts. Restricted Cash The Company considers the cash security requirement related to a commercial credit card arrangement with Silicon Valley Bank as restricted cash (See Note 4 – Debt ). Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s condensed financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these condensed financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 10 — Fair Value Measurements , for further discussion of fair values. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development activities, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets. Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease particularly orphan indications. Accordingly, the Company has a single reportable segment. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. This pronouncement is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and applied the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company did not restate comparative periods and did not recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption given that no difference in operating expense resulted upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard did not have an impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.	2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and highly liquid investments in money market accounts. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of fair value. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Acquired In‑Process Research and Development Expenses The Company includes costs to acquire or in‑license product candidates in acquired in‑process research and development expenses. The Company has acquired the right to develop and commercialize its product candidate gemcabene. These costs are immediately expensed provided that the payments do not also represent processes or activities that would constitute a “business” as defined under GAAP or provided that the product candidate has not achieved regulatory approval for marketing and absent obtaining such approval, has no alternative future use. Royalties owed on future sales of any licensed product will be expensed in the period the related revenues are recognized. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets. Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re‑measurement as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period (typically the vesting period of the awards). Common Stock Valuation Due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to the close of the IPO, the Company utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately‑Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation , to estimate the fair value of its common stock. The valuation methodology included estimates and assumptions that required the Company’s judgment. These estimates and assumptions included a number of objective and subjective factors, including external market conditions affecting the biopharmaceutical industry sector, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale. Significant changes to the key assumptions used in the valuations could have resulted in different fair values of common stock at each valuation date. Convertible Preferred Stock On March 31, 2015, the Company issued 745,637 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock (the Series A preferred stock). On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock. The Series A preferred stock prior to conversion was classified outside of permanent equity, in mezzanine equity, on the Company’s balance sheet. The Company initially records preferred stock that may be redeemed at the option of the holder, or based on the occurrence of events outside of the Company’s control, at the value of the proceeds received. Subsequently, if it is probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company recognizes changes in the redemption value immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying amount of the instrument to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. If it is not probable that the preferred stock will become redeemable, the Company does not adjust the carrying value. In the absence of retained earnings, these charges are recorded against additional paid‑in‑capital, if any, and then to accumulated deficit. As a result of their conversion to common stock on August 10, 2016 as described above, no shares of Series A preferred stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease and NAFLD/NASH. Accordingly, the Company has a single reporting segment. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC 605. The new guidance primarily states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. In January 2017 and September 2017, the FASB issued several amendments to ASU 2014‑09, including updates stemming from SEC Accounting Staff Announcement in July 2017. The amendments and updates included clarification on accounting for principal versus agent considerations (i.e., reporting gross versus net), licenses of intellectual property and identification of performance obligations. These amendments and updates do not change the core principle of the standard but provide clarity and implementation guidance. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and selected the modified retrospective transition method. The Company modified its accounting policies to reflect the requirements of this standard; however, the planned adoption will not affect the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures for these periods or future periods until the Company generates revenues. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , that codified the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) issued on December 22, 2017, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete, but for which they are able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional amount in the financial statements. Provisional treatment is proper in light of anticipated additional guidance from various taxing authorities, the SEC, the FASB, and even the Joint Committee on Taxation. If a company cannot determine a provisional amount to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA. The Company has applied this guidance to its financial statements and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements . Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. The guidance is effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company plans to adopt the standard on January 1, 2019, and will apply the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company would not restate comparative periods and would recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption. The Company plans to elect the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company is in the process of completing an impact analysis over the application of the standard as of the planned adoption date. The Company expects to recognize a range of approximately $0.1 million to $0.2 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. The finalization of our assessment may result in significant changes to our estimates. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and Derivatives and Hedging , which changes the accounting and earnings per share for certain instruments with down round features. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year or retrospective adjustment to each period presented and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods. The Company is currently evaluating the requirements of this new guidance and has not yet determined its impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.

Accrued Liabilities_2

Accrued Liabilities	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued Liabilities	3. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): June 30, December 31, 2019 2018 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 20 $ 137 Legal costs 269 106 Accrued interest — 43 Lease liability 18 — Other research and development expenses 54 135 Other general and administrative expenses 21 17 Total $ 382 $ 438	3. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 2017 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 137 $ 306 Legal costs 106 91 Accrued interest 43 38 Other research and development expenses 135 522 Other general and administrative expenses 17 53 Total $ 438 $ 1,010 On September 18, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a workforce reduction involving 5 employees (or 33% of the workforce at that time) to lower costs and conserve cash resources in light of the previously announced request by the FDA for additional pre-clinical data. $0.1 million of unpaid severance costs related to the workforce reduction remained in accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and is included in accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities.

Debt_2

Debt	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt
Debt	4. Debt Term Loan On January 25, 2019, the Company agreed to prepay in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Original Loan Agreement”) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) dated July 24, 2017 (the “Initial Effective Date”), as amended by the First Amendment, dated July 31, 2018 (the “First Amendment” and, the Original Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, the “Loan Agreement”). Effective January 28, 2019, the Company prepaid in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan. As of the date of repayment, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in principal and interest outstanding as well as a final payment fee due of $1.0 million. Upon repayment, approximately $0.8 million of unamortized note discounts were recognized as interest expense. The obligations, liabilities, covenants, and terms that are expressly specified in the Loan Agreement and any other related loan and collateral security documents issued by the Company to SVB in connection with the transaction evidenced by the Loan Agreement as surviving termination shall continue to survive notwithstanding the payment, including without limitation, the Company’s indemnity obligations and the Company’s obligation to pay to SVB a success fee of 3.5% of the funded principal amount of the Term Loan in the event any of the following occur on or before 5:00 PM, Eastern time, on July 24, 2024: (a) the Company receives FDA approval for any new drug application for gemcabene, (b) a sale or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company occurs, (c) a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person or entity occurs where the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation hold less than a majority of the issued and outstanding voting equity securities of the successor immediately following such transaction or (d) any sale by the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities where such holders do not continue to hold at least a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding voting equity securities immediately following the consummation of such transaction. The Merger, upon completion, will trigger a success fee of $350,000 (See Note 14 - Subsequent Events ). The Warrant to purchase 36,000 shares (subject to adjustment) of the Company’s common stock dated as of July 31, 2018 between the Company and SVB remains outstanding and exercisable in accordance with its terms. The Company was required to reserve $15,000 in cash related to a SVB commercial credit card arrangement in February 2019 upon the prepayment of the Term Loan. The cash reserve is reflected as restricted cash in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.	4. Debt Term Loan On January 25, 2019, the Company agreed to prepay in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Loan and Security Agreement (the Original Loan Agreement) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) dated July 24, 2017 (the “Initial Effective Date”), as amended by the First Amendment, dated July 31, 2018 (the First Amendment and, the Original Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, the Loan Agreement), which prepayment was effective January 28, 2019. Upon payoff, any unfunded commitments to make credit extensions or financial accommodations to the Company terminated, and all security interests and other liens granted to or held by SVB as security for the obligations were terminated and automatically released, except those that were specified as surviving termination (see Note 16 – Subsequent Events ). This note describes the terms of the Loan Agreement in effect on December 31, 2018 prior to the prepayment. The Loan Agreement established a term loan facility (the Term Loan) in the aggregate principal amount of up to $15,000,000 to be funded in up to three tranches. Of such amount, $10,000,000 was funded on the Initial Effective Date. A third tranche of $5,000,000 was available through November 30, 2018 conditioned on the occurrence of certain events and was not drawn by the Company. Under the Loan Agreement, if a Pre-Clinical Event did not occur on or prior to September 30, 2019 or, if at any time prior to a Pre-Clinical Event, the Company’s unrestricted cash balance at SVB was less than $18,000,000, the Company was required to either (i) provide cash security and maintain a cash balance in a restricted account at SVB in an amount not less than 100% of the amounts owed by the Company to SVB or (ii) prepay the Term Loan, including certain fees, in its entirety. All amounts advanced under the Term Loan would have matured on February 1, 2021. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company issued a warrant to SVB (the Warrant) to purchase 36,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share on July 31, 2018. The Warrant is immediately exercisable and has a term of ten years. The exercise price and number and type of shares underlying the Warrant are subject to adjustment upon specified events, including any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described therein. The Warrant contains a “cashless exercise” feature that allows SVB to exercise the Warrant without a cash payment to the Company, on a net issuance basis, based upon the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise, upon the terms set forth therein. The Warrant was deemed to be a free-standing instrument and was accounted for as equity given that there were no variable terms. The Company recorded $0.2 million to additional paid-in capital upon issuance with an offset to a discount to the Term Loan. A Black-Scholes pricing model was used to estimate the aggregate fair value of the Warrant on the issuance date. Input assumptions used were as follows: risk-free interest rate of 2.96 percent; expected volatility of 66 percent; expected life of 10 years; and expected dividend yield of 0 percent. The discount to the Term Loan associated with the Warrant is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreement and amounted to $33,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of the date of payment on January 28, 2019, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in outstanding borrowings and approximately $1.0 million in outstanding interest and fees under the Loan Agreement, including the final payment fee equal to 10% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan funded by SVB and drawn by the Company, which were repaid in full at the time of payment. The obligations, liabilities, covenants, and terms that are expressly specified in the Loan Agreement and any other related loan and collateral security documents issued by the Company to SVB in connection with the transaction evidenced by the Loan Agreement as surviving termination shall continue to survive notwithstanding the payment, including without limitation, the Company’s indemnity obligations and the Company’s obligation to pay to SVB a success fee of 3.5% of the funded principal amount of the Term Loan in the event any of the following occur on or before 5:00 PM, Eastern time, on July 24, 2024: (a) the Company receives FDA approval for any new drug application for gemcabene, (b) a sale or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company occurs, (c) a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person or entity occurs where the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation hold less than a majority of the issued and outstanding voting equity securities of the successor immediately following such transaction or (d) any sale by the holders of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities where such holders do not continue to hold at least a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding voting equity securities immediately following the consummation of such transaction. No event requiring payment of the success fee has occurred through the issuance date of these audited financial statements. Lastly, the Warrant to purchase 36,000 shares (subject to adjustment) of the Company’s common stock dated as of July 31, 2018 between the Company and SVB will remain outstanding and exercisable in accordance with its terms. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company was charged $10,000 by SVB and the fee was recorded as a discount to the Term Loan; the discount is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreement and amounted to $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, the Company incurred $20,000 in third-party legal fees which were recorded to general and administrative expense in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company was in compliance with the Loan Agreement covenants as of December 31, 2018 and through the repayment of the Term Loan on January 28, 2019. Interest accrued on the unpaid principal balance at a floating per annum rate equal to the prime rate, except that, following an event of default, interest would have accrued at a rate up to 5% above the rate that is otherwise applicable. The prime rate in effect for the year ended December 31, 2018 ranged from 4.5% to 5.5% and the prime rate in effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 ranged from 4.25% to 4.5%. Lastly, debt issue costs that were incurred upon the July 2017 issuance of the Term Loan in the amount of $0.1 million were recorded as a discount to the Term Loan and were amortized ratably to interest expense over the term of the loan. The Company recorded in aggregate $0.5 million and $0.3 million interest expense related to the Term Loan for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, minimum aggregate future payments under the Term Loan were as follows (in thousands) prior to repayment in January 2019: December 31, 2019 $ 2020 2021 Total minimum payments Amount representing interest and discounts (1,338) Present value of minimum payments Current portion (9,437) Long-term portion $ - Future minimum interest payments under the Term Loan reflect the 5.5% per annum rate in effect at December 31, 2018 and on the date of repayment in January 2019. Given the intent of the Company to pay-off the Term Loan in January 2019 as of the December 31, 2018 balance sheet date, the Company classified the otherwise long-term portion of the Term Loan obligation as a current liability consistent with ASC 210 and other related accounting guidance. See Note 16 – Subsequent Events . Interim Notes On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into a convertible interim note financing (collectively with the notes issued in December 2015, February 2016 and April 2016, the Interim Notes), pursuant to which certain investors agreed to loan the Company approximately $2.8 million. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, converted into 1,656,807 shares of common stock. The Interim Notes accrued interest at a rate of 8% per annum, compounded annually, and would automatically convert into shares issued to investors in the Company’s next equity financing round that results in gross proceeds of at least $5.0 million (a Qualified Financing). The conversion would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus any unpaid accrued interest. The investors would be paid out principal at 200% if a change of control occurred before the next financing round. In the event that a Qualified Financing, change of control, or an IPO did not occur before July 31, 2016, the parties would then negotiate a price for conversion into a new round of stock. In December 2015, the Company amended the Interim Notes and certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $2.7 million for a revised financing total of $5.5 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended to automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next convertible preferred stock financing round (the Preferred Stock Financing). The conversion into shares issued in the Preferred Stock Financing would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus unpaid accrued interest. In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Preferred Stock Financing, the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share (which represents the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock) based on 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest. Lastly, if a Preferred Stock Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur before December 31, 2016, the parties agreed to then negotiate a conversion price into a new round of stock. In February 2016, certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $0.2 million for a revised financing total of $5.6 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended to automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next Preferred Stock Financing. The conversion into shares issued in the Preferred Stock Financing would be equal to unpaid principal at 115% plus unpaid accrued interest. In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Preferred Stock Financing, the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share (which represents the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split) based on 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest. Lastly, if a Preferred Stock Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur before December 31, 2016, the parties agreed to then negotiate a conversion price into a new round of stock. In April 2016, the Company amended the Interim Notes and certain investors agreed to loan the Company an additional $5.0 million for a revised financing total, including Interim Notes previously issued, of $10.6 million. The Interim Notes continued to accrue interest at an 8% rate per annum compounded annually, but were amended so that 125% of the unpaid principal and accrued interest, would automatically convert into shares of the same class of the Company’s next convertible preferred stock financing round of at least $5.0 million (the Qualified Financing). In the event that either a change of control occurs or the Company completes a public transaction which results in the Company’s stockholders holding securities listed on a national securities exchange, including an IPO, before the Qualified Financing, 100% of outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest on the Interim Notes, as amended, would automatically convert into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $6.70585 per share, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. Lastly, if a Qualified Financing, change of control, or public transaction did not occur, the Interim Notes would become payable on demand any time after December 31, 2016. The Company incurred issuance costs related to the April 2016 financing in the amount of $10,000. The Interim Notes were discounted for the issuance costs, and the discount was amortized to interest expense over their remaining term using the straight‑line method. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, converted into 1,656,807 shares of common stock. At the time of their issuance, the Interim Notes contained a conversion premium with regard to the conversion into shares at the time of the next Qualified Financing. The Company determined that the redemption feature under the Interim Notes qualified as an embedded derivative and was separated from its debt host. The bifurcation of the embedded derivative from its debt host resulted in a discount to the Interim Notes. The discount was amortized to interest expense over the term of the Interim Notes using the straight‑line method. The embedded derivative was accounted for separately on a fair market value basis. The Company recorded the fair value changes of the premium conversion derivative associated with the Interim Notes to interest income (expense) that amounted to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. As a result of the conversion of the Interim Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, into common stock immediately prior to the closing of the IPO on August 10, 2016, there were no Interim Notes or premium conversion derivatives outstanding as of December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Commitments and Contingencies_4

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies	5. Commitments and Contingencies Pfizer License Agreement In April 2011, the Company and Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) entered into an exclusive license agreement for the clinical product candidate gemcabene, which was subsequently amended and restated in August 2018 (as so amended, the Pfizer Agreement). In exchange for this worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene, the Company agreed to certain milestone and royalty payments on future sales (See Note 6 — License Agreement) . As of June 30, 2019, there was sufficient uncertainty with regard to both the outcome of the clinical trials and the ability to obtain sufficient funding to support any of the cash milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, and as such, no liabilities were recorded related to the Pfizer Agreement. Other Agreements In May 2016, the Company entered into a non-cancellable lease agreement for its headquarters location, commencing in the third quarter of 2016. The initial term of the agreement is 3 years with an initial monthly base rent of approximately $8,400 and increasing to approximately $8,900 during the last year of the lease term. The total rent expense under this operating classified lease was $26,000 during the three month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $52,000 during the six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Supplemental cash flow information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands): Six months ended Six months ended June 30, 2019 June 30, 2018 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ $ Right-of -use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases $ $ - Supplemental balance sheet information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands, except weighted average data): As of As of June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Right-of-use assets $ $ Lease liability $ $ Weighted average remaining lease term 0.2 years 0.7 years Weighted average discount rate Maturity of the lease liability was as follows (in thousands): As of June 30, 2019 2019 (period from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019) $ Total lease payments $ Less imputed interest - Total $ Other Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of business, from time to time, the Company may be subject to a broad range of claims and legal proceedings that relate to contractual allegations, patent infringement, employment-related matters and other claims. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations or financial position.	5. Commitments and Contingencies Pfizer License Agreement In April 2011, the Company and Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) entered into an exclusive license agreement (the Pfizer Agreement) for the clinical product candidate gemcabene. In exchange for this worldwide exclusive right and license to certain patent rights to make, use, sell, offer for sale and import the clinical product gemcabene, the Company agreed to certain milestone and royalty payments on future sales (See Note 6 — License Agreement) . As of December 31, 2018, there was sufficient uncertainty with regard to both the outcome of the clinical trials and the ability to obtain sufficient funding to support any of the cash milestone payments under the license agreement, and as such, no liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement. Series A Preferred Stock Dividends Holders of the Series A preferred stock were entitled to cumulative accruing dividends at a simple rate of 8% per year on the original issue price of the preferred stock of $6.70585 per share, as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. The dividends effectively accrued daily on each share of preferred stock. The dividends were payable upon the earliest to occur of (1) the date determined by the Board, (2) the liquidation of the Company (including a deemed liquidation event) or (3) the conversion or redemption of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock. If the board reasonably believed that the Company was not legally able to pay the dividends in cash at the payment date, or if elected by the majority of the Series A preferred stockholders or if issued in connection with an IPO, the dividends were to be paid in shares of common stock at the conversion price for the Series A preferred stock in effect at that time, which was the original issue price of the Series A preferred stock as adjusted from time to time for any stock dividends, combinations, splits or recapitalizations. Since the dividends were payable upon a contingent event, the Company did not record them in the accompanying financial statements while outstanding. On August 10, 2016, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company’s Series A preferred stock, together with accrued dividends thereon, converted into 827,205 shares of common stock, and as such, there were no cumulative unpaid dividends for the Series A preferred stock as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Other Agreements Both cancellable and non-cancellable facility agreements were in place that provided for fixed monthly rent for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The total rent expense was $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $58,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In May 2016, the Company entered into a new lease agreement for its headquarters location, commencing in August 2016. The initial term of the agreement is 3 years with an initial monthly base rent of approximately $8,400 and increasing to approximately $8,900 during the last year of the lease term. In conjunction with entering into the new lease agreement, the Company cancelled its original Northville, Michigan lease agreement, as amended, effective August 31, 2016 and renegotiated a new cancellable lease agreement for limited use of office space in the Northville location that expired in September 2017 that had nominal rent. Future minimum lease payments under fixed non-cancellable operating leases that expire on various dates through August 2019 consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2019 $ Total $ Other Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of business, from time to time, the Company may be subject to a broad range of claims and legal proceedings that relate to contractual allegations, patent infringement, employment-related matters and other claims. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations or financial position.

License Agreement_2

License Agreement	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
License Agreement
License Agreement	6. License Agreement The Company is party to the Pfizer Agreement, as amended on August 2, 2018, for a worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Pfizer retains the right to make, use and import gemcabene solely for internal research purposes. In partial exchange for the rights granted by Pfizer, the Company agreed to issue shares of its common stock to Pfizer representing 15% of the Company’s fully diluted capital at the close of its first arms‑length Series A financing, which occurred on March 31, 2015. The Company agreed to make milestone payments totaling up to $37 million upon the achievement of certain milestones, including the first new drug application (or its foreign equivalent) in any country, regulatory approval in each of the United States, Europe and Japan, the first anniversary of the first regulatory approval in any country, and upon achieving certain aggregate sales levels of gemcabene. Future milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least several years and extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company also agreed to pay Pfizer tiered royalties on a country‑by‑country basis based upon the annual amount of net sales, as specified in the Pfizer Agreement, until the later of: (a) five (5) years after the first commercial sale in such country; (b) the expiration of all regulatory or data exclusivity for gemcabene in such country; and (c) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid claim of the licensed patents, including any patent term extensions or supplemental protection certificates in such country (collectively, the Royalty Term). Under the Pfizer Agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize gemcabene. On March 31, 2015, upon the closing of the Series A preferred stock financing, the Company issued 675,250 shares of its common stock, at a fair market value of $0.9 million, to Pfizer in connection with the first equity payment, pursuant to which Pfizer became the owner of more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock. The transaction was recorded as acquired in‑process research and development expenses based on the fair value of the common shares issued since no processes or activities that would constitute a “business” were acquired and none of the rights and underlying assets acquired had alternative future uses or reached a stage of technological feasibility. None of the other milestone or royalty payments were triggered as of June 30, 2019. The Pfizer Agreement will expire upon expiration of the last Royalty Term. On expiration (but not earlier termination), the Company will have a perpetual, exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty-free license under the licensed patent rights and related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Either party may terminate the Pfizer Agreement for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or immediately upon certain insolvency events relating to the other party. Pfizer may immediately terminate the Pfizer Agreement in the event that (i) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicenses contests or challenges, or supports or assists any third party to contest or challenge, Pfizer’s ownership of or rights in, or the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the patents licensed under the Pfizer Agreement or (ii) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicensees fails to achieve the first commercial sale in at least one country by April 16, 2024. Furthermore, upon termination of the Pfizer Agreement by Pfizer for any of the foregoing reasons, the Company grants Pfizer a non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free, worldwide, transferrable, perpetual and irrevocable license to use any intellectual property rights arising from the development or commercialization of gemcabene by the Company and any trademarks identifying gemcabene and agrees to transfer regulatory filings and approvals to Pfizer or permit Pfizer to cross-reference and rely on such regulatory filings and approvals for gemcabene. The Company may terminate the License Agreement for convenience upon 90 days’ written notice and payment of an early termination fee.	6. License Agreement The Company is party to the Pfizer Agreement, as amended on August 2, 2018, for a worldwide exclusive license to certain patent rights and a non-exclusive royalty bearing right and license to certain related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Pfizer retains the right to make, use and import gemcabene solely for internal research purposes. In partial exchange for the rights granted by Pfizer, the Company agreed to issue shares of its common stock to Pfizer representing 15% of the Company’s fully diluted capital at the close of its first arms‑length Series A financing, which occurred on March 31, 2015. The Company agreed to make milestone payments totaling up to $37 million upon the achievement of certain milestones, including the first new drug application (or its foreign equivalent) in any country, regulatory approval in each of the United States, Europe and Japan, the first anniversary of the first regulatory approval in any country, and upon achieving certain aggregate sales levels of gemcabene. Future milestone payments under the Pfizer Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least several years and extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company also agreed to pay Pfizer tiered royalties on a country‑by‑country basis based upon the annual amount of net sales, as specified in the Pfizer Agreement, until the later of: (a) five (5) years after the first commercial sale in such country; (b) the expiration of all regulatory or data exclusivity for gemcabene in such country; and (c) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid claim of the licensed patents, including any patent term extensions or supplemental protection certificates in such country (collectively, the Royalty Term). Under the Pfizer Agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize gemcabene. On March 31, 2015, upon the closing of the Series A preferred stock financing, the Company issued 675,250 shares of its common stock, at a fair market value of $0.9 million, to Pfizer in connection with the first equity payment, pursuant to which Pfizer became the owner of more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock. The transaction was recorded as acquired in‑process research and development expenses based on the fair value of the common shares issued since no processes or activities that would constitute a “business” were acquired and none of the rights and underlying assets acquired had alternative future uses or reached a stage of technological feasibility. None of the other milestone or royalty payments were triggered as of December 31, 2018. The Pfizer Agreement will expire upon expiration of the last Royalty Term. On expiration (but not earlier termination), the Company will have a perpetual, exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty-free license under the licensed patent rights and related data to make, use, develop, commercialize, import and otherwise exploit the clinical product candidate gemcabene. Either party may terminate the Pfizer Agreement for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or immediately upon certain insolvency events relating to the other party. Pfizer may immediately terminate the Pfizer Agreement in the event that (i) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicenses contests or challenges, or supports or assists any third party to contest or challenge, Pfizer’s ownership of or rights in, or the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the patents licensed under the Pfizer Agreement or (ii) the Company or any of its affiliates or sublicensees fails to achieve the first commercial sale in at least one country by April 16, 2024. Furthermore, upon termination of the Pfizer Agreement by Pfizer for any of the foregoing reasons, the Company grants Pfizer a non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free, worldwide, transferrable, perpetual and irrevocable license to use any intellectual property rights arising from the development or commercialization of gemcabene by the Company and any trademarks identifying gemcabene and agrees to transfer regulatory filings and approvals to Pfizer or permit Pfizer to cross-reference and rely on such regulatory filings and approvals for gemcabene. The Company may terminate the License Agreement for convenience upon 90 days’ written notice and payment of an early termination fee.

Stockholders_ Equity

Stockholders? Equity	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	7. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock The Company had 14,265,411 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the common stock are subject to the Company’s articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws and underlying shareholder agreements. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company completed the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock which includes 450,000 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters upon the partial exercise of their overallotment option, at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The costs incurred related to the Follow-On Offering were $2.1 million. Warrants During the three and six month periods ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, no warrants were exercised. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, warrants to purchase 1,014,204 shares of common stock were outstanding. Dividend Rights Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends at the sole discretion of the board of directors of the Company. There have been no dividends declared on common stock as of June 30, 2019. Voting Rights The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock along with all other classes and series of stock of the Company on all actions to be taken by the stockholders of the Company, including actions that would amend the certificate of incorporation of the Company to increase the number of authorized shares of the common stock. Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up of the Company, the holders of common stock shall be entitled to share in the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution post preferential distributions made to preferred stockholders, if any.	8. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Common Stock The Company had 14,265,411 and 10,633,042 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the common stock are subject to the Company’s articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws and underlying shareholder agreements. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company completed the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock which includes 450,000 shares of common stock purchased by the underwriters upon the partial exercise of their overallotment option, at the public offering price of $7.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $23.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The costs incurred related to the Follow-On Offering were $2.1 million through December 31, 2018. On March 15, 2017, the Company issued and sold 1,324,256 units at a price of $9.47 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately $12.5 million in connection with the Private Placement. Each unit consisted of one share of the Company’s common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $11.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Offering costs incurred related to the 2017 Private Placement were $1.3 million. Warrants In connection with the Private Placement, the Company issued warrants to the investors participating in the financing to purchase an additional 993,204 shares of common stock. The warrants have a term of five years and were exercisable immediately upon issuance with an exercise price equal to $10.40 per share. The warrants were classified as additional paid-in capital and recorded based on their relative fair value to the underlying common shares issued in the Private Placement. The fair market value of the warrants was approximately $4.9 million. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model with the following assumptions: a risk-free interest rate of 2.0%, a contractual term of five years, zero dividend yield and a volatility factor of 65.1%. In connection with the First Amendment, the Company issued a warrant to SVB to purchase an additional 36,000 shares of common stock on July 31, 2018 (See Note 4 – Debt ). During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, zero and 15,000 warrants were exercised, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, warrants to purchase 1,014,204 and 978,204 shares of common stock were outstanding, respectively. Dividend Rights Common stock holders are entitled to receive dividends at the sole discretion of the board of directors of the Company. There have been no dividends declared on common stock as of December 31, 2018. Voting Rights The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock along with all other classes and series of stock of the Company on all actions to be taken by the stockholders of the Company, including actions that would amend the certificate of incorporation of the Company to increase the number of authorized shares of the common stock. Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding‑up of the Company, the holders of common stock shall be entitled to share in the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution post preferential distributions made to holders of the Company’s preferred stock. There was no preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Deferred Offering Costs There were $21,000 of deferred offering costs capitalized at December 31, 2017 related to the Private Placement. There were no deferred offering costs capitalized as of December 31, 2018.

Share-Based Compensation_2

Share-Based Compensation	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation	8. Share‑Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development expenses as follows in the accompanying condensed statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 General and administrative $ $ $ $ 1,147 Research and development 782 Total share-based compensation $ $ $ $ 1,929 Stock Options In April 2015, the Company adopted a 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2015 Plan) under which 320,615 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance to employees, directors and consultants. The 2015 Plan permits the grant of incentive and non‑statutory stock options, appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock and cash awards, and other stock‑based awards. Amended and Restated 2015 Equity Incentive Plan In April 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s amended and restated 2015 Plan (the A&R 2015 Plan). The Company’s stockholders also approved the A&R 2015 Plan in April 2016 and the A&R 2015 Plan became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The A&R 2015 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity awards, as well as performance cash awards. Under the A&R 2015 Plan, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder automatically increases on January 1st of each year, for a period of 10 years commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2026, to an amount equal to 20% of the Company’s fully-diluted shares as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase in the shares reserved for such year, or that the increase in shares reserved for such year will be less than would have otherwise been allowed under the provision. Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. As a result, the t otal shares available under the A&R 2015 Plan for future issuance was 1,030,583 shares as of June 30, 2019. Inducement Plan In September 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Inducement Plan (the Inducement Plan). The Company initially reserved 300,000 shares of its common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as an inducement material to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. The Plan was approved by the Company’s board of directors without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4), and the terms and conditions of the Plan are substantially similar to the Company’s stockholder-approved A&R 2015 Plan. The total shares available under the Inducement Plan for future issuance was 249,479 shares as of June 30, 2019. 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In April 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP) in order to enable eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount following the effective date of the IPO. The Company’s stockholders also approved the ESPP in April 2016 and the ESPP became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The Company initially reserved 150,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. As of June 30, 2019, no shares have been purchased under the ESPP. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted an aggregate of zero and 350,000 stock options, respectively, and zero and 822,000 stock options during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, under the A&R 2015 Plan and the Inducement Plan to its officers, directors, employees and consultants, generally vesting over a four-year period. The weighted average grant date fair value for option shares granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $3.57 and $5.07 per share, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of stock options to employees, consultants and directors on the date of grant with service‑based and performance‑based vesting criteria using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model and market-based vesting criteria using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company does not have sufficient history to support a calculation of volatility and expected term. As such, the Company has used a weighted‑average volatility considering the volatilities of several guideline companies. For purposes of identifying similar entities, the Company considered characteristics such as industry, length of trading history, and stage of life cycle. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The average expected life of the options was determined based on the mid‑point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the “simplified method” as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The risk‑free interest rate is determined by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing and Monte Carlo simulation models are as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Expected stock price volatility — — Expected life of options (years) — — Expected dividend yield — — Risk free interest rate — — During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 87,021 and 127,062 stock options vested, respectively, and 166,133 and 307,410 stock options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 70,800 and 111,389 stock options were forfeited, respectively, and 77,800 and 114,889 stock options were forfeited during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, 2,722,973 stock options were outstanding, 1,930,014 stock options were vested and 1,280,062 shares in the aggregate were available for future issuance under the A&R 2015 and Inducement Plans. Unrecognized share‑based compensation cost for stock options issued under the A&R 2015 Plan and the Inducement Plan was $2.8 million as of June 30, 2019. The unrecognized share‑based expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years.	9. Share‑Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development costs as follows in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 General and administrative $ 2,378 $ 4,091 $ 1,166 Research and development 1,753 1,182 552 Total share-based compensation $ 4,131 $ 5,273 $ 1,718 Restricted Stock Awards During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not grant any restricted stock awards (RSAs). Previously granted RSAs were subject to various vesting schedules and generally vested ratably over a six to twenty four month period coinciding with their respective service periods. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no RSAs were forfeited. A summary of RSA grant activity is as follows: Number of Weighted-Average Shares Fair Value (per share) Non‑vested at December 31, 2015 348,093 $ Granted — $ — Vested (344,084) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2016 4,009 $ Granted — $ — Vested (4,009) $ Non‑vested at December 31, 2017 — $ — Granted — $ — Vested — $ — Non‑vested at December 31, 2018 — $ — Grant date fair market value for the RSAs issued prior to the IPO was based on traditional valuation techniques and methods in determining the fair value of the Company’s equity as a private company including market, income, and cost valuation approaches. A number of objective and subjective factors were considered including contemporaneous and retrospective valuations of its common stock performed by an unrelated valuation specialist, sales of the Company’s convertible preferred stock to unrelated third parties, valuations of comparable peer public companies, the lack of liquidity of the Company’s capital stock and general and industry‑specific economic outlook. The fair value of the Company’s common stock was determined by the Company’s board of directors prior to the IPO. Stock Options In April 2015, the Company adopted a 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2015 Plan) under which 320,615 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance to employees, directors and consultants. The 2015 Plan permits the grant of incentive and non‑statutory stock options, appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock and cash awards, and other stock‑based awards. Amendment and Restatement of 2015 Equity Incentive Plan In April 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s amended and restated 2015 Plan (the A&R 2015 Plan). The A&R 2015 Plan became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The A&R 2015 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity awards, as well as performance cash awards. The Company initially reserved 2,400,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the A&R 2015 Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company granted an aggregate of 772,000, 150,500 and 1,825,700, respectively, of stock options under the A&R 2015 Plan or the 2015 Plan to its officers, directors, employees and consultants, generally vesting over a three or four-year period. Inducement Plan In September 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Inducement Plan (the Inducement Plan). The Company initially reserved 300,000 shares of its common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as an inducement material to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Plan was approved by the Company’s board of directors without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4), and the terms and conditions of the Plan are substantially similar to the Company’s stockholder-approved A&R 2015 Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was 50,000, 98,000 and 198,000 stock options to newly-hired officers and employees were granted, respectively, under the Inducement Plan, generally vesting over a four-year period. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option plan activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 as follows: Weighted‑ Weighted Average Average Remaining Aggregate Number of Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Options Price Term (years) Value(1) Outstanding at December 31, 2015 302,842 $ 2.43 9.60 $ 1,031,000 Granted 2,023,700 $ 10.07 — — Exercised — $ — — — Forfeited/Cancelled $ 9.12 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2016 2,242,800 $ 9.07 9.48 $ (2,759,000) Granted 248,500 $ 12.24 — — Exercised (23,910) $ 1.92 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (3,250) $ 1.34 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2017 2,464,140 $ 9.46 8.58 $ (3,715,000) Granted 822,000 $ 8.24 — — Exercised (40,398) $ 2.25 — — Forfeited/Cancelled (444,968) $ 10.61 — — Outstanding at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018 1,812,181 $ 9.15 7.72 $ Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 2,800,774 $ 9.02 7.96 $ (22,994,287) (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of our common stock as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $0.81, $7.95 and $7.84 per share, respectively. The weighted average fair value per share of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $5.07, $7.35 and $6.37, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of stock options with service‑based and performance‑based vesting criteria to employees, consultants and directors on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of equity instruments issued to non‑employees is re‑measured as the award vests. The Company does not have history to support a calculation of volatility and expected term. As such, the Company has used a weighted‑average volatility considering the volatilities of several guideline companies. For purposes of identifying similar entities, the Company considered characteristics such as industry, length of trading history, and stage of life cycle. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The average expected life of the options was determined based on the mid‑point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the “simplified method” as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The risk‑free interest rate is determined by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected stock price volatility % % % Expected life of options (years) Expected dividend yield % % % Risk free interest rate % % % During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 709,521, 861,645 and 276,248 stock options vested, respectively. The weighted average fair value per share of options vesting during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $6.15, $5.99 and $4.59, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 444,968, 3,250, and 83,742 stock options were forfeited, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, 701,261 shares were available for future issuance under the A&R 2015 and Inducement Plans. Under the A&R 2015 Plan, common shares reserved automatically increase on January 1 st of each year, for a period of 10 years commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2026, to an amount equal to 20% of the Company’s fully-diluted shares as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase in the shares reserved for such year, or that the increase in shares reserved for such year will be a lesser number of shares than what would have otherwise been allowed to occur under the provision. Effective January 1, 2018, 415,077 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. There were no shares added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision during fiscal year 2017 or 2016. Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. See Note 16 – Subsequent Events . Unrecognized share‑based compensation cost for the RSAs and stock options issued under the Company’s 2014 Shareholders Agreement, A&R 2015 Plan and Inducement Plan was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2018. All of the unrecognized compensation cost was related to the stock options. The non‑employee portion of the unrecognized compensation cost was estimated utilizing the Company’s fair market value for its common stock as of December 31, 2018. The unrecognized share‑based expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Adoption of 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In April 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP) in order to enable eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount following the effective date of the IPO. The Company’s stockholders also approved the ESPP in April 2016 and the ESPP became effective immediately upon the execution and delivery of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The Company initially reserved 150,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. As of December 31, 2018, no shares were purchased under the ESPP.

Net Loss Per Common Share_2

Net Loss Per Common Share	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Net Loss Per Common Share
Net Loss Per Common Share	9. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed similarly to basic earnings or loss per share except the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares from the assumed exercise of any common stock equivalents, if dilutive. The Company’s stock options and warrants are considered common stock equivalents while outstanding for this purpose. Diluted earnings are computed utilizing the treasury method for stock options and warrants. No incremental common stock equivalents were included in calculating diluted loss per share because such inclusion would be anti‑dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Numerator: Net loss attributed to common stockholders $ (2,920) $ (6,678) $ (6,721) $ (13,902) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 14,265,411 14,232,313 14,265,411 13,340,941 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.20) $ (0.47) $ (0.47) $ (1.04) The following potential common shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti‑dilutive during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Stock options 2,722,973 3,164,838 2,722,973 3,164,838 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 1,014,204 978,204	10. Net Loss Per Common Share Basic earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The holders of the Series A preferred stock had rights to participate in common stock dividends, entitling the holders of Series A preferred stock to a dividend payable at the same time and rate per share as the dividend paid on common stock based the number of shares of common stock each share of Series A preferred stock would have converted into if such shares had converted on the record date. The Series A preferred stock, however, did not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company, and as such, no losses were allocated to the Series A preferred stock for the purposes of the basic loss per share calculation while they were outstanding. Diluted earnings or loss per share of common stock is computed similarly to basic earnings or loss per share except the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares from the assumed exercise of any common stock equivalents, if dilutive. The Company’s RSAs, stock options, warrants, shares of Series A preferred stock, and convertible notes are considered common stock equivalents while outstanding for this purpose. Diluted earnings is computed utilizing the treasury stock method for the RSAs, stock options and warrants, and in the case of the Series A preferred stock, either the two‑class method or the if‑converted method, whichever was more dilutive. No incremental common stock equivalents were included in calculating diluted loss per share because such inclusion would be anti‑dilutive given the net loss reported for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Numerator: Net loss $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,586) Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock — — (366) Net loss attributed to common stock holders $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,952) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 13,805,552 10,349,136 5,809,396 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (1.71) $ (3.23) $ (2.57) The following potential common shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti‑dilutive: Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Stock options 2,800,774 2,464,140 2,242,800 Restricted stock awards — — 4,009 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 — Series A — — — Convertible notes — — —

Fair Value Measurements_2

Fair Value Measurements	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	10. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows accounting guidance that emphasizes that fair value is a market‑based measurement, not an entity specific measurement. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value measurements are defined on a three level hierarchy: Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 inputs: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, weather directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities approximated their carrying values because of the short‑term nature of these assets or liabilities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s Term Loan while outstanding was based on amortized cost which was deemed to approximate fair value. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. There were no instruments measured on a recurring fair value basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In addition, no financial instruments were measured on a non‑recurring basis for any of the periods presented.	11. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows accounting guidance that emphasizes that fair value is a market‑based measurement, not an entity specific measurement. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value measurements are defined on a three level hierarchy: Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 inputs: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, weather directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximated their carrying values because of the short‑term nature of these assets or liabilities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s Interim Notes prior to conversion upon the close of the IPO, and Term Loan was based on amortized cost which was deemed to approximate fair value. The derivative liability associated with the conversion premium on the Interim Notes while outstanding was based on cash flow models discounted at current implied market rates evidenced in recent arms‑length transactions representing expected returns by market participants for similar instruments which were based on Level 3 inputs. The following table provides a roll‑forward of the Company’s premium conversion derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable level 3 inputs (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Balance as of beginning of period $ — $ — $ 345 Issuance of underlying convertible notes — — 505 Change in fair value of premium conversion derivative — — (850) Reversal of premium conversion derivative associated with note extinguishment — — — Redemption of underlying convertible notes — — — Balance as of end of period $ — $ — $ — There were no financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and on a non‑recurring basis for any of the periods presented.

Income Taxes_2

Income Taxes	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes
Income Taxes	11. Income Taxes The effective tax rate for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was zero percent. As a result of the analysis of all available evidence as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets. Consequently, the Company reported no income tax benefit for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. If the Company’s assumptions change and the Company believes that it will be able to realize these deferred tax assets, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets will be recognized as a reduction of future income tax expense. If the assumptions do not change, each period the Company could record an additional valuation allowance on any increases in the deferred tax assets.	12. Income Taxes On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA), which significantly modified U.S. corporate income tax law, was signed into law by President Trump. The TCJA contains significant changes to corporate income taxation, including but not limited to the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of earnings (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income and generally eliminating net operating loss carrybacks, allowing net operating losses to carryforward without expiration, one-time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S. tax on foreign earnings (subject to certain important exceptions), immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits (including changes to the orphan drug tax credit and changes to the deductibility of research and experimental expenditures that will be effective in the future). This revaluation resulted in a reduction to the Company’s deferred tax asset of $6.8 million as of December 31, 2017. This amount was offset by a corresponding reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance. The other provisions of the TCJA did not have a material impact on the December 31, 2017 financial statements. The Company’s final determination of the TCJA impact and the remeasurement of its deferred assets and liabilities was completed prior to the deadline of one year from the enactment of the TCJA. For the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no material changes to the analysis originally performed as of December 31, 2017. The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was zero percent. A reconciliation of income tax computed at the statutory federal income tax rate to the provision (benefit) for income taxes included in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss is as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Income tax (benefit) provision at federal statutory rate (21.0) % (34.0) % (34.0) % Valuation allowance 28.2 21.0 40.2 U.S. tax reform - 20.2 — State income tax, net of federal benefit (4.8) (4.1) (4.7) Convertible notes — — 1.1 Research credits (3.0) (3.6) (4.0) Other 0.6 0.5 1.4 Effective tax rate — % — % — % Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the tables below as of (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Deferred tax assets: 2018 2017 Federal and state operating loss carryforwards $ 5,073 $ 3,349 Research and development costs deferral election 12,264 8,881 Acquired intangibles 235 235 Term loan — 33 Charitable contributions 21 14 Stock-based compensation 2,618 1,722 Research and development credit carryforwards 2,655 1,947 22,866 16,181 Valuation allowance (22,866) (16,181) Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance — — Deferred tax liabilities: Total deferred tax liabilities — — Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had gross deferred tax assets of approximately $22.9 million and $16.2 million, respectively. Realization of the deferred assets is primarily dependent upon future taxable income, if any, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. The Company has had significant pre‑tax losses since its inception. The Company has not yet generated revenues and faces significant challenges to becoming profitable. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance of $22.9 million and $16.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. U.S. net deferred tax assets will continue to require a valuation allowance until the Company can demonstrate their realizability through sustained profitability or another source of income. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the tax effect of the Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards was approximately $4.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The Company had federal research credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 of approximately $2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The federal net operating loss incurred prior to January 1, 2018 and tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034 if not utilized. Federal net operating losses incurred after December 31, 2017 will not expire. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards with a tax effect of approximately $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The Company had state research credit carryforwards of $0.1 million and $45,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2026, if not utilized, and the state research credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2023 if not utilized. Recent tax reform legislation has significantly revised the rules applicable to the utilization of net operating losses for tax years either beginning or ending after January 1, 2018. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. Generally, in addition to certain entity reorganizations, the limitation applies when one or more “5-percent shareholders” increase their ownership, in the aggregate, by more than 50 percentage points over a 36‑month time period testing period, or beginning the day after the most recent ownership change, if shorter. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There were no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded to income tax expense. The Company’s corporate returns are subject to examination beginning with the 2015 tax year for federal and in various state jurisdictions.

Defined Contribution Plan_2

Defined Contribution Plan	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Defined Contribution Plan
Defined Contribution Plan	12. Defined Contribution Plan The Company adopted a 401(k) defined contribution plan on September 5, 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, for all employees over age 21. Employees can defer up to 100% of their compensation through payroll withholdings into the plan subject to federal law limits. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began matching contributions on deferrals at 100% of deferrals up to 3% of one’s contributions and 50% on deferrals over 3%, but not exceeding 5% of one’s contributions in order to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code. Employee contributions and any employer matching contributions made to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code are 100% vested upon contribution. Discretionary employer matches vest over a six-year period beginning on the second anniversary of an employee’s date of hire. The amount of matching contributions made during the three month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $19,000 and $29,000, respectively, and $47,000 and $54,000 during the six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.	15. Defined Contribution Plan The Company adopted a 401(k) defined contribution plan on September 5, 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, for all employees over age 21. Employees can defer up to 100% of their compensation through payroll withholdings into the plan subject to federal law limits. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company began matching contributions on deferrals at 100% of deferrals up to 3% of one’s contributions and 50% on deferrals over 3%, but not exceeding 5% of one’s contributions in order to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code. Employee contributions and any employer matching contributions made to satisfy certain non-discrimination tests required by the Internal Revenue Code are 100% vested upon contribution. Discretionary employer matches vest over a six-year period beginning on the second anniversary of an employee’s date of hire. The amount of matching contributions made during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $0.1 million and zero, respectively.

Related Party Transactions_2

Related Party Transactions	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions	13. Related Party Transactions In the first quarter of 2018, in connection with an underwritten public offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock, the offering included 14,286 shares sold to 1 officer, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.1 million and 71,429 shares sold to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million.	14. Related Party Transactions The Company rented an office in Northville, Michigan from an LLC owned by two officers under short‑term agreements during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The original facility lease, as amended, was cancelled and replaced with a cancellable lease agreement in August 2016 for limited use of office space in the same Northville location. The new lease agreement became effective in August 2016 and expired in September 2017. Rent expense under the related party agreements was nominal during the year ended December 31, 2017 and was $21,000 and $23,000 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There was no rent expense under the related party agreements during the year ended December 31, 2018. In February 2016, the Company issued an additional $0.2 million of Interim Notes , which included two notes issued to two board members (or entities they control) in the amount of $81,000. The February 2016 Interim Note issuances also included a $20,000 note to an investor who is related to an officer of the Company. The Interim Note were converted upon the close of the IPO. In April 2016, the Company issued an additional $5.0 million of Interim Notes , which included two notes to investors who were related to two of the Company’s officers in the aggregate amount of $0.2 million. The April 2016 Interim Notes issuances also included three notes to investors who were related to three of the Company’s directors in the aggregate amount of $2.3 million. The Interim Note were converted upon the close of the IPO. The IPO included 154,450 shares sold to 5 officers and 3 board members, totaling $1.5 million. In addition, 500,000 shares were sold to 1 investor who is related to 1 of the Company’s directors, totaling $5.0 million, and 47,000 shares totaling $0.5 million were sold to 14 investors who are related to 5 officers of the Company. The Private Placement included 56,678 units sold to three board members, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million, and 52,798 units sold to one investor who was related to one board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million. In the first quarter of 2018, in connection with the Follow-On Offering of 3,592,858 shares of common stock, the offering included 14,286 shares sold to 1 officer, for aggregate proceeds totaling approximately $0.1 million and 71,429 shares sold to 1 investor who is an affiliate of 1 officer and board member, for proceeds totaling approximately $0.5 million.

Subsequent Events_2

Subsequent Events	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events	14. Subsequent Events License Agreement with Beijing SL On July 23, 2019, the Company entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Beijing SL Agreement”) with Beijing SL Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Beijing SL”), pursuant to which the Company granted Beijing SL an exclusive royalty-bearing license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize pharmaceutical products comprising, as an active ingredient, gemcabene in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (each, a “region,” and collectively, the “Territory”). Under the terms of the Beijing SL Agreement, Beijing SL will be responsible, at its expense, for developing and commercializing products containing gemcabene (each, a “Licensed Product”) in the Territory, with certain assistance from the Company. To the extent mutually agreed to in writing, the Company and Beijing SL will collaborate on the Phase 3 clinical trial for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or other clinical trials with the Company as the sponsor designed to enroll patients both inside and outside the Territory (a “Global Study”), but Beijing SL will be responsible, at its expense, for the conduct of any Global Study to the extent solely in the Territory, subject to the Company’s final decision making authority, and the Company will be responsible, at its expense, for the conduct of any Global Study to the extent solely outside of the Territory. Under a territory development plan, the parties shall develop Licensed Products with respect to the Territory. Beijing SL will be responsible for development activities, including non-clinical and clinical studies directed at obtaining regulatory approval of the Licensed Product in the Territory. Beijing SL has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the Licensed Products for each indication that receives regulatory approval in the Territory and shall prepare and present a commercialization plan that shall be subject to approval by the joint steering committee. Pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement, Beijing SL will make an upfront gross payment of $2.5 million to the Company within 45 days of the effective date of the Beijing SL Agreement. Additionally, with respect to each Licensed Product, the Company will be eligible to receive (i) payments for specified developmental and regulatory milestones (including submission of a new drug application to China’s National Medical Product Administration, dosing of the first patient in a phase 3 clinical trial in mainland China and regulatory approval for the first and each additional indication of a Licensed Product in the Territory) totaling up to $6 million in the aggregate and (ii) payments for specified global net sales milestones of up to $20 million in the aggregate multiplied by the ratio of the net sales of a Licensed Product sold by Beijing SL in the Territory divided by the global net sales of a Licensed Product, which net sales milestone payments are payable once, upon the first achievement of such milestone. Beijing SL will also be obligated to pay the Company tiered royalties ranging from the mid-teens to twenty percent on the net sales of all Licensed Products in the Territory until the latest of (a) the date on which any applicable regulatory exclusivity with respect to such Licensed Product expires in such region, (b) the expiration or abandonment of the last valid patent claim or joint patent claim covering such Licensed Product in each region and (c) the fifth anniversary of the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such region (the “Royalty Term”). Future milestone payments under the Beijing SL Agreement, if any, are not expected to begin for at least one year and will extend over a number of subsequent years. The Company cannot determine the date on which Beijing SL’s potential royalty payment obligations to the Company would expire because Beijing SL has not yet developed any Licensed Products under the Beijing SL Agreement and therefore the Company cannot at this time identify the date of the first commercial sale or the periods of any regulatory exclusivity or patent claims with respect to any Licensed Product. On a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and region-by-region basis upon the expiration of the Royalty Term, the license granted to Beijing SL shall be deemed perpetual, fully paid-up and royalty free with respect to such Licensed Product in such region. Either party may terminate the Agreement (x) with written notice for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or (y) if the other party becomes subject to certain insolvency proceedings. In addition, the Company may terminate the agreement in its entirety if Beijing SL or its affiliates or sublicensees commence a proceeding challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the Company’s patents. To the extent rights granted to Beijing SL under the Beijing SL Agreement are controlled by the Company pursuant to the Pfizer Agreement between Gemphire and Pfizer, such rights are subject to the terms and conditions of such agreement with Pfizer, and Beijing SL has agreed to comply with such terms and conditions. The Beijing SL Agreement contemplates that Beijing SL and the Company shall, no later than 60 days following the effective date of the Beijing SL Agreement, negotiate in good faith and execute a clinical supply agreement and, no later than twelve months prior to the anticipated date of the first commercial sale of a Licensed Product, if any, negotiate in good faith and execute a commercial supply agreement, pursuant to which Beijing SL shall purchase from the Company, and the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to supply, gemcabene or Licensed Product for clinical or commercial purposes, as applicable, until manufacturing and regulatory transfers are complete. Each of the Company and Beijing SL has agreed to indemnify the other party against certain losses and expenses relating to the development or commercialization of a Licensed Product by the indemnifying party, the negligence or willful misconduct of the indemnifying party or its directors, officers, employees or agents or a breach of the indemnifying party’s representations, warranties or covenants. Merger Agreement with NeuroBo On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with NeuroBo pursuant to which, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Merger Sub, will merge with and into NeuroBo, with NeuroBo surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, in an all-stock transaction. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), (a) each share of NeuroBo common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (excluding shares held as treasury stock, held by NeuroBo and dissenting shares) will be converted into the right to receive shares of Gemphire common stock equal to the Exchange Ratio described below; and (b) each outstanding NeuroBo stock option that has not previously been exercised prior to the Effective Time will be assumed by the Company. Under the exchange ratio formula in the Merger Agreement (the “Exchange Ratio”), upon the closing of the Merger, on a pro forma basis and based upon the number of shares of common stock expected to be issued in the Merger, former Company security holders immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 4.06% of the combined company and former NeuroBo security holders immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 95.94% of the combined company, on a fully-diluted basis and assuming that the Company has the minimum net cash amount of negative $3 million at closing and that NeuroBo raises the minimum required amount of $24,240,000 in its Series B Preferred Stock financing described below. The ownership percentages are subject to adjustment to the extent that the Company’s net cash at the Effective Time is negative or to reflect aggregate gross proceeds received by NeuroBo in its financing before the closing of the Merger above the minimum required amount and up to and including $50 million. Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, approval by the Company’s stockholders and NeuroBo’s stockholders, the continued listing of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the conversion of all NeuroBo preferred stock and NeuroBo convertible notes into NeuroBo common stock and satisfaction by the Company of a minimum parent cash amount of negative $3 million at closing. Prior to signing the Merger Agreement, NeuroBo entered into subscription agreements with investors for a Series B Preferred Stock financing for approximate gross proceeds of $24,240,000, the minimum required amount under the Merger Agreement, and may enter into additional subscription agreements and receive additional proceeds between signing and closing of the Merger. The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and NeuroBo, and further provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, either party may be required to pay the other party a termination fee of $1,000,000, or in some circumstances reimburse the other party’s expenses up to a maximum of $500,000. Following the closing of the Merger, NeuroBo’s Chief Executive Officer, John L. Brooks III, will serve as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the board of directors of the Company will be six directors, consisting of five directors designated by NeuroBo and Steven Gullans, the Company’s current President and Chief Executive Officer. Contingent Value Rights Agreement At the Effective Time, the Company will enter into a Contingent Value Rights Agreement (the “CVR Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and the CVR Agreement, for each share of the Company’s common stock held, stockholders of record as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will receive one contingent value right (“CVR”) entitling such holders to receive in the aggregate, 80% of the Gross Consideration (as defined in the CVR Agreement which contemplates the post-Merger combined company’s prior retention of an aggregate of $500,000) less other Permitted Deductions (each as defined in the CVR Agreement) received during the 15-year period after the closing of the Merger (the “CVR Term”) from the grant, sale or transfer of rights to the Company’s product candidate gemcabene (other than a grant, sale or transfer of rights involving a sale or disposition of the post-Merger combined company) that is entered into during the 10-year period after the closing of the Merger or pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement, but not including the $2.5 million upfront gross payment pursuant to the Beijing SL Agreement. Under the CVR Agreement, the combined company agreed to commit $1 million to support the further development of gemcabene through the quarter ending March 31, 2020, to be funded following execution of the Beijing SL Agreement and the receipt by the Company of the $2.5 million upfront gross payment payable under the Beijing SL Agreement. The CVRs are not transferable, except in certain limited circumstances, will not be certificated or evidenced by any instrument, will not accrue interest and will not be registered with the SEC or listed for trading on any exchange. The CVR Agreement will be effective prior to the closing of the Merger and will continue in effect until the later of the end of the CVR Term and the payment of all amounts payable thereunder, unless and until earlier terminated upon termination of the Merger Agreement. Change in Control Payments and Severance Awards On July 24, 2019, the Company entered into amendments to the employment agreements (the “Amendments”) of Dr. Steven Gullans, Chief Executive Officer and President, Dr. Charles Bisgaier, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the board of directors, and Seth Reno, Chief Commercial Officer (the “Executives”) to reduce the cash severance obligation owed to each Executive in connection with the termination of their employment upon the closing of the Merger. Pursuant to the Amendments, if the Merger is completed, each of Dr. Gullans, Dr. Bisgaier and Mr. Reno will receive a lump sum cash payment within thirty days after the effective date of the Merger in an amount equal to $75,000, $330,000 and $297,536, respectively, subject to a reduction for withholding tax, in lieu of the cash compensation such Executives would otherwise be entitled to receive in connection with a termination following a change in control pursuant to such Executives’ employment agreements. In connection with the Executives agreeing to the Amendments, on July 24, 2019, the Company issued each of Dr. Gullans, Dr. Bisgaier and Mr. Reno a restricted stock award representing 300,000, 100,000 and 100,000 shares, respectively, of common stock. The restricted stock awards were made pursuant to Restricted Stock Grant Notices and Restricted Stock Agreements (the “Award Agreements”). Such Award Agreements provide that such shares shall fully vest immediately prior to the Effective Time, provided that the Executive has executed and delivered to the Company a release and waiver of claims and such release is not subsequently revoked. The Company shall automatically reacquire for no consideration all unvested shares upon the earliest to occur of (i) the Executive’s termination of continuous service (unless such termination results from the completion of the Merger prior to March 31, 2020) or (ii) March 31, 2020 if the Merger has not been completed. The Award Agreements provide that the holders shall have all rights and privileges of a holder of common stock, including for purposes of voting and receiving dividends. Grants were also made to the Company’s non-employee directors (45,000 shares of restricted stock in the aggregate) and employees (62,000 shares of restricted stock in the aggregate) pursuant to Award Agreements on July 24, 2019. The non-employee director Award Agreements do not require the execution and delivery of a release and waiver of claims. On July 23, 2019, the Company’s non-employee directors agreed to waive payment of the cash retainer for the remainder of 2019 otherwise payable to such directors pursuant to the Company’s non-employee director compensation policy. Nasdaq Compliance On August 8, 2019, the Company received a notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) stating that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company’s common stock was below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Rule”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has 180 calendar days, or until February 4, 2020, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule. To regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days at any time during this 180-day period. If the Company regains compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule, Nasdaq will provide the Company with written confirmation and will close the matter. If the Company does not regain compliance with the rule by February 4, 2020, the Company may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify, the Company would need to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other applicable standards for initial listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, and would need to provide written notice of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if it appears to Nasdaq that the Company will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the Company is not eligible for a second compliance period, Nasdaq will notify the Company that its common stock will be subject to delisting. In the event of such a notification, the Company may appeal the determination, but there can be no assurance Nasdaq would grant the Company’s request for continued listing. The notice has no immediate impact on the listing of the Company’s common stock, which will continue to trade on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GEMP”. The Company believes that the completion of its proposed Merger with NeuroBo, including the reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock contemplated by the Merger Agreement , will address the Nasdaq compliance matter described above. The Company will continue to monitor the bid price of its common stock and consider various other options available to it if its common stock does not trade at a level that is likely to regain compliance. See Part II “Other Information,” Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.	16. Subsequent Events Term Loan Effective January 28, 2019, the Company prepaid in full all outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan. As of the date of repayment, the Company had approximately $8.9 million in principal and interest outstanding as well as a final payment fee due of $1.0 million. Upon repayment, approximately $0.8 million of unamortized note discounts were recognized as interest expense. See Note 4 – Debt for further information relating to the Term Loan. A&R 2015 Plan Effective January 1, 2019, 501,001 shares were added to the A&R 2015 Plan under the share reserve provision. See Note 9 – Share-Based Compensation .

Summary of Significant Accoun_5

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and invests in highly liquid investments in money market accounts.	Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the time of deposit to be cash equivalents. The Company invests excess cash in readily available checking and savings accounts and highly liquid investments in money market accounts.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Restricted Cash The Company considers the cash security requirement related to a commercial credit card arrangement with Silicon Valley Bank as restricted cash (See Note 4 – Debt ). Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s condensed financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these condensed financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 10 — Fair Value Measurements , for further discussion of fair values.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include principally cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the balance sheets approximate their fair values. See Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of fair value.
General and Administrative Expenses	General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services.	General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related costs, including salaries and share‑based compensation costs, for personnel in functions not directly associated with research and development activities. Other significant costs include legal fees related to intellectual property and corporate matters and professional fees for accounting and other services.
Research and Development Expenses	Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development activities, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.	Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including compensation for research and development employees, costs associated with preclinical studies and trials, regulatory activities, manufacturing activities to support clinical activities, license fees, non‑legal patent costs, fees paid to external service providers that conduct certain research and development, clinical costs and an allocation of overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets.	Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes . Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Currently, there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date, and a full valuation allowance has been provided on the net deferred tax assets.
Share-Based Compensation	Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach.	Share‑Based Compensation The Company accounts for share‑based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (ASC 718). Accordingly, compensation costs related to equity instruments granted are recognized at the grant‑date fair value. The Company records forfeitures when they occur. Share‑based compensation arrangements to non‑employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 and ASC 505, Equity , using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re‑measurement as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period (typically the vesting period of the awards).
Segment Information	Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease particularly orphan indications. Accordingly, the Company has a single reportable segment.	Segment Information Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of development and commercialization of therapeutics for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a serious medical condition that increases the risk of life threatening cardiovascular disease and NAFLD/NASH. Accordingly, the Company has a single reporting segment.
Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election	Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.	Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Accounting Election As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act), the Company is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. This pronouncement is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and applied the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company did not restate comparative periods and did not recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption given that no difference in operating expense resulted upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard did not have an impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements.	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC 605. The new guidance primarily states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. In January 2017 and September 2017, the FASB issued several amendments to ASU 2014‑09, including updates stemming from SEC Accounting Staff Announcement in July 2017. The amendments and updates included clarification on accounting for principal versus agent considerations (i.e., reporting gross versus net), licenses of intellectual property and identification of performance obligations. These amendments and updates do not change the core principle of the standard but provide clarity and implementation guidance. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and selected the modified retrospective transition method. The Company modified its accounting policies to reflect the requirements of this standard; however, the planned adoption will not affect the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures for these periods or future periods until the Company generates revenues. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash . The objective of this ASU is to eliminate the diversity in practice related to the classification of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , that codified the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) issued on December 22, 2017, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete, but for which they are able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional amount in the financial statements. Provisional treatment is proper in light of anticipated additional guidance from various taxing authorities, the SEC, the FASB, and even the Joint Committee on Taxation. If a company cannot determine a provisional amount to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA. The Company has applied this guidance to its financial statements and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements . Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01, Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. The guidance is effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the accounting guidance on financial liabilities under the fair value option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently amended the guidance relating largely to transition considerations under the standard in January 2017 and July 2018. The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. The Company plans to adopt the standard on January 1, 2019, and will apply the modified retrospective approach to each lease in existence at the adoption date. As such, the Company would not restate comparative periods and would recognize any cumulative adjustment to retained earnings on the date of the adoption. The Company plans to elect the package of practical expedients provided under the standard. The Company is in the process of completing an impact analysis over the application of the standard as of the planned adoption date. The Company expects to recognize a range of approximately $0.1 million to $0.2 million of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's statements of comprehensive loss or statements of cash flows. The finalization of our assessment may result in significant changes to our estimates. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and Derivatives and Hedging , which changes the accounting and earnings per share for certain instruments with down round features. The amendments in this ASU should be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year or retrospective adjustment to each period presented and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods. The Company is currently evaluating the requirements of this new guidance and has not yet determined its impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ) : Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07) , which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should generally apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except in circumstances where there is specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The guidance also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13). The new guidance modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820 as follows: · Removals: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. · Modifications: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. · Additions: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should all be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statements

Accrued Liabilities (Tables)_2

Accrued Liabilities (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accrued Liabilities
Schedule of accrued liabilities	Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): June 30, December 31, 2019 2018 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 20 $ 137 Legal costs 269 106 Accrued interest — 43 Lease liability 18 — Other research and development expenses 54 135 Other general and administrative expenses 21 17 Total $ 382 $ 438	Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2018 2017 Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities $ 137 $ 306 Legal costs 106 91 Accrued interest 43 38 Other research and development expenses 135 522 Other general and administrative expenses 17 53 Total $ 438 $ 1,010

Commitments and Contingencies_5

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies
Schedule of supplemental financial information related to operating leases	Supplemental cash flow information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands): Six months ended Six months ended June 30, 2019 June 30, 2018 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ $ Right-of -use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases $ $ - Supplemental balance sheet information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands, except weighted average data): As of As of June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Right-of-use assets $ $ Lease liability $ $ Weighted average remaining lease term 0.2 years 0.7 years Weighted average discount rate
Schedule of maturity of the lease liability	Maturity of the lease liability was as follows (in thousands): As of June 30, 2019 2019 (period from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019) $ Total lease payments $ Less imputed interest - Total $

Share-Based Compensation (Tab_2

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Share-Based Compensation
Schedule of share-based compensation expense	Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development expenses as follows in the accompanying condensed statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 General and administrative $ $ $ $ 1,147 Research and development 782 Total share-based compensation $ $ $ $ 1,929	Share-based compensation expense was included in general and administrative and research and development costs as follows in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 General and administrative $ 2,378 $ 4,091 $ 1,166 Research and development 1,753 1,182 552 Total share-based compensation $ 4,131 $ 5,273 $ 1,718
Schedule of weighted-average assumptions, option-pricing model	The weighted‑average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing and Monte Carlo simulation models are as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Expected stock price volatility — — Expected life of options (years) — — Expected dividend yield — — Risk free interest rate — —	Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected stock price volatility % % % Expected life of options (years) Expected dividend yield % % % Risk free interest rate % % %

Net Loss Per Common Share (Ta_2

Net Loss Per Common Share (Tables)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Net Loss Per Common Share
Schedule of computation of basic and diluted loss per share	The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Numerator: Net loss attributed to common stockholders $ (2,920) $ (6,678) $ (6,721) $ (13,902) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 14,265,411 14,232,313 14,265,411 13,340,941 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.20) $ (0.47) $ (0.47) $ (1.04)	The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Numerator: Net loss $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,586) Adjustment to redemption value on Series A convertible preferred stock — — (366) Net loss attributed to common stock holders $ (23,637) $ (33,415) $ (14,952) Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 13,805,552 10,349,136 5,809,396 Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (1.71) $ (3.23) $ (2.57)
Schedule of potential common shares not considered in computation of diluted net loss per share	Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2019 2018 2019 2018 Stock options 2,722,973 3,164,838 2,722,973 3,164,838 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 1,014,204 978,204	Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Stock options 2,800,774 2,464,140 2,242,800 Restricted stock awards — — 4,009 Warrants 1,014,204 978,204 — Series A — — — Convertible notes — — —

The Company and Basis of Pres_8

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Follow-On Offering) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Jul. 23, 2019	Feb. 12, 2018	Sep. 08, 2016	Mar. 31, 2018
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)		3,592,858		3,592,858
Subsequent Event | Beijing SL Agreement
Sale of Stock
Upfront gross payment	$ 2.5
Follow On Offering
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)		3,142,858		3,592,858
Share price (in dollars per share)		$ 7		$ 7
Net proceeds		$ 23.1		$ 23.1
Overallotment
Sale of Stock
Issuance of stock (in shares)		450,000	27,755	450,000
Share price (in dollars per share)			$ 10

The Company and Basis of Pres_9

The Company and Basis of Presentation (Going Concern) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
The Company and Basis of Presentation
Accumulated deficit	$ (90,832)	$ (84,111)		$ (60,474)
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,643	$ 18,954	$ 28,039	$ 18,473	$ 24,033	$ 3,620

Summary of Significant Accoun_6

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)segment	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)segment	Jan. 01, 2019USD ($)
Income Taxes
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Segment Information
Number of operating segment | segment			1		1
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Lease, Practical Expedients, Package [true false]			true
Right of use asset	18,000		$ 18,000		$ 68,000
Lease asset liability	$ 18,000		$ 18,000		$ 70,000
ASU 2016-02 | Adjustment
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Right of use asset						$ 100,000
Lease asset liability						$ 100,000

Accrued Liabilities (Details)_2

Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued compensation and other payroll liabilities	$ 20	$ 137	$ 306
Legal costs	269	106	91
Accrued interest		43	38
Lease liability	18
Other research and development expenses	54	135
Other general and administrative expenses	21	17	53
Total	$ 382	$ 438	$ 1,010

Debt - Term Loan (Details)_2

Debt - Term Loan (Details) - USD ($)	Jan. 28, 2019	Jul. 31, 2017	Feb. 28, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants				993,204
Outstanding borrowings						$ 8,683,000
Term Loan
Debt
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses		$ 100,000
Term Loan | SVB
Debt
Debt issue costs	$ 1,000,000
Success fee (as a percentage)	3.50%
Cash security			$ 15,000
Purchase of additional common stock through warrants					36,000
Debt discount amortized as interest expenses	$ 800,000
Outstanding borrowings	$ 8,900,000

Commitments and Contingencies_6

Commitments and Contingencies - Pfizer License Agreement (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Commitments and Contingencies
No liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement	$ 2,050,000	$ 11,920,000	$ 15,076,000
Pfizer, Inc.
Commitments and Contingencies
No liabilities were recorded related to the license agreement	$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies_7

Commitments and Contingencies - Other Agreements (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		15 Months Ended
	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019
Other Agreements
Total rent expense under operating classified lease			$ 52,000	$ 52,000	$ 26,000
Office Rental
Other Agreements
Total rent expense under operating classified lease	$ 8,900	$ 8,400

Commitments and Contingencies_8

Commitments and Contingencies - Supplemental Cash Flow (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Supplemental cash flow information related to the operating lease was as follows (in thousands):
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 53	$ 52
Right-of-Use Asset Obtained in Exchange for Operating Lease Liability	70
Right of use asset	18		$ 68
Lease liability	$ 18		$ 70
Weighted average remaining lease term	2 months 12 days		8 months 12 days
Weighted average discount rate	5.50%		5.50%
Maturity of the lease liability was as follows (in thousands):
2019 (period from April 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019)	$ 18
Total lease payments	18
Total	$ 18		$ 70

License Agreement (Details)_2

License Agreement (Details) - USD ($)	Feb. 12, 2018	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2015	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
License Agreements
Issuance of stock (in shares)	3,592,858			3,592,858
Issuance of common stock				$ 25,150,000			$ 25,150,000	$ 30,278,000
Milestones or royalty payments triggered						$ 0	$ 0
License Agreement | Pfizer, Inc.
License Agreements
Ownership by Pfizer		5.00%	5.00%		5.00%
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement
License Agreements
Percentage of shares of common stock offering issued to Pfizer		15.00%	15.00%
Number of years after the first commercial sale			P5Y
Issuance of stock (in shares)			675,250
Issuance of common stock			$ 900,000
Notice period			90 days		90 days
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Milestone Payments | Maximum
License Agreements
Potential payments upon achievement of certain milestones		$ 37,000,000	$ 37,000,000		$ 37,000,000
Pfizer, Inc. | License Agreement | Milestone Payments | Maximum | Pfizer, Inc.
License Agreements
Potential payments upon achievement of certain milestones		$ 37,000,000	$ 37,000,000		$ 37,000,000

Stockholders_ Equity (Details)

Stockholders? Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018	Sep. 08, 2016	Mar. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2019
Common Stock
Common stock, shares issued					14,265,411	10,633,042		14,265,411
Issuance of common stock	3,592,858		3,592,858
Offering costs				$ 2,093	$ 2,091	$ 1,287	$ 3,963
Follow On Offering
Common Stock
Common stock, shares issued	3,142,858
Issuance of common stock	3,142,858		3,592,858
Net proceeds	$ 23,100		$ 23,100
Offering costs	$ 2,100		$ 2,100
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 7		$ 7
Overallotment
Common Stock
Issuance of common stock	450,000	27,755	450,000
Share price (in dollars per share)		$ 10

Stockholders_ Equity - Warrants

Stockholders? Equity - Warrants (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Warrants
Exercise of warrants	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Warrants to purchase	1,014,204		1,014,204		1,014,204	978,204

Stockholders_ Equity - Dividend

Stockholders? Equity - Dividend Rights (Details) - Common Stock	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)Vote / shares	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)Vote / shares
Dividends Rights
No dividends declared | $	$ 0	$ 0
Voting Rights
Common stock, vote per share | Vote / shares	1	1

Share-Based Compensation (Det_2

Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	$ 438	$ 909	$ 911	$ 1,929	$ 4,131	$ 5,273	$ 1,718
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	275	436	559	1,147	2,378	4,091	1,166
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	$ 163	$ 473	$ 352	$ 782	$ 1,753	$ 1,182	$ 552

Share-Based Compensation - St_2

Share-Based Compensation - Stock Options (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2016	Apr. 30, 2015
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Percentage of company's fully diluted shares	20.00%
A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	1,030,583	415,077	501,001	0
Number of years common shares automatically increase	10 years	10 years
Percentage of company's fully diluted shares		20.00%
Inducement Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	249,479				300,000
Employees, Directors And Consultants | 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)							320,615
Employees, Directors And Consultants | A&R 2015 Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)						2,400,000
Employees, Directors And Consultants | Inducement Plan
Stock Options, Additional Disclosures
Vesting period		4 years

Share-Based Compensation - 20_2

Share-Based Compensation - 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 01, 2019	Apr. 30, 2016
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Expected stock price volatility		66.00%		66.30%	66.30%	65.80%	71.447%
Expected life of options (years)		5 years 8 months 12 days		5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 10 months 24 days	6 years 7 days
Expected dividend yield		0.00%		0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Risk free interest rate		2.90%		2.70%	2.70%	2.00%	1.20%
Number of Options
Vested	87,021	127,062	166,133	307,410
Forfeited, nonvested	70,800	111,389	77,800	114,889
Unrecognized share-based compensation
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost					$ 3.9
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period					1 year 6 months
ESPP
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Granted (in shares)			0		0
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)									150,000
A&R 2015 Plan
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	1,030,583		1,030,583		415,077	0		501,001
Number of Options
Vested			1,930,014
Stock options outstanding	2,722,973		2,722,973
Available for future issuance	1,280,062		1,280,062
Unrecognized share-based compensation
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost	$ 2.8		$ 2.8
Unrecognized share-based compensation - Weighted average period			1 year 1 month 6 days
A&R 2015 Plan | Employees Directors Officers And Consultants
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Granted (in shares)	0	350,000	0	822,000
Vesting period			4 years
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted		$ 3.57		$ 5.07

Net Loss Per Common Share (De_2

Net Loss Per Common Share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Net Loss Per Common Share
Incremental common stock equivalents	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Net Loss Per Common Share - E_2

Net Loss Per Common Share - Earning Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended					6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$ (2,920)			$ (6,678)		$ (6,721)	$ (13,902)	$ (23,637)	$ (33,415)	$ (14,952)
Denominator:
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	14,265,411			14,232,313		14,265,411	13,340,941	13,805,552	10,349,136	5,809,396
Basic and diluted	$ (0.20)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.58)	$ (0.47)	$ (1.04)	$ (1.71)	$ (3.23)	$ (2.57)

Net Loss Per Common Share - A_2

Net Loss Per Common Share - Antidilutive Securities (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Stock options
Potential common shares
Potential common shares	2,722,973	3,164,838	2,722,973	3,164,838	2,800,774	2,464,140	2,242,800
Warrants
Potential common shares
Potential common shares	1,014,204	978,204	1,014,204	978,204	1,014,204	978,204

Fair Value Measurements - Nar_2

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair value measurements
Transfers between levels	$ 0		$ 0
Recurring
Fair value measurements
Total liabilities at Fair Value	0	$ 0		$ 0
Nonrecurring
Fair value measurements
Total liabilities at Fair Value	$ 0	$ 0		$ 0

Income Taxes (Details)_2

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Taxes
Effective tax rate	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Income tax benefit (expense)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Defined Contribution Plan (De_2

Defined Contribution Plan (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019USD ($)age	Jun. 30, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)age	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)
Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Minimum age of employee to cover under the plan | age			21		21
Employee compensation deferred percentage			100.00%		100.00%
Employer match of employee contributions of eligible compensation			100.00%		100.00%
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			3.00%		3.00%
Employer match of over all employee contributions of eligible compensation			50.00%		50.00%
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			3.00%
Percentage of employee contribution vested on their contribution			100.00%		100.00%
Employer matches vesting period			6 years		6 years
Amount of discretionary matching contributions on employee deferrals | $	$ 19,000	$ 29,000	$ 47,000	$ 54,000	$ 100,000	$ 0
Maximum
Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of compensation matched by employer			5.00%		5.00%

Related Party Transactions - _2

Related Party Transactions - IPO and Private Placement (Details) $ in Thousands	Feb. 12, 2018USD ($)shares	Mar. 31, 2018USD ($)employeeitemshares	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares	3,592,858	3,592,858
Gross proceeds | $		$ 25,150	$ 25,150	$ 30,278
Follow On Offering
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of officers | item		1
Net proceeds | $	$ 23,100	$ 23,100
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares	3,142,858	3,592,858
1 Officer
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of officers | employee		1
Net proceeds | $		$ 100
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares		14,286
Investors Related To Board Member And Officers
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Net proceeds | $		$ 500
Issuance of stock (in shares) | shares		71,429
1 investor related to 1 board member
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of board members related to investors | employee		1

Subsequent Events (Details)_2

Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event	Jul. 24, 2019USD ($)directorshares	Jul. 23, 2019USD ($)
Subsequent Events
Number of contingent value right per share	1
Percentage of gross consideration	80.00%
Contingent Value Rights Term	15 years
Contingent value rights term incase of other than grant, sale or transfer	10 years
Commitment to support develop gemcabene	$ 1,000,000
Cash payment days	30 days
Dr. Gullans
Subsequent Events
Employment Agreement, Severance Cash Lump Sum Payments	$ 75,000
Dr. Gullans | Restricted stock awards
Subsequent Events
Granted (in shares) | shares	300,000
Dr. Bisgaier
Subsequent Events
Employment Agreement, Severance Cash Lump Sum Payments	$ 330,000
Dr. Bisgaier | Restricted stock awards
Subsequent Events
Granted (in shares) | shares	100,000
Mr. Reno
Subsequent Events
Employment Agreement, Severance Cash Lump Sum Payments	$ 297,536
Mr. Reno | Restricted stock awards
Subsequent Events
Granted (in shares) | shares	100,000
Non-employee director | Restricted stock awards
Subsequent Events
Granted (in shares) | shares	45,000
Employees | Restricted stock awards
Subsequent Events
Granted (in shares) | shares	62,000
Merger Agreement with NeuroBo
Subsequent Events
Percentage of interest held by our exiting shareholders	4.06%
Percentage of interest held by our exiting shareholders	95.94%
Merger agreement, minimum parent cash amount	$ 3,000,000
Gross proceeds	24,240,000
Termination fee	$ 1,000,000
Total number of directors | director	6
Number of directors to be designated | director	5
Prior retention of gross consideration	$ 500,000
Merger Agreement with NeuroBo | Maximum
Subsequent Events
Threshold Gross Proceeds to Adjust Ownership Percentage	50,000,000
Reimbursement of expenses	500,000
Merger Agreement with NeuroBo | Series B Preferred Stock
Subsequent Events
Minimum required amount from preferred stock financing	$ 24,240,000
License Agreement with Beijing SL
Subsequent Events
Upfront payment to be received		$ 2,500,000
Period from effective date within which upfront gross payment to be paid		45 years
License Agreement with Beijing SL | Minimum
Subsequent Events
Threshold period after which future milestone payments begin		1 year
License Agreement with Beijing SL | Maximum
Subsequent Events
Developmental and regulatory milestone payment eligible to be received		$ 6,000,000
Global net sales milestone payment to be received		$ 20,000,000
Percentage of royalty to be received		20.00%
Clinical supply agreement, threshold negotiation period from effective date		60 days
Commercial supply agreement, threshold negotiation period		12 months

SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUA

SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Beginning Balance of Period	$ 16,181	$ 9,320	$ 3,657
Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses	6,685	6,861	5,937
Additions Charged to Paid in Capital			(274)
Ending Balance of Period	$ 22,866	$ 16,181	$ 9,320