Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition and collectability of accounts receivable, the expensing and capitalization of website and software development costs, goodwill and acquired intangible assets, commissions receivable, the contingent consideration liabilities, the valuation of stock-based awards and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, as there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in periods in which they become known. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions. Due to the COVID-19 Restricted Cash As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, restricted cash consisted of $0.3 million deposited in a separate restricted bank account as a security deposit for the Company’s corporate credit cards. Restricted cash accounts are classified within other assets. Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Concentrations of Credit Risk and of Significant Customers Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts and commissions receivable. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents at accredited financial institutions. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships. The Company sells its consumer referrals to insurance provider customers, consisting of carriers and agents, and indirect distributors in the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, one customer represented 16%, 22% and 21%, respectively, of total revenue. As of December 31, 2021, one customer accounted for 12% of the total accounts and commissions receivable balance. As of December 31, 2020, one customer accounted for 10% of the total accounts and commissions receivable balance. Accounts Receivable The Company provides credit to customers in the ordinary course of business and believes its credit policies are prudent and reflect industry practices and business risk. The Company monitors economic conditions to identify facts or circumstances that may indicate that its receivables are at risk of collection. The Company provides reserves against accounts receivable for estimated losses, if any, that may result from a customer’s inability to pay based on the composition of its accounts receivable, current economic conditions, and historical credit loss activity. Amounts determined to be uncollectible are charged or written-off 0.1 Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenue primarily by selling consumer referrals to its insurance provider customers, including insurance carriers, agents and indirect distributors. The Company also generates less than % of its revenue from commission fees for the sale of policies, primarily in its health and automotive verticals. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new revenue standard ASC 606, which amended revenue recognition principles and provides a single, comprehensive set of criteria for revenue recognition within and across all industries. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of the revenue standard, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when collectability of the consideration to which the Company is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer is determined to be probable. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less. Referral Revenue The Company recognizes referral revenue when it satisfies its performance obligations by delivering the referrals to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those referrals. Commission Revenue The Company’s commission revenue is primarily comprised of commissions from health insurance carriers and, to a lesser extent, auto insurance carriers. Commission revenue is comprised of the estimated constrained lifetime values (the “constrained LTVs”) of commission payments the Company expects to receive for selling an insurance policy. Commission revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation. The Company considers its performance obligation to be satisfied upon submission of the policy application. Commission revenue represents less than % of total revenue in each of the years ended December , , and . The Company estimates commission revenue for each health insurance product by using a portfolio approach to a group of policies by product type and the application submission date of the relevant policy, which are referred to as “cohorts.” The Company’s estimate of constrained LTVs is based on an analysis of historical commission payment trends for relevant policies to establish an expected lifetime value and incorporates management’s judgment in interpreting those trends to calculate LTVs and to apply constraints to such LTVs. Significant factors impacting historical trends include carrier mix, average policy duration and conversion rates of paying policies. Commission revenue from auto insurance carriers is comprised of constrained LTVs of commission payments the Company expects to receive for selling an insurance policy based on the effective date of the policy. The Company’s estimate of constrained LTVs is based on an analysis of historical commission payment trends for relevant policies to establish an expected lifetime value and incorporates management’s judgment in interpreting those trends to calculate LTVs and to apply constraints to such LTVs. The most significant factor impacting historical trends is The Company applies a constraint to its estimated LTVs to only recognize the amount of variable consideration that it believes is probable that it will be entitled to receive and will not be subject to a significant revenue reversal in the future. To the extent that commission payment trends change or the underlying factors impacting commission payments change, the Company’s estimate of constrained LTVs could be materially impacted. To the extent the Company makes changes to its estimates of constrained LTVs, it recognizes any material impact of the change to commission revenue in the reporting period in which the change is made, including revisions of estimated lifetime commissions either below or in excess of previously estimated constrained LTVs recognized as an adjustment to revenue and the related contract asset. The Company recognizes revenue for new policies by applying the latest estimated constrained LTV for that product. Disaggregated Revenue The Company presents disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers by distribution channel, as the distribution channel impacts the nature and amount of the Company’s revenue, and by vertical market segment. Total revenue is comprised of revenue from the following distribution channels: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Direct channels 90 % 92 % 94 % Indirect channels 10 % 8 % 6 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Total revenue is comprised of revenue from the following insurance verticals (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Automotive $ 330,928 $ 283,236 $ 212,300 Other 87,587 63,699 36,511 Total Revenue $ 418,515 $ 346,935 $ 248,811 The Company has elected to apply the practical Deferred Revenue Amounts received for referrals prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying balance sheets. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within 12 months of the balance sheet date are classified as current deferred revenue. Deferred revenue was $2.1 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized revenue of $1.4 million that was included in the contract liability balance (deferred revenue) at December 31, 2020. The Company recognizes deferred revenue by first allocating from the beginning deferred revenue balance to the extent that the beginning deferred revenue balance exceeds the revenue to be recognized. Billings during the period are added to the deferred revenue balance to be recognized in future periods. Commissions Receivable Commissions receivable are contract assets that represent estimated variable consideration for commissions to be received from insurance carriers for performance obligations that have been satisfied. The current portion of commissions receivable (included within prepaid expenses and other current assets) are estimated commissions expected to be received within one year, while the non-current (non-current)) received The current and non-current December 31, 2021 2020 Commissions receivable, current portion (included in prepaid expenses and other current assets) $ 9,285 $ 3,842 Commissions receivable, non-current 13,415 1,987 $ 22,700 $ 5,829 A portion of the Company’s commissions receivable contract asset was recorded as part of the purchase price allocation for the Company’s two acquisitions (see Note 3). The Company assesses impairment for uncollectible consideration when information available indicates it is probable that an asset has been impaired. There were no impairments recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019. While the Company is exposed to credit losses due to the non-payment Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets The Company records goodwill when consideration paid in a business acquisition exceeds the value of the net assets acquired. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable at that time but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. Assumptions may be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events or circumstances may occur, which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. During the measurement period, which extends no later than one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record certain adjustments to the carrying value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. After the measurement period, all adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as operating expenses or income. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review, such as significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. The Company assesses both the existence of potential impairment and the amount of impairment loss by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company amortizes acquired intangible assets over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern of consumption of the economic benefits or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis. Valuation of Contingent Consideration The Company’s two acquisitions in 2021 and 2020 provided for shares of Class A common stock to be issued to former owners of the purchased entities upon the achievement of certain revenue targets (see Note 3). Achievement of revenue targets that will result in the issuance of a variable number of shares of Class A common stock are accounted for as a liability. The Company estimates the fair value of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon achievement of the targets as of the acquisition date. The Company remeasures the fair value of the shares of Class A common stock issuable at each subsequent reporting date until the liability is fully settled. The Company uses Monte Carlo simulation models in its estimates. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration is based upon available information and certain assumptions, known at the time of its estimates, which management believes are reasonable. Significant assumptions and estimates utilized in the model include the forecasted revenue, revenue volatility and discount rate. The fair value of the liability at each reporting date is comprised of the estimated number of Class A common stock to be earned multiplied by the market value of the Company’s Class A common stock as of the reporting date. Deferred Financing Costs The Company capitalizes lender, legal and other third-party fees that are directly associated with obtaining access to capital under credit facilities. Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with obtaining access to capital are recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and are amortized over the availability period or term of the credit facility. Deferred financing costs related to a recognized debt liability are recorded as a direct reduction of the carrying amount of the debt liability and amortized to interest expense on an effective interest basis over the repayment term. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset as follows: Estimated Useful Life Computer equipment 3 years Software 3 years Furniture and fixtures 5 years Leasehold improvements Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in loss from operations on the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Leases Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company accounted for leases under ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”). Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), using the modified retrospective approach with no restatement of prior periods or cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit. Therefore, for the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s financial statements continue to be presented in accordance with ASC 840, the accounting standard originally in effect for such period. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with ASC 842. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company accounts for a contract as a lease when it has the right to control the asset for a period of time while obtaining substantially all of the asset’s economic benefits. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains an embedded lease at inception. For arrangements that meet the definition of a lease, the Company determines the initial classification and measurement of its right-of-use In addition to rent, the leases may require the Company to pay additional costs, such as utilities, maintenance and other operating costs, which are generally referred to as non-lease components. and non-lease components. associated non-lease components a right-of-use asset Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment, right-of-use Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques. The Company’s cash equivalents and contingent consideration liabilities are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 4). The carrying values of the Company’s accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. Commissions receivable are recorded at constrained lifetime values. Segment Information The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company operates an online marketplace for consumers shopping for auto, home and renters, life and health insurance quotes. Significantly Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses (wages, fringe benefit costs and stock-based compensation expense) for product management and software development. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except for certain costs which are capitalized in connection with the development of the Company’s website and internal-use Costs incurred in the preliminary and post-implementation stages of development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal costs, if direct and incremental, are capitalized until the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalization ceases upon completion of all substantial testing performed to ensure the product is ready for its intended use. The Company also capitalizes costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements of its website and internal-use over three years. Advertising Expense Advertising expense consists of variable costs that are related to attracting consumers to the Company’s marketplace and generating consumer quote requests, including through its verified partner network, and promoting its marketplace to insurance carriers and agents. The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred and such costs are included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, advertising expense totaled $289.0 million, $238.3 million and $175.5 million, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures stock options with service-based vesting or performance-based vesting granted to employees, non-employees Black-Scholes option-pricing straight-line service-based graded-vesting service-based performance-based The fair value of performance-based restricted stock units that are liability classified will be recorded as compensation expense based on the fair value of the number of shares issued at vesting. Prior to vesting, compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered, based on the performance conditions deemed probable of achievement. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to the vesting date, the fair value of these awards is remeasured using the then-current fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock (see Note 10). The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the currency of the local country. Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the period-end Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. The Company’s only element of other comprehensive loss is foreign currency translation adjustments. Net Income (Loss) per Share Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock units. For periods in which the Company reported a net loss, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company has two classes of common stock outstanding: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. As more fully described in Note 9, the rights of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder at any time. The Company allocates undistributed earnings attributable to common stock between the common stock classes on a one-to-one The Company excluded the following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect: December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Options to purchase common stock 1,539,573 2,188,919 2,827,868 Unvested restricted stock units 2,798,761 3,142,220 3,367,846 4,338,334 5,331,139 6,195,714 The table above does not include shares issuable upon settlement of contingent consideration for the Company’s two acquisitions (see Note 3). Such shares are also not included in the Company’s calculation of basic or diluted net loss per common share. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step more-likely-than-not determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related and Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers |