Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 3. Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows: Level 1 —Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 —Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are no t active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 —U no bservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, financial assets measured on a recurring basis consist of cash invested in money market accounts, short-term investments, and long-term investments. The fair value of short- and long-term investments is based upon market prices quoted on the last day of the fiscal period or other observable market inputs. The Company obtains pricing information from its investment manager and generally determines the fair value of investment securities using standard observable inputs, including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, bids and/or offers. There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 fair value measurements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Marketable securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale securities, consisted of the following at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands): September 30, 2024 Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Asset-backed securities $ 23,472 $ 72 $ ( 1 ) $ 23,543 U.S. treasury securities 17,343 28 — 17,371 Commercial paper 2,051 7 — 2,058 Corporate debt securities 31,958 100 — 32,058 Total $ 74,824 $ 207 $ ( 1 ) $ 75,030 December 31, 2023 Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Asset-backed securities $ 17,347 $ 10 $ ( 15 ) $ 17,342 U.S. treasury securities 43,924 34 ( 11 ) 43,947 Other government agency securities 13,371 — ( 15 ) 13,356 Commercial paper 20,351 4 ( 10 ) 20,345 Corporate debt securities 22,763 41 ( 2 ) 22,802 Total $ 117,756 $ 89 $ ( 53 ) $ 117,792 As of September 30, 2024, the unrealized losses for available-for-sale investments were primarily due to changes in interest rates and not due to increased credit risks associated with specific securities. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost bases of the investments. The Company does not currently intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at the time of maturity. As of September 30, 2024 , no allowance for credit losses was recorded and the Company did not recognize any impairment losses related to investments. The tables below show the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company's available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses (in thousands), aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively: September 30, 2024 Less Than 12 Months More Than 12 Months Total Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Asset-backed securities $ 2,983 $ — $ 20,560 $ ( 1 ) $ 23,543 $ ( 1 ) U.S. treasury securities 9,414 — 7,957 — 17,371 — Commercial paper 2,058 — — — 2,058 — Corporate debt securities 17,513 — 14,545 — 32,058 — Total $ 31,968 $ — $ 43,062 $ ( 1 ) $ 75,030 $ ( 1 ) December 31, 2023 Less Than 12 Months More Than 12 Months Total Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Asset-backed securities $ 4,686 $ — $ 12,656 $ ( 15 ) $ 17,342 $ ( 15 ) U.S. treasury securities 34,104 — 9,843 ( 11 ) 43,947 ( 11 ) Other government agency securities 2,477 ( 1 ) 10,879 ( 14 ) 13,356 ( 15 ) Commercial paper 20,345 ( 10 ) — — 20,345 ( 10 ) Corporate debt securities 9,566 ( 1 ) 13,236 ( 1 ) 22,802 ( 2 ) Total $ 71,178 $ ( 12 ) $ 46,614 $ ( 41 ) $ 117,792 $ ( 53 ) Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities were $ 0.4 million and $ 0.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which are recorded in cash and cash equivalents line item on the Company's condensed balance sheets. The Company has not written off any accrued interest receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair values of the Company’s assets, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, were determined using the following inputs (in thousands): September 30, 2024 Total (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Money market funds $ 7,611 $ 7,611 $ — $ — Asset-backed securities 23,543 — 23,543 — U.S. treasury securities 17,371 1,963 15,408 — Commercial paper 2,058 — 2,058 — Corporate debt securities 32,058 — 32,058 — Total $ 82,641 $ 9,574 $ 73,067 $ — December 31, 2023 Total (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Money market funds $ 8,641 $ 8,641 $ — $ — Asset-backed securities 17,342 — 17,342 — U.S. treasury securities 43,947 33,001 10,946 — Other government agency securities 13,356 — 13,356 — Commercial paper 20,345 — 20,345 — Corporate debt securities 22,802 — 22,802 — Total $ 126,433 $ 41,642 $ 84,791 $ — |