Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that a significant accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results, and requires management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as the result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The Company reclassified certain amounts within its consolidated statements of cash flows to conform to current period presentation. The reclassifications include $0.3 million and $0.1 million from proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares to withholding taxes related to net share settlement of ESPP purchases and vesting of RSUs for the years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These reclassifications had no impact on the Company’s previously reported results of operations or its balance sheets. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates relied upon in preparing these consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, variable consideration, valuation at fair value of assets acquired or sold, including intangibles, goodwill, tangible assets, and liabilities assumed, amortization perio ds, expected future cash flows used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, contingent liabilities, determination of incremental borrowing rates, restructuring liabilities, expensing and capitalization of research and development costs for int ernal-use software, the determination of the fair value of share-based awards issued, the average period of benefit associated with costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts and the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related va luation allowance. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Subsequent Events Considerations The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. Subsequent events have been evaluated as required. See Note 18. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity date of 90 days or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on deposit with banks, amounts held in interest-bearing money market funds and investments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value. Investments not classified as cash equivalents are presented as either short-term or long-term investments based on both their stated maturities as well as the time period the Company intends to hold such securities. The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company adjusts the cost of investments for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. The Company includes such amortization and accretion in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company did not hold any debt investments as of March 31, 2020. When the Company holds debt investments classified as available-for-sale pursuant to ASC 320, Investments – Debt Securities, The Company reviews investments for other-than-temporary impairment whenever the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost and evidence indicates that an investment’s carrying amount is not recoverable within a reasonable period of time. Other-than-temporary impairments of investments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations if the Company has experienced a credit loss, has the intent to sell the investment, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Evidence considered in this assessment includes reasons for the impairment, compliance with the Company’s investment policy, the severity and the duration of the impairment and changes in value subsequent to the end of the period. As of March 31, 2020, the Company did not hold any investments. As of March 31, 2019, the aggregate fair value of investments held by the Company in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months was $10.0 million. For the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company determined that no other-than-temporary impairments were required to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. The following is a summary of cash, cash equivalents and investments as of March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value March 31, 2020: Cash and cash equivalents due in 90 days or less $ 173,958 $ — $ — $ 173,958 Total cash, cash equivalents and investments $ 173,958 $ — $ — $ 173,958 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value March 31, 2019: Cash and cash equivalents due in 90 days or less $ 137,576 $ — $ — $ 137,576 Investments: U.S. treasury securities due in one year or less 1,993 1 — 1,994 Non-U.S. government securities due in one year or less 7,969 12 — 7,981 Corporate securities due in one year or less 25,951 24 (9 ) 25,966 Total investments 35,913 37 (9 ) 35,941 Total cash, cash equivalents and investments $ 173,489 $ 37 $ (9 ) $ 173,517 Revenue Recognition Revenue Recognition Policy The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. To achieve the core principle of ASC 606, the Company performs the following steps: 1) Identify the contract(s) with a customer; 2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract; 3) Determine the transaction price; 4) Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and 5) Recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company derives its revenue from two sources: (1) subscription revenue, which are comprised of subscription fees from customers accessing the Company’s cloud services and from customers purchasing additional support beyond the standard support that is included in the basic subscription fees; and (2) related professional services and other revenue, which consists primarily of certain performance obligations related to set-up, ingestion, consulting and training fees. In the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, subscription revenue made up the substantial majority of the Company’s revenue and professional services and other revenue made up less than 5% of the Company’s revenue. The Company’s subscription arrangements provide customers the right to access the Company’s hosted software applications. Customers do not have the right to take possession of the Company’s software during the hosting arrangement. The Company sells its products and services directly through the Company’s sales force and also indirectly through third-party resellers. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 606, the Company has considered certain factors in determining whether the end-user or the third-party reseller is the customer in arrangements involving resellers. The Company concluded that in the majority of transactions with resellers, the reseller is the customer. In these arrangements, the Company considered that it is the reseller, and not the Company, that has the relationship with the end-user. Specifically, the reseller has the ability to set pricing with the end-user and the credit risk with the end-user is borne by the reseller. Further, the reseller is not obligated to report its transaction price with the end-user to the Company, and in the majority of transactions, the Company is unable to determine the amount paid by the end-user customer to the reseller in these transactions. As a result of such considerations, revenue for these transactions is presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations based upon the amount billed to the reseller. For transactions where the Company has determined that the end-user is the ultimate customer, revenue is presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations based on the transaction price with the end-user. The Company recognizes subscription and support revenue ratably over the term of the contract, typically one year in duration, beginning on the date the customer is provided access to the Company’s service. For performance obligations related to set-up and ingestion, including implementation assistance and data migration services, respectively, the Company recognizes revenue using output measures of performance that reflect the transfer of promised services to the customer consistent with progress to completion. The Company considers training, consulting, and other professional services contracts as separate performance obligations and recognizes revenue using output measures of performance as services are completed. Amounts that have been invo iced are recorded in accounts receivable and in deferred revenue or revenue, depending on whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met. The Company primarily bills and collects payments from customers for its services in advance on a monthly and annual basis. In some instances, the Company receives non-refundable upfront payments for activities that do not constitute a promise to transfer a service and therefore are considered administrative tasks, not separate performance obligations. The upfront payments are evaluated to determine whether a material right to a discount upon renewal of the subscription exists. When the Company concludes a material right does not exist, the Company recognizes revenue related to the upfront payment over the initial contract term. When the Company concludes a material right does exist, the Company recognizes revenue related to the upfront payment, under the look-through method, over the estimated customer benefit period, which has been determined to be six years. All of the Company’s performance obligations, and associated revenue, are generally transferred to customers over time, with the exception of training, consulting and other professional services, which are generally transferred to the customer at a point in time. Revenue is presented net of any taxes collected from customers. Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the Company’s overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of the Company’s contracts, the products sold, customer demographics, the Company’s sales channel, and the number and size of users within the Company’s contracts. Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from subscription and other services described above and is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue that is expected to be recognized during the succeeding twelve-month period is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Deferred Cost Policy T he Company capitalizes incremental costs of obtaining revenue contracts, which primarily consist of commissions paid to its sales representatives. The Company amortizes these commissions over six years on a systematic basis, consistent with the pattern of transfer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. Six years represents the estimated benefit period of the customer relationship taking into account factors such as peer estimates of technology lives and customer lives as well as the Company's own historical data. No commissions are paid related to contract renewals. The current and noncurrent portions of deferred commissions are included in deferred contract costs, net, and deferred contract costs, net of current portion, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue primarily consists of expenses related to supporting and hosting the Company’s product offerings and delivering professional services. These costs include salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and share-based compensation expense related to the management of the Company’s data centers, customer support team and the Company’s professional services team. In addition to these costs, the Company incurs third-party service provider costs such as data center and networking expenses, allocated overhead, amortization of capitalized software and acquired Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk The Company has no off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents and investments with major financial institutions of high-credit quality. Although the Company deposits its cash with multiple financial institutions, its deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to our large number of customers. The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. The Company generally does not require its customers to provide collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. Credit losses historically have not been significant and the Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2020 and 2019, no individual customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable. During the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, no individual customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s revenue. The Company's board of directors approved investment policy permits investments in fixed income securities denominated and payable in U.S. dollars, including U.S. government and agency securities, non-U.S. government securities, money market instruments, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, corporate bonds and asset-backed securities. The Company diversifies its investment portfolio by investing in multiple types of investment-grade securities across various industries and issuers, limiting the amount invested in individual securities and limiting the average maturity to two years or less and attempts to mitigate a risk of loss by using a third-party investment manager. As of March 31, 2020, the Company did not hold any investments. As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s investments consisted primarily of investment-grade fixed income corporate debt securities with maturities ranging from one to seven months, non-U.S. government securities with maturities ranging from three to eight months and U.S. treasury securities with maturities in approximately five months. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company makes judgments as to its ability to collect outstanding receivables and provide allowances for the portion of receivables when a loss is reasonably expected to occur. The allowance for doubtful accounts is established to represent the best estimate of the net realizable value of the outstanding accounts receivable. The development of the allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a review of past due amounts, historical write-off and recovery experience, as well as aging trends affecting specific accounts and general operational factors affecting all amounts. In addition, factors are developed utilizing historical trends in bad debts, returns and allowances. The Company considers current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. If circumstances relating to specific customers change or unanticipated changes occur in the general business environment, the Company’s estimates of the recoverability of receivables could be further adjusted. For the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, bad debt expense was $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2020 and 2019 was not material. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Property and equipment acquired under capital leases is amortized over the lease term or, in circumstances where ownership is transferred by the end of the lease or there is a bargain purchase option, over the useful life that would be assigned if the asset were owned. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of, and the related accumulated depreciation, are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the determination of net loss in the period of retirement or sale. The estimated useful lives of the Company’s property and equipment are as follows: Estimated Useful Life Computer equipment 3 to 5 Leasehold improvements Lesser of asset life or lease term Furniture and fixtures 5 Office equipment 3 Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas major betterments are capitalized as additions to property and equipment. Business Combinations In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations The Company recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed and represents the expected future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that are not individually identified and separately recognized. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Assumptions may be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events or circumstances may occur, which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that it identifies adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations. Goodwill and acquired intangible assets Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company has determined that there is a single reporting unit for the purpose of conducting this goodwill impairment assessment. For purposes of assessing potential impairment, the Company estimates the fair value of the reporting unit, based on the Company’s market capitalization, and compares this amount to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the Company determines that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge would be required. The annual goodwill impairment test is performed as of January 1 st Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company amortizes acquired definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern of consumption of the economic benefits or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment, right-of-use assets, and definite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During this review, the Company re-evaluates the significant assumptions used in determining the original cost and estimated lives of long-lived assets. Although the assumptions may vary from asset to asset, they generally include operating results, changes in the use of the asset, cash flows, and other indicators of value. Management then determines whether the remaining useful life continues to be appropriate, or whether there has been an impairment of long-lived assets based primarily upon whether expected future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to support the recoverability of these assets. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. For the years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment of its long-lived assets. For the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded an i Fair Value Measurements ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants based on the highest and best use of the asset or liability. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Company uses valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. These inputs are prioritized as follows: • Level 1 inputs—Unadjusted observable quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. • Level 2 inputs—Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. • Level 3 inputs—Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company evaluates assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring and nonrecurring basis to determine the appropriate level to classify them for each reporting period. The Company measures eligible assets and liabilities at fair value, with changes in value recognized in earnings. Fair value treatment may be elected either upon initial recognition of an eligible asset or liability or, for an existing asset or liability, if an event triggers a new basis of accounting. The Company did not elect to remeasure any of its existing financial assets or liabilities and did not elect the fair value option for any financial assets and liabilities transacted in the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Software Development Costs Costs incurred to develop software applications used in the Company’s SaaS platform consist of certain direct costs of materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal-use computer software, and payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with, and who devote time to, the project. These costs generally consist of internal labor during configuration, coding, and testing activities. Research and development costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities, training, maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental, are capitalized until the application is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Qualified costs incurred during the operating stage of the Company’s software applications relating to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized to the extent it is probable that they will result in added functionality, while costs incurred for maintenance of, and minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal-use software are expensed as incurred. During the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company believes the substantial majority of its development efforts were either in the preliminary project stage of development or in the operation stage (post-implementation), and accordingly, no costs have been capitalized during these periods. These costs are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as research and development expense. Capitalized software and Cloud-computing Arrangements (CCA) The Company accounts for acquired internal-use software licenses and certain costs related to video content production related to its awareness training offering within the scope of ASC 350-40, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software Additionally, the Company evaluates its accounting for fees paid in a CCA to determine whether the CCA includes a license to internal-use software. If the CCA includes a software license, the Company accounts for the software license as an intangible asset. Acquired software licenses are recognized and measured at cost, which includes the present value of the license obligation if the license is to be paid for over time. If the CCA does not include a software license, the Company accounts for the arrangement as a service contract (hosting arrangement) and hosting costs are generally expensed as incurred. Since the adoption of ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-24): Customer’s Acco unting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract (ASU 2018-15), on July 1, 2018, the Company evaluates upfront costs including implementation, set-up or other costs (collectively, implementation costs) fo r hosting arrangements under the internal-use software framework. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred, whereas costs incurred in the development stage are generally capitalized. Capita lized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the hosting arrangement, which includes consideration of the non-cancellable contractual term and reasonably certain renewals. As of March 31, 2020 and 2019, the ne t carrying value of capitalized implementation costs related to hosting arrangements that were incurred during the application development stage were $ 2.9 million and $ 1.6 million, respectively. These capitalized implementation costs will be amortized over the expected term of the arrangement and are amortized in the same line item in the consolidated statements of operations as the expense for fees for the associated hosti ng arrangement. Foreign Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The Company determines the functional currency for its non-U.S. subsidiaries by reviewing the currencies in which its respective operating activities occur. The functional currency of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries is generally the local currency of each subsidiary. All assets and liabilities in the balance sheets of entities whose functional currency is a currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates as follows: (i) asset and liability accounts at period-end rates, (ii) income statement accounts at weighted-average exchange rates for the period, and (iii) shareholders’ equity accounts at historical exchange rates. Foreign exchange transaction gains and losses are included in foreign exchange (expense) income and other, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Net Loss Per Ordinary Share The Company calculates basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. The Company has excluded the following potentially dilutive shares, which include share options outstanding, unvested RSUs and estimated employee share purchase plan ESPP shares, from the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding as their inclusion in the computation for all periods would be anti-dilutive due to net losses incurred (in thousands): Year Ended March 31, 2020 2019 2018 Share options outstanding 6,271 6,209 6,230 Unvested RSUs 1,277 550 33 ESPP Shares 82 85 76 Advertising and Promotion Costs Expenses related to advertising and promotion of solutions is charged to sales and marketing expense as incurred. The Company incurred advertising expenses of $12.5 million, $12.5 million and $12.4 million during the years ended March 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Income Taxes The Company is subject to income tax in the United Kingdom, the United States and other internatio |