| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Quarterly Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been included and are of a normal and recurring nature. The operating results presented for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the entire year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 , which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIE”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary and voting interest entities which are generally majority owned or otherwise controlled by the Company. All significant intercompany balances are eliminated in consolidation. Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that could affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions. Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in the consolidated financial statements to conform to current period presentation. Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives and other has been renamed to other gain (loss), net and realized gain (loss) on sales and other has been renamed to gain on sales, net for presentational purposes only. Additionally, the Company has reclassified the gain (loss) on net cash on derivatives from realized gain (loss) on sales and other to other gain (loss), net on the consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 (refer to Note 10). Finally, in connection with the new leasing guidance under ASU 2016-02, which the Company adopted on January 1, 2019, the Company has combined the rental income and escalation income line items into one line item, lease income. Further, in connection with the new leasing guidance, the Company has reclassified below market ground lease from intangible assets, net and goodwill on the consolidated balance sheets to the operating lease right of use asset recorded in other assets, net and operating lease liability recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 (refer below for details on the new guidance). Prior Period Adjustments In connection with the new share-based payment guidance under ASU 2018-07, which the Company early adopted on July 1, 2018, the Company was required to retrospectively adjust compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 by $0.2 million . This prior period adjustment did not have a material impact on the previously stated earnings per share (“EPS”) disclosed for the three months ended March 31, 2018 . Intangible Assets and Intangible Liabilities The Company records acquired identified intangibles, which includes intangible assets (such as value of the above-market leases, in-place leases, goodwill and other intangibles) and intangible liabilities (such as the value of below-market leases), based on estimated fair value. The value allocated to the above or below-market leases is amortized net to rental income and in-place leases is amortized into depreciation and amortization expense, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the respective remaining lease term. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination and is not amortized. The Company analyzes goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of an operating segment, related to such goodwill, is less than the carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value an impairment is recorded for the difference. The following table presents identified intangibles as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible assets: In-place lease $ 40,197 $ (23,138 ) $ 17,059 $ 40,545 $ (22,031 ) $ 18,514 Above-market lease 3,104 (1,523 ) 1,581 3,042 (1,401 ) 1,641 Below-market ground lease (1) — — — 32,552 (1,420 ) 31,132 Goodwill (2) 6,750 N/A 6,750 6,886 N/A 6,886 Total $ 50,051 $ (24,661 ) $ 25,390 $ 83,025 $ (24,852 ) $ 58,173 Intangible liabilities: Below-market lease $ 16,637 $ (7,145 ) $ 9,492 $ 16,305 $ (6,583 ) $ 9,722 Total $ 16,637 $ (7,145 ) $ 9,492 $ 16,305 $ (6,583 ) $ 9,722 _____________________________ (1) Upon adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019, the Company has reclassified below market ground lease from intangible assets, net and goodwill on the consolidated balance sheets to the operating lease right of use asset recorded in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 . (2) Represents goodwill associated with certain acquisitions in exchange for shares in the underlying portfolios. The goodwill and a corresponding deferred tax liability was recorded at acquisition based on tax basis differences. The following table presents annual amortization of intangible assets and liabilities (dollars in thousands): Intangible Assets Intangible Liabilities In-place Leases, Net Above-market Leases, Net Below-market Leases, Net Remaining 2019 $ 3,903 $ 278 $ 1,281 2020 3,618 371 1,678 2021 3,042 371 1,517 2022 2,216 352 1,517 2023 1,396 209 1,517 2024 and thereafter 2,884 — 1,982 Total $ 17,059 $ 1,581 $ 9,492 Other Assets and Other Liabilities The following tables present a summary of other assets and other liabilities as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Other assets: Prepaid expenses $ 1,598 $ 581 Deferred leasing and other costs, net 3,998 3,710 Deferred tax assets, net 601 801 Straight-line rent, net 7,575 7,479 Operating lease right of use asset 31,786 — Other 2,247 1,746 Total $ 47,805 $ 14,317 March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Other liabilities: Deferred tax liabilities $ 5,027 $ 5,123 Prepaid rent received and unearned revenue 7,668 9,867 Tenant security deposits 3,677 3,914 Prepaid escalation and other income — 2,121 Operating lease liability 26 — Other 75 242 Total $ 16,473 $ 21,267 Revenue Recognition Operating Real Estate Lease income from operating real estate is derived from leasing of space to various types of tenants. Rental revenue recognition commences when the tenant takes possession of the leased space and the leased space is substantially ready for its intended use. The leases are for fixed terms of varying length and generally provide for annual rentals, subject to indexation, and expense reimbursements to be paid in quarterly or monthly installments. Rental income from leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases are included in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes any tenant inducements as a reduction of revenue utilizing the straight-line method over the term of the lease. Lease income also represents revenue from tenant leases which provide for the recovery of all or a portion of the operating expenses and real estate taxes paid by the Company on behalf of the respective property. This revenue is accrued in the same period as the expenses are incurred. In a situation in which a lease or leases associated with a significant tenant have been, or are expected to be, terminated early, the Company evaluates the remaining useful life of depreciable or amortizable assets in the asset group related to the lease that will be terminated (i.e., tenant improvements, above and below market lease intangibles, in-place lease value and leasing commissions). Based upon consideration of the facts and circumstances surrounding the termination, the Company may write-off or accelerate the depreciation and amortization associated with the asset group. Such amounts are included within depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations. Rental amounts due under tenant leases are generally subject to scheduled adjustments. The following tables present approximate future rental income under noncancelable operating leases to be received over the next five years and thereafter as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): As of March 31, 2019 (1) Remaining 2019 $ 41,843 Years ending December 31: 2020 45,162 2021 41,087 2022 35,072 2023 35,375 Thereafter 93,273 Total $ 291,812 _________________________ (1) Translated to the U.S. dollar using the currency exchange rate as of March 31, 2019 . As of December 31, 2018 (1) Years Ending December 31: 2019 $ 56,237 2020 46,178 2021 42,021 2022 35,736 2023 35,796 Thereafter 93,781 Total $ 309,749 _________________________ (1) Translated to the U.S. dollar using the currency exchange rate as of December 31, 2018. Preferred Equity Investments Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis and any related premium, discount, origination costs and fees are amortized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. The amortization is reflected as an adjustment to interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The amortization of a premium or accretion of a discount is discontinued if such investment is reclassified to held for sale. Equity-Based Compensation Equity-classified stock awards granted to non-employees that have a service condition are measured at fair value at date of grant. For time-base awards, fair value is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock at date of grant. For market-based awards, fair value is determined based on the stock price at the date of grant and an estimate of the probable achievement of such measure using a Monte Carlo analysis under a risk-neutral premise using a risk-free interest rate. The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, with the amount of compensation expense recognized at the end of a reporting period at least equal to the fair value of the portion of the award that has vested through that date. Compensation expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures upon occurrence. Earnings Per Share The Company’s basic equity per share (“EPS”) is calculated using the two-class method for each class of common stock and participating security as if all earnings had been distributed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS reflects the maximum potential dilution that could occur from the Company’s share-based compensation, consisting of unvested restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance common stock or other contracts to issue common stock, assuming performance hurdles have been met, were converted to common stock, including limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership owned by holders other than the Company (“Common Units”) and Common Units which are structured as profits interests (“LTIP Units” collectively referred to as Unit Holders). Potential dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation if they have an anti-dilutive effect in the period. The Company’s unvested restricted stock awards and LTIP Units contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends and thus are participating securities. Due to the existence of these participating securities, the two-class method of computing EPS is required, unless another method is determined to be more dilutive. Under the two-class method, net income is first reduced for distributions declared on all classes of participating securities to arrive at undistributed earnings. Under the two-class method, net loss is reduced for distributions declared on participating securities only if such security has the right to participate in the earnings of the entity and an objectively determinable contractual obligation to share in net losses of the entity. Foreign Currency Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is a foreign currency are translated using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are translated into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment (“CTA”), net, is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“OCI”) in the consolidated statements of equity. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , the Company reclassified $(1.3) million , and $0.3 million , respectively, of CTA to gain on sales, net in the consolidated statements of operations due to the sale of certain real estate assets (refer to Note 3). Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar are remeasured using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency remeasurement adjustment is recorded in other gain (loss), net in the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes with the initial filing of its 2015 U.S. federal tax return and will continue to comply with the related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the (“Internal Revenue Code”). Accordingly, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of its distributions to stockholders and as long as certain asset, income and share ownership tests are met. To maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company must annually distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders and meet certain other requirements. Under certain circumstances, federal income and excise taxes may be due on its undistributed taxable income. The Company distributes to its stockholders 100% of its taxable income and therefore no provision for U.S. federal income taxes has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 . Dividends distributed for the year ended December 31, 2018 were characterized, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as capital gains. The Company conducts its business through foreign subsidiaries which may be subject to local level income tax in the European jurisdictions it operates. The Company has also elected taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) status on certain subsidiaries. This enables the Company to provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs and participate in activities that do not qualify as “rents from real property.” The TRS is not resident in the U.S. (“foreign TRS”) and, as such, not subject to U.S. taxation but is subject to foreign income taxes only. In addition, the REIT will not generally be subject to any additional U.S. taxes on the repatriation of foreign TRS earnings. For the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, including the Company’s foreign TRS, deferred tax assets and liabilities are established for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the foreign tax basis of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets (e.g. net operating loss) and recognizes a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of its deferred tax assets, the Company considers estimates of expected future taxable income, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires the Company to forecast its business and general economic environment in future periods. Due to past and projected losses in certain local jurisdictions where the Company does not have carryback potential and/or cannot sufficiently forecast future taxable income, the Company recognized net cumulative valuation allowances against the Company’s deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to review its deferred tax assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company recorded an income tax expense of $2.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. Income tax expense recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2019 includes a $2.0 million capital gains tax related to assets sold in the first quarter 2019. Recent Accounting Pronouncements: Accounting Standards Adopted in 2019 Leases - In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance (ASU No. 2016-02) which amended lease accounting standards, along with several clarifying amendments were codified in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842. The new standard primarily requires lessees to recognize their rights and obligations under most leases on balance sheet, to be capitalized as a right of use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding liability for future lease obligations. Targeted changes were made to lessor accounting, primarily to align to the lessee model and the new revenue recognition standard. The Company adopted the new lease standard and related amendments on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method to leases existing or commencing on or after January 1, 2019. Comparative periods have not been restated and continue to re reported under the standards in effect for those prior periods. ASC 842 limits the definition of initial direct costs to only the incremental costs of obtaining a lease, such as leasing commissions, for both lessee and lessor accounting. Indirect costs such as allocated overhead, certain legal fees and negotiation costs are no longer capitalized under the new standard. The application of ASC 842 did not have a material impact on the statement of operations. The Company applied the package of practical expedients, which exempts the Company from having to reassess whether any expired or expiring contracts contain leases, revisit lease classification for any expired or expiring leases and reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company also elected the practical expedient related to land easements, allowing the Company to carry forward the accounting treatment for land easements on existing agreements. The Company did not however elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease terms for existing leases. Lessee Accounting - The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease and determines the classification of leasing arrangements at inception. A leasing arrangement is classified by the lessee either as a finance lease, which represents a financed purchased of the leased asset, or as an operating lease. The Company's operating leases relate primarily ground leases acquired with real estate. For these ground and office leases, the Company has elected the accounting policy to combine lease and related nonlease components as a single lease component. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The ROU assets also include capitalized initial direct costs offset by lease incentives. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company made the accounting policy election to recognize lease payments from short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term and will not record these leases on the balance sheet. Lease renewal or termination options are factored into the lease asset and lease liability only if it is reasonably certain that the option to extend or the option to terminate would be exercised. As the implicit rate is not readily determinable in most leases, the present value of the remaining lease payments was calculated for each lease using an estimated incremental borrowing rate, which is the interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow over the lease term on a collateralized basis. Lease expense is recognized over the lease term based on an effective interest method for finance leases and on a straight-line basis for operating leases. The Company recognized operating lease right of use asset of $31.8 million in other assets, net and a corresponding operating lease liability of $24.0 thousand in other liabilities for ground leases in its real estate portfolio. There was no impact to beginning equity as a result of adoption related to lessee accounting as the difference between the asset and liability balance is attributable to the derecognition of pre-existing balances, including straight-line rent, lease incentives, prepaid or deferred rent and ground lease obligation intangibles. Lessor Accounting - The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease and determines the classification of leasing arrangements at inception. Therefore, such options are only recognized once they are deemed reasonably certain, typically at the time the option is exercised. Lease revenue is composed of rental income, which includes the effect of minimum rent increases and rent abatements and tenant reimbursements, such as common area maintenance costs and other costs associated to the leases. As lessor, the Company made the accounting policy election to treat the lease and nonlease components in a contract as a single component to the extent that the timing and pattern of transfer are similar for the lease and nonlease components and the lease component qualifies as an operating lease. Nonlease components of tenant reimbursements for net leases qualify for the practical expedient to be combined with their respective lease component and accounted for as a single component under the lease standard as the lease component is predominant. Lease revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term and is included in property operating income on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company receives variable lease revenues from tenant reimbursements. Under the new standard, lessors are required to evaluate the collectability of all lease payments based upon the creditworthiness of the lessee. Lease revenue is recognized only to the extent collection is determined to be probable. If collection is subsequently determined to no longer be probable, any previously accrued lease revenue that has not been collected is subject to reversal. If collection is subsequently determined to be probable, lease revenue and corresponding receivable would be reestablished to an amount that would have been recognized if collection had always been deemed to be probable. Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company determined that collection of certain lease receivables, net of allowance for bad debts, is probable based on an evaluation of the tenants' creditworthiness and no cumulative adjustment to equity was required. Recent Accounting Pronouncements: Future Application of Accounting Standards Financial Instruments - In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance (ASU No. 2016-13) that changes the impairment model for most financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an allowance for expected losses, rather than incurred losses as required currently by the other-than-temporary impairment model. The guidance will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance-sheet credit exposures (e.g., loan commitments). The new guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and will be applied as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s existing disclosures. Fair Value Disclosures - In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance (ASU No. 2018-13) that requires new disclosures of changes in unrealized gains and losses in OCI for recurring Level 3 fair value of instruments held at balance sheet date, as well as the range and weighted average or other quantitative information, if more relevant, of significant unobservable inputs for recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair values. Certain disclosures are now eliminated, specifically around the valuation process required for Level 3 fair values, policy for timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, as well as amounts and reason for transfers between Levels 1 and 2. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s existing disclosures. Variable Interest Entities - In November 2018, the FASB issued guidance (ASU No. 2018-17) which amends the VIE guidance to align the evaluation of a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee in assessing a variable interest with the guidance in the primary beneficiary test. Specifically, indirect interests held by a related party that is under common control will now be considered on a proportionate basis, rather than in their entirety, when assessing whether the fee qualifies as a variable interest. The proportionate basis approach is consistent with the treatment of indirect interests held by a related party under common control when evaluating the primary beneficiary of a VIE. This effectively means that when a decision maker or service provider has an interest in a related party, regardless of whether they are under common control, it will consider that related party’s interest in a VIE on a proportionate basis throughout the VIE model, for both the assessment of a variable interest and the determination of a primary beneficiary. Transition is generally on a modified retrospective basis, with the cumulative effect adjusted to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance but does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations. |
