Loans and allowance for loan losses | Loans and allowance for loan losses: Loans outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , by major lending classification are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Commercial and industrial $ 867,083 $ 715,075 Construction 556,051 448,326 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 555,815 480,989 Residential line of credit 190,480 194,986 Multi-family mortgage 75,457 62,374 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 493,524 495,872 Non-owner occupied 700,248 551,588 Consumer and other 228,853 217,701 Gross loans 3,667,511 3,166,911 Less: Allowance for loan losses (28,932 ) (24,041 ) Net loans $ 3,638,579 $ 3,142,870 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , $ 618,976 and $ 761,197 , respectively, of qualifying residential mortgage loans (including loans held for sale) and $ 608,735 and $ 207,370 , respectively, of qualifying commercial mortgage loans were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati securing advances against the Bank’s line. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , $ 1,336,092 and $ 737,856 , respectively, of qualifying loans were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank under the Borrower-in-Custody program. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the carrying value of purchased credit impaired loans (“PCI”) loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality , were $ 68,999 and $ 88,835 , respectively. The following table presents changes in the value of the accretable yield for PCI loans for the periods indicated. Year Ended 2018 2017 2016 Balance at the beginning of period $ (17,682 ) $ (2,444 ) $ (1,637 ) Additions through the acquisition of the Clayton Banks — (18,868 ) — Principal reductions and other reclassifications from nonaccretable difference (4,047 ) (1,841 ) (3,438 ) Recoveries — (23 ) — Accretion 9,010 5,299 2,631 Changes in expected cash flows (3,868 ) 195 — Balance at end of period $ (16,587 ) $ (17,682 ) $ (2,444 ) Included in the ending balance of the accretable yield on PCI loans in the table above at December 31, 2018, is a purchase accounting liquidity discount of $ 2,436 . There is also a purchase accounting nonaccretable credit discount of $4,355 related to the PCI loan portfolio at December 31, 2018 and an accretable credit and liquidity discount on non-PCI loans of $ 7,527 and $ 2,197 , respectively. Interest revenue, through accretion of the difference between the recorded investment of the loans and the expected cash flows, is being recognized on all PCI loans. Accretion of interest income amounting to $ 9,010 , $ 5,299 and $ 2,631 was recognized on purchased credit impaired loans during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. This includes both the contractual interest income recognized and the purchase accounting contribution through accretion of the liquidity discount and credit mark for changes in estimated cash flows. The total purchase accounting contribution through accretion excluding contractual interest collected for all purchased loans was $ 7,608 , $ 5,419 and $ 3,538 for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The following provides the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and the related investment in loans net of unearned interest for the years December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 : Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Year Ended December 31, 2018 Beginning balance - December 31, 2017 $ 4,461 $ 7,135 $ 3,197 $ 944 $ 434 $ 3,558 $ 2,817 $ 1,495 $ 24,041 Provision for loan losses 1,395 1,459 547 (275 ) 132 (478 ) 1,281 1,337 5,398 Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 390 1,164 171 178 — 143 51 550 2,647 Loans charged off (898 ) (29 ) (138 ) (36 ) — (91 ) — (1,613 ) (2,805 ) Adjustments for transfers to loans HFS — — (349 ) — — — — — (349 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2018 $ 5,348 $ 9,729 $ 3,428 $ 811 $ 566 $ 3,132 $ 4,149 $ 1,769 $ 28,932 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Year Ended December 31, 2017 Beginning balance - December 31, 2016 $ 5,309 $ 4,940 $ 3,197 $ 1,613 $ 504 $ 3,302 $ 2,019 $ 863 $ 21,747 Provision for loan losses (2,158 ) 1,138 41 (788 ) (70 ) 483 (848 ) 1,252 (950 ) Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 1,894 1,084 159 395 — 61 1,646 532 5,771 Loans charged off (584 ) (27 ) (200 ) (276 ) — (288 ) — (1,152 ) (2,527 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2017 $ 4,461 $ 7,135 $ 3,197 $ 944 $ 434 $ 3,558 $ 2,817 $ 1,495 $ 24,041 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Year Ended December 31, 2016 Beginning balance - December 31, 2015 $ 5,135 $ 5,143 $ 4,176 $ 2,201 $ 311 $ 3,682 $ 2,622 $ 1,190 $ 24,460 Provision for loan losses 212 (417 ) (882 ) (630 ) 193 (271 ) (271 ) 587 (1,479 ) Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 524 216 127 174 — 140 195 240 1,616 Loans charged off (562 ) (2 ) (224 ) (132 ) — (249 ) (527 ) (1,154 ) (2,850 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2016 $ 5,309 $ 4,940 $ 3,197 $ 1,613 $ 504 $ 3,302 $ 2,019 $ 863 $ 21,747 The following tables provides the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan category broken out between loans individually evaluated for impairment, loans collectively evaluated for impairment and loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality as of December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 : December 31, 2018 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 3 $ — $ 7 $ — $ — $ 53 $ 205 $ — $ 268 Collectively evaluated for impairment 5,247 9,677 3,205 811 566 3,066 3,628 1,583 27,783 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 98 52 216 — — 13 316 186 881 Ending balance - December 31, 2018 $ 5,348 $ 9,729 $ 3,428 $ 811 $ 566 $ 3,132 $ 4,149 $ 1,769 $ 28,932 December 31, 2017 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 20 $ — $ 18 $ — $ — $ 120 $ 33 $ — $ 191 Collectively evaluated for impairment 4,441 7,135 3,179 944 434 3,438 2,784 1,495 23,850 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality — — — — — — — — — Ending balance - December 31, 2017 $ 4,461 $ 7,135 $ 3,197 $ 944 $ 434 $ 3,558 $ 2,817 $ 1,495 $ 24,041 December 31, 2016 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 135 $ — $ 23 $ — $ — $ 113 $ 242 $ — $ 513 Collectively evaluated for impairment 5,174 4,940 3,174 1,613 504 3,189 1,777 863 21,234 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality — — — — — — — — — Ending balance - December 31, 2016 $ 5,309 $ 4,940 $ 3,197 $ 1,613 $ 504 $ 3,302 $ 2,019 $ 863 $ 21,747 The following tables provides the amount of loans by loan category broken between loans individually evaluated for impairment, loans collectively evaluated for impairment and loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality as of December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 : December 31, 2018 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,847 $ 1,221 $ 987 $ 245 $ — $ 2,608 $ 6,735 $ 73 $ 13,716 Collectively evaluated for impairment 863,788 549,075 535,451 190,235 75,457 484,900 677,247 208,643 3,584,796 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 1,448 5,755 19,377 — — 6,016 16,266 20,137 68,999 Ending balance - December 31, 2018 $ 867,083 $ 556,051 $ 555,815 $ 190,480 $ 75,457 $ 493,524 $ 700,248 $ 228,853 $ 3,667,511 December 31, 2017 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,579 $ 1,289 $ 1,262 $ — $ 978 $ 2,520 $ 1,720 $ 25 $ 9,373 Collectively evaluated for impairment 711,352 439,309 456,229 194,986 61,376 481,390 531,704 192,357 3,068,703 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 2,144 7,728 23,498 — 20 11,962 18,164 25,319 88,835 Ending balance - December 31, 2017 $ 715,075 $ 448,326 $ 480,989 $ 194,986 $ 62,374 $ 495,872 $ 551,588 $ 217,701 $ 3,166,911 December 31, 2016 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi- family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and other Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,476 $ 2,686 $ 2,471 $ 311 $ 1,027 $ 2,752 $ 2,201 $ 27 $ 12,951 Collectively evaluated for impairment 384,279 238,900 290,346 176,879 43,922 350,812 260,361 74,276 1,819,775 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 478 4,319 2,107 — 28 3,782 5,340 4 16,058 Ending balance - December 31, 2016 $ 386,233 $ 245,905 $ 294,924 $ 177,190 $ 44,977 $ 357,346 $ 267,902 $ 74,307 $ 1,848,784 The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Watch. Loans rated as watch includes loans in which management believes conditions have occurred, or may occur, which could result in the loan being downgraded to a worse rated category. Also included in watch are loans rated as special mention, which have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date. Substandard. Loans rated as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so rated have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Also included in this category are loans considered doubtful, which have all the weaknesses previously described and management believes those weaknesses may make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loans not meeting the criteria above are considered to be pass rated loans. The following tables show credit quality indicators by portfolio class at December 31, 2018 and 2017 : December 31, 2018 Pass Watch Substandard Total Loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ 804,447 $ 52,624 $ 8,564 $ 865,635 Construction 543,953 5,012 1,331 550,296 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 519,541 8,697 8,200 536,438 Residential line of credit 186,753 1,039 2,688 190,480 Multi-family mortgage 75,381 76 — 75,457 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 456,694 16,765 14,049 487,508 Non-owner occupied 667,447 8,881 7,654 683,982 Consumer and other 204,279 2,763 1,674 208,716 Total loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans $ 3,458,495 $ 95,857 $ 44,160 $ 3,598,512 Purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ — $ 964 $ 484 $ 1,448 Construction — 3,229 2,526 5,755 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage — 14,681 4,696 19,377 Residential line of credit — — — — Multi-family mortgage — — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied — 4,110 1,906 6,016 Non-owner occupied — 8,266 8,000 16,266 Consumer and other — 15,422 4,715 20,137 Total purchased credit impaired loans $ — $ 46,672 $ 22,327 $ 68,999 Total loans $ 3,458,495 $ 142,529 $ 66,487 $ 3,667,511 December 31, 2017 Pass Watch Substandard Total Loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ 657,595 $ 50,946 $ 4,390 $ 712,931 Construction 431,242 7,388 1,968 440,598 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 440,202 9,522 7,767 457,491 Residential line of credit 192,427 1,184 1,375 194,986 Multi-family mortgage 61,234 142 978 62,354 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 451,140 28,308 4,462 483,910 Non-owner occupied 517,253 14,199 1,972 533,424 Consumer and other 189,081 2,712 589 192,382 Total loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans $ 2,940,174 $ 114,401 $ 23,501 $ 3,078,076 Purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,499 $ 645 $ 2,144 Construction — 3,324 4,404 7,728 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage — 20,284 3,214 23,498 Residential line of credit — — — — Multi-family mortgage — — 20 20 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied — 4,631 7,331 11,962 Non-owner occupied — 7,359 10,805 18,164 Consumer and other — 19,751 5,568 25,319 Total purchased credit impaired loans $ — $ 56,848 $ 31,987 $ 88,835 Total loans $ 2,940,174 $ 171,249 $ 55,488 $ 3,166,911 Nonperforming loans include loans that are no longer accruing interest (nonaccrual loans) and loans past due ninety or more days and still accruing interest. Nonperforming loans and impaired loans are defined differently. Some loans may be included in both categories, whereas other loans may only be included in one category. PCI loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. However, these loans are considered to be performing, even though they may be contractually past due, as any non-payment of contractual principal or interest is considered in the periodic re-estimation of expected cash flows and is included in the resulting recognition of current period covered loan loss provision or future period yield adjustments. The accrual of interest is discontinued on PCI loans if management can no longer reliably estimate future cash flows on the loan. No PCI loans were classified as nonaccrual at December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 as the carrying value of the respective loan or pool of loans cash flows were considered estimable and probable of collection. The following tables provide the period-end amounts of loans that are past due thirty to eighty-nine days, past due ninety or more days and still accruing interest, loans not accruing interest and loans current on payments accruing interest by category at December 31, 2018 and 2017 : December 31, 2018 30-89 days past due 90 days or more and accruing interest Non-accrual loans Loans current on payments and accruing interest Purchased Credit Impaired loans Total Commercial and industrial $ 999 $ 65 $ 6,124 $ 858,447 $ 1,448 $ 867,083 Construction 109 — 283 549,904 5,755 556,051 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 4,919 737 2,704 528,078 19,377 555,815 Residential line of credit 726 957 804 187,993 — 190,480 Multi-family mortgage — — — 75,457 — 75,457 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 407 197 2,423 484,481 6,016 493,524 Non-owner occupied 61 77 1,199 682,645 16,266 700,248 Consumer and other 1,987 1,008 148 205,573 20,137 228,853 Total $ 9,208 $ 3,041 $ 13,685 $ 3,572,578 $ 68,999 $ 3,667,511 December 31, 2017 30-89 days past due 90 days or more and accruing interest Non-accrual loans Loans current on payments and accruing interest Purchased Credit Impaired loans Total Commercial and industrial $ 5,859 $ 90 $ 533 $ 706,449 $ 2,144 $ 715,075 Construction 1,412 241 300 438,645 7,728 448,326 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 4,678 956 2,548 449,309 23,498 480,989 Residential line of credit 527 134 699 193,626 — 194,986 Multi-family mortgage — — — 62,354 20 62,374 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 521 358 2,582 480,449 11,962 495,872 Non-owner occupied 121 — 1,371 531,932 18,164 551,588 Consumer and other 1,945 217 68 190,152 25,319 217,701 Total $ 15,063 $ 1,996 $ 8,101 $ 3,052,916 $ 88,835 $ 3,166,911 Impaired loans recognized in conformity with ASC 310 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , segregated by class, were as follows: December 31, 2018 Recorded investment Unpaid principal Related allowance With a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 618 $ 732 $ 3 Construction — — — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 145 145 7 Residential line of credit — — — Multi-family mortgage — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 560 641 53 Non-owner occupied 5,686 5,686 205 Consumer and other — — — Total $ 7,009 $ 7,204 $ 268 With no related allowance recorded Commercial and industrial $ 1,229 $ 1,281 $ — Construction 1,221 1,262 — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 842 1,151 — Residential line of credit 245 249 — Multi-family mortgage — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 2,048 2,780 — Non-owner occupied 1,049 1,781 — Consumer and other 73 73 — Total $ 6,707 $ 8,577 $ — Total impaired loans $ 13,716 $ 15,781 $ 268 December 31, 2017 Recorded investment Unpaid principal Related allowance With a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 53 $ 53 $ 20 Construction — — — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 194 495 18 Residential line of credit — — — Multi-family mortgage — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 844 1,123 120 Non-owner occupied 144 150 33 Consumer and other — — — Total $ 1,235 $ 1,821 $ 191 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 1,526 $ 1,570 $ — Construction 1,289 1,313 — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 1,068 1,072 — Residential line of credit — — — Multi-family mortgage 978 978 — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1,676 2,168 — Non-owner occupied 1,576 2,325 — Consumer and other 25 25 — Total $ 8,138 $ 9,451 $ — Total impaired loans $ 9,373 $ 11,272 $ 191 December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Average recorded investment Interest income recognized (cash basis) Average recorded investment Interest income recognized (cash basis) Average recorded investment Interest income recognized (cash basis) With a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 335 $ 121 $ 454 $ 2 $ 994 $ 17 Construction — — — — 154 — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 170 9 149 9 1,750 1 Residential line of credit — — — — — — Multi-family mortgage — — — — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 702 43 740 48 1,756 25 Non-owner occupied 2,915 2 648 5 1,777 — Consumer and other — — 1 — 1 — Total $ 4,122 $ 175 $ 1,992 $ 64 $ 6,432 $ 43 With no related allowance recorded Commercial and industrial $ 1,377 $ 70 $ 1,074 $ 38 $ 494 $ 20 Construction 1,255 74 1,988 46 2,622 132 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 955 74 1,718 63 1,329 137 Residential line of credit 123 15 156 — 156 10 Multi-family mortgage 489 26 1,003 46 1,051 37 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1,862 148 1,897 122 1,120 119 Non-owner occupied 1,313 7 1,313 19 1,050 — Consumer and other 49 4 26 1 13 — Total $ 7,423 $ 418 $ 9,175 $ 335 $ 7,835 $ 455 Total impaired loans $ 11,545 $ 593 $ 11,167 $ 399 $ 14,267 $ 498 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company has a recorded investment in troubled debt restructurings of $6,794 and $ 8,604 , respectively. The modifications included extensions of the maturity date and/or a stated rate of interest to one lower than the current market rate. The Company has allocated $63 and $ 172 of specific reserves for those loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and has committed to lend additional amounts totaling up to $0 and $ 2 , respectively to these customers. Of these loans, $2,703 and $ 3,205 were classified as non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The following tables present the financial effect of TDRs recorded during the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2018 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial and industrial 2 $ 887 $ 887 $ — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1 143 143 — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 1 249 249 — Consumer and other 5 61 61 — Total 9 $ 1,340 $ 1,340 $ — Year Ended December 31, 2017 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial and industrial 2 $ 627 $ 627 $ — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1 377 377 — Non-owner occupied 2 711 711 68 Residential real estate: 1-4 family mortgage 1 143 143 8 Consumer and other 1 25 25 — Total 7 $ 1,883 $ 1,883 $ 76 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1 $ 118 $ 118 — Residential real estate: 1-4 family mortgage 5 1,819 1,819 — Consumer and other 3 29 29 — Total 9 $ 1,966 $ 1,966 $ — There were no loans modified as troubled debt restructurings for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. The terms of certain other loans were modified during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 that did not meet the definition of a troubled debt restructuring. The modification of these loans involved either a modification of the terms of a loan to borrowers who were not experiencing financial difficulties or a delay in a payment that was considered to be insignificant. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the company’s internal underwriting policy. |