Loans and allowance for credit losses | Loans and allowance for credit losses: Loans outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, by class of financing receivable are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2020 2019 Commercial and industrial (1) $ 1,346,122 $ 1,034,036 Construction 1,222,220 551,101 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 1,089,270 710,454 Residential line of credit 408,211 221,530 Multi-family mortgage 175,676 69,429 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 924,841 630,270 Non-owner occupied 1,598,979 920,744 Consumer and other 317,640 272,078 Gross loans 7,082,959 4,409,642 Less: Allowance for credit losses (170,389) (31,139) Net loans $ 6,912,570 $ 4,378,503 (1) Includes $212,645 of loans originated as part of the PPP at December 31, 2020, established by the CARES Act, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The PPP is administered by the SBA; loans originated as part of the PPP may be forgiven by the SBA under a set of defined rules. PPP loans are federally guaranteed as part of the CARES Act, provided PPP loan recipients receive loan forgiveness under the SBA regulations. As such, there is minimal credit risk associated with these loans. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, $1,248,857 and $412,966, respectively, of qualifying residential mortgage loans (including loans held for sale) and $1,532,749 and $545,540, respectively, of qualifying commercial mortgage loans were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati securing advances against the Bank’s line of credit. Additionally, as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, $2,463,281 and $1,407,662, respectively, of qualifying loans were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank under the Borrower-in-Custody program. The components of amortized cost for loans on the consolidated balance sheet excludes accrued interest receivable as the Company elected to present accrued interest receivable separately on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2020, total accrued interest receivable on loans was $38,316. Allowance for Credit Losses As of January 1, 2020, the Company’s policy for the allowance changed with the adoption of CECL. As permitted, the new guidance was implemented using a modified retrospective approach with the impact of the initial adoption being recorded through retained earnings at January 1, 2020, with no restatement of prior periods. Before January 1, 2020, the Company calculated the allowance on an incurred loss approach. As of January 1, 2020, the Company calculated an expected credit loss using a lifetime loss rate methodology. As a result of the difference in methodology between periods, disclosures presented below may not be comparative in nature. The Company utilizes probability-weighted forecasts, which consider multiple macroeconomic variables from a third-party vendor that are applicable to the type of loan. Each of the Company's loss rate models incorporate forward-looking macroeconomic projections throughout the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the subsequent historical reversion at the macroeconomic variable input level. In order to estimate the life of a loan, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments based on market information and the Company’s prepayment history. The Company's loss rate models estimate the lifetime loss rate for pools of loans by combining the calculated loss rate based on each variable within the model (including the macroeconomic variables). The lifetime loss rate for the pool is then multiplied by the loan balances to determine the expected credit losses on the pool. The Company considers the need to qualitatively adjust its modeled quantitative expected credit loss estimate for information not already captured in the model loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses. The Company reviews the qualitative adjustments so as to validate that information that has already been considered and included in the modeled quantitative loss estimation process is not also included in the qualitative adjustment. The Company considers the qualitative factors that are relevant to the institution as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to: levels of and trends in delinquencies and performance of loans; levels of and trends in write-offs and recoveries collected; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in reasonable and supportable economic forecasts; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and expertise; available relevant information sources that contradict the Company’s own forecast; effects of changes in prepayment expectations or other factors affecting assessments of loan contractual terms; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations. The quantitative models require loan data and macroeconomic variables based on the inherent credit risks in each portfolio to more accurately measure the credit risks associated with each. Each of the quantitative models pools loans with similar risk characteristics and collectively assesses the lifetime loss rate for each pool to estimate its expected credit loss. When a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans in any given pool, the loan is individually assessed. The Company has determined the following circumstances in which a loan may require an individual evaluation: collateral dependent loans; loans for which foreclosure is probable; TDRs and reasonably expected TDRs. A loan is deemed collateral dependent when 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and 2) the repayment is expected to be primarily through sale or operation of the collateral. The allowance for credit losses for collateral dependent loans as well as loans where foreclosure is probable is calculated as the amount for which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified appraisers and reviewed by qualified personnel. In cases where repayment is to be provided substantially through the sale of collateral, the Company reduces the fair value by the estimated costs to sell. Loans experiencing financial difficulty for which a concession has not yet been provided may be identified as reasonably expected TDRs. Reasonably expected TDRs use the same methodology as TDRs. In cases where the expected credit loss can only be captured through a discounted cash flow analysis (such as an interest rate modification for a TDR loan), the allowance is measured by the amount which the loan’s amortized cost exceeds the discounted cash flow analysis. The allowance for credit losses on a TDR or a reasonably expected TDR is calculated individually using a discounted cash flow methodology, unless the loan is deemed to be collateral dependent or foreclosure is probable. The Company’s acquisitions and changes in reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in projected credit deterioration requiring the Company to recognize significant increases in the provision for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2020. Specifically, the Company performed additional qualitative evaluations by class of financing receivable in line with the Company's established qualitative framework, weighting the impact of the current economic outlook, status of federal government stimulus programs, and other considerations, in order to identify specific industries or borrowers seeing credit improvement or deterioration specific to the COVID-19 pandemic. Loans acquired during the period from Franklin increased the allowance for credit losses by $77,653 as of the August 15, 2020 acquisition date and Farmers National increased the allowance for credit losses by $4,494 as of the February 14, 2020 acquisition date. See Note 2, "Mergers and acquisitions" for additional details related to PCD loans acquired during the year ended December 31, 2020. The following provides the changes in the allowance for credit losses by class of financing receivable for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018: Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Year Ended December 31, 2020 Beginning balance - December 31, 2019 $ 4,805 $ 10,194 $ 3,112 $ 752 $ 544 $ 4,109 $ 4,621 $ 3,002 $ 31,139 Impact of adopting ASC 326 on non-purchased credit deteriorated loans 5,300 1,533 7,920 3,461 340 1,879 6,822 3,633 30,888 Impact of adopting ASC 326 on purchased credit deteriorated loans 82 150 421 (3) — 162 184 (438) 558 Provision for credit losses 13,830 40,807 6,408 5,649 5,506 (1,739) 17,789 6,356 94,606 Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 1,712 205 122 125 — 83 — 756 3,003 Loans charged off (11,735) (18) (403) (22) — (304) (711) (2,112) (15,305) Initial allowance on loans purchased with deteriorated credit quality 754 5,606 1,640 572 784 659 15,442 43 25,500 Ending balance - December 31, 2020 $ 14,748 $ 58,477 $ 19,220 $ 10,534 $ 7,174 $ 4,849 $ 44,147 $ 11,240 $ 170,389 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 Beginning balance - December 31, 2018 $ 5,348 $ 9,729 $ 3,428 $ 811 $ 566 $ 3,132 $ 4,149 $ 1,769 $ 28,932 Provision for loan losses 2,251 454 (175) 112 (22) 869 484 3,080 7,053 Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 136 11 79 138 — 108 — 634 1,106 Loans charged off (2,930) — (220) (309) — — (12) (2,481) (5,952) Ending balance - December 31, 2019 $ 4,805 $ 10,194 $ 3,112 $ 752 $ 544 $ 4,109 $ 4,621 $ 3,002 $ 31,139 Commercial and industrial Construction 1-to-4 family residential mortgage Residential line of credit Multi-family residential mortgage Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Consumer and Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2018 Beginning balance - $ 4,461 $ 7,135 $ 3,197 $ 944 $ 434 $ 3,558 $ 2,817 $ 1,495 $ 24,041 Provision for loan losses 1,395 1,459 547 (275) 132 (478) 1,281 1,337 5,398 Recoveries of loans 390 1,164 171 178 — 143 51 550 2,647 Loans charged off (898) (29) (138) (36) — (91) — (1,613) (2,805) Adjustments for transfers to loans HFS — — (349) — — — — — (349) Ending balance - $ 5,348 $ 9,729 $ 3,428 $ 811 $ 566 $ 3,132 $ 4,149 $ 1,769 $ 28,932 The following tables provides the amount of the allowance for credit losses by class of financing receivable disaggregated by measurement methodology as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2020 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for credit loss $ 373 $ 95 $ — $ 9 $ — $ 30 $ 1,531 $ 1 $ 2,039 Collectively evaluated for credit loss 13,493 54,065 17,206 10,031 6,326 4,062 33,706 10,516 149,405 Purchased credit deteriorated 882 4,317 2,014 494 848 757 8,910 723 18,945 Ending balance - December 31, 2020 $ 14,748 $ 58,477 $ 19,220 $ 10,534 $ 7,174 $ 4,849 $ 44,147 $ 11,240 $ 170,389 December 31, 2019 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 241 $ — $ 8 $ 9 $ — $ 238 $ 399 $ — $ 895 Collectively evaluated for impairment 4,457 10,192 2,940 743 544 3,853 3,909 1,933 28,571 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 107 2 164 — — 18 313 1,069 1,673 Ending balance - December 31, 2019 $ 4,805 $ 10,194 $ 3,112 $ 752 $ 544 $ 4,109 $ 4,621 $ 3,002 $ 31,139 December 31, 2018 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Amount of allowance allocated to: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 3 $ — $ 7 $ — $ — $ 53 $ 205 $ — $ 268 Collectively evaluated for impairment 5,247 9,677 3,205 811 566 3,066 3,628 1,583 27,783 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 98 52 216 — — 13 316 186 881 Ending balance - December 31, 2018 $ 5,348 $ 9,729 $ 3,428 $ 811 $ 566 $ 3,132 $ 4,149 $ 1,769 $ 28,932 The following table provides the amount of loans by class of financing receivable disaggregated by measurement methodology as of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018: December 31, 2020 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for credit loss $ 15,578 $ 4,851 $ 848 $ 412 $ — $ 7,846 $ 8,631 $ 39 $ 38,205 Collectively evaluated for credit loss 1,270,058 1,140,634 987,142 387,250 156,447 813,151 1,272,203 302,983 6,329,868 Purchased credit deteriorated 60,486 76,735 101,280 20,549 19,229 103,844 318,145 14,618 714,886 Ending balance - December 31, 2020 $ 1,346,122 $ 1,222,220 $ 1,089,270 $ 408,211 $ 175,676 $ 924,841 $ 1,598,979 $ 317,640 $ 7,082,959 December 31, 2019 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for impairment $ 9,026 $ 2,061 $ 1,347 $ 579 $ — $ 2,993 $ 7,755 $ 49 $ 23,810 Collectively evaluated for impairment 1,023,326 546,156 689,769 220,878 69,429 621,386 902,792 254,944 4,328,680 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 1,684 2,884 19,338 73 — 5,891 10,197 17,085 57,152 Ending balance - December 31, 2019 $ 1,034,036 $ 551,101 $ 710,454 $ 221,530 $ 69,429 $ 630,270 $ 920,744 $ 272,078 $ 4,409,642 December 31, 2018 Commercial Construction 1-to-4 Residential Multi-family Commercial Commercial Consumer Total Loans, net of unearned income Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,847 $ 1,221 $ 987 $ 245 $ — $ 2,608 $ 6,735 $ 73 $ 13,716 Collectively evaluated for impairment 863,788 549,075 535,451 190,235 75,457 484,900 677,247 208,643 3,584,796 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 1,448 5,755 19,377 — — 6,016 16,266 20,137 68,999 Ending balance - December 31, 2018 $ 867,083 $ 556,051 $ 555,815 $ 190,480 $ 75,457 $ 493,524 $ 700,248 $ 228,853 $ 3,667,511 Credit Quality The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans that share similar risk characteristics collectively. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated individually. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Pass. Loans rated Pass include those that are adequately performing and collateralized and which management believes do not have conditions that have occurred or may occur that would result in the loan being downgraded into an inferior category. Watch. Loans rated as Watch include those that management believes have conditions that have occurred, or may occur, which could result in the loan being downgraded to an inferior category. Also included in watch are loans rated as special mention, which have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date. Substandard. Loans rated as Substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so rated have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes. The following table presents the credit quality of our loan portfolio by year of origination as of December 31, 2020. Revolving loans are presented separately. Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for the purposes of the table below. As of December 31, Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total Commercial and industrial Pass $ 335,519 $ 183,905 $ 64,897 $ 56,598 $ 30,641 $ 40,964 $ 525,885 $ 1,238,409 Watch 3,786 2,555 6,213 3,764 7,847 4,301 39,901 68,367 Substandard 2,467 2,688 11,227 4,403 6,582 1,277 10,502 39,146 Doubtful 34 — — 22 — — 144 200 Total 341,806 189,148 82,337 64,787 45,070 46,542 576,432 1,346,122 Construction Pass 460,232 387,759 78,319 40,777 40,386 59,344 112,004 1,178,821 Watch 1,952 4,169 10,368 13,386 1,250 3,559 — 34,684 Substandard 573 1,755 3,178 129 — 3,068 — 8,703 Doubtful — — — 12 — — — 12 Total 462,757 393,683 91,865 54,304 41,636 65,971 112,004 1,222,220 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage Pass 282,747 176,374 159,036 147,816 107,911 152,027 — 1,025,911 Watch 1,783 2,166 6,672 10,668 4,004 13,889 — 39,182 Substandard 448 1,422 3,787 5,473 3,418 9,043 — 23,591 Doubtful — 6 19 — 204 357 — 586 Total 284,978 179,968 169,514 163,957 115,537 175,316 — 1,089,270 Residential line of credit Pass — — — — — — 396,348 396,348 Watch — — — — — — 6,511 6,511 Substandard — — — — — — 4,756 4,756 Doubtful — — — — — — 596 596 Total — — — — — — 408,211 408,211 Multi-family mortgage Pass 29,006 13,446 11,843 46,561 28,330 35,339 11,094 175,619 Watch — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 57.00 — 57 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total 29,006 13,446 11,843 46,561 28,330 35,396 11,094 175,676 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total Commercial real estate: Owner occupied Pass 133,046 174,965 95,182 89,214 76,539 208,013 51,264 828,223 Watch 8,825 5,891 6,646 21,618 6,101 18,561 2,417 70,059 Substandard 44 1,785 2,423 6,074 274 11,226 4,733 26,559 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total 141,915 182,641 104,251 116,906 82,914 237,800 58,414 924,841 Non-owner occupied Pass 166,962 222,238 324,848 193,496 264,820 237,933 37,787 1,448,084 Watch — 8,704 24,464 27,653 25,550 42,696 1,033 130,100 Substandard — 2,210 1,502 — — 17,083 — 20,795 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total 166,962 233,152 350,814 221,149 290,370 297,712 38,820 1,598,979 Consumer and other loans Pass 89,625 52,725 39,420 26,172 40,980 31,063 14,816 294,801 Watch 281 911 1,893 1,497 3,049 7,974 12 15,617 Substandard 96 131 867 881 779 2,044 668 5,466 Doubtful 55 434 567 280 156 264 — 1,756 Total 90,057 54,201 42,747 28,830 44,964 41,345 15,496 317,640 Total Pass 1,497,137 1,211,412 773,545 600,634 589,607 764,683 1,149,198 6,586,216 Watch 16,627 24,396 56,256 78,586 47,801 90,980 49,874 364,520 Substandard 3,628 9,991 22,984 16,960 11,053 43,798 20,659 129,073 Doubtful 89 440 586 314 360 621 740 3,150 Total $ 1,517,481 $ 1,246,239 $ 853,371 $ 696,494 $ 648,821 $ 900,082 $ 1,220,471 $ 7,082,959 The following disclosures are presented in accordance with GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of CECL. The Company has included these disclosures to address the applicable prior periods presented. The following table shows credit quality indicators by class of financing receivable at December 31, 2019. December 31, 2019 Pass Watch Substandard Total Loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ 946,247 $ 66,910 $ 19,195 $ 1,032,352 Construction 541,201 4,790 2,226 548,217 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 666,177 11,380 13,559 691,116 Residential line of credit 218,086 1,343 2,028 221,457 Multi-family mortgage 69,366 63 — 69,429 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 576,737 30,379 17,263 624,379 Non-owner occupied 876,670 24,342 9,535 910,547 Consumer and other 248,632 3,304 3,057 254,993 Total loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans $ 4,143,116 $ 142,511 $ 66,863 $ 4,352,490 Purchased credit impaired loans Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,224 $ 460 $ 1,684 Construction — 2,681 203 2,884 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage — 15,091 4,247 19,338 Residential line of credit — — 73 73 Multi-family mortgage — — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied — 4,535 1,356 5,891 Non-owner occupied — 6,617 3,580 10,197 Consumer and other — 13,521 3,564 17,085 Total purchased credit impaired loans — 43,669 13,483 57,152 Total loans $ 4,143,116 $ 186,180 $ 80,346 $ 4,409,642 Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Nonperforming loans include loans that are no longer accruing interest (nonaccrual loans) and loans past due ninety or more days and still accruing interest. The following tables provide information on nonaccrual and past due loans as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. For December 31, 2019, purchased credit impaired ("PCI") loans are not included in the nonperforming disclosures as these loans are considered to be performing, even though they may be contractually past due. This is because any non-payment of contractual principal or interest was considered in the periodic re-estimation of expected cash flows and was included in the 2019 loan loss provision or future period yield adjustments. Under PCD accounting, management considers changes in the credit quality of the borrower as part of its regular estimation of expected credit losses and does not make the same future yield adjustments as under the PCI accounting. Consequently, PCD loans that are contractually past due or on nonaccrual status, including those formerly accounted for as PCI loans, are included in the December 31, 2020 nonperforming disclosures. The following table represents an analysis of the aging by class of financing receivable as of December 31, 2020: December 31, 2020 30-89 days 90 days or Non-accrual Loans current Total Commercial and industrial $ 3,297 $ 330 $ 16,005 $ 1,326,490 $ 1,346,122 Construction 7,607 573 4,053 1,209,987 1,222,220 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 7,058 10,470 5,923 1,065,819 1,089,270 Residential line of credit 3,551 239 1,757 402,664 408,211 Multi-family mortgage — 57 — 175,619 175,676 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 98 — 7,948 916,795 924,841 Non-owner occupied 915 — 12,471 1,585,593 1,598,979 Consumer and other 4,469 2,027 2,603 308,541 317,640 Total $ 26,995 $ 13,696 $ 50,760 $ 6,991,508 $ 7,082,959 The following tables provide the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status, as well as any related allowance and interest income, by class of financing receivable as of or for the year ended December 31, 2020: u End of period amortized cost Beginning of Non-accrual Non-accrual Related Year to date Interest Income Commercial and industrial $ 5,586 $ 13,960 $ 2,045 $ 383 $ 325 Construction 1,254 3,061 992 131 69 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 4,585 3,048 2,875 84 22 Residential line of credit 489 854 903 31 72 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 2,285 7,172 776 63 89 Non-owner occupied 9,460 4,566 7,905 1,711 215 Consumer and other 1,623 — 2,603 147 24 Total $ 25,282 $ 32,661 $ 18,099 $ 2,550 $ 816 The following disclosures are presented in accordance with GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of CECL. The Company has included these disclosures to address the applicable prior periods presented. The following table provides the period-end amounts of loans that are past due, loans not accruing interest and loans current on payments accruing interest by category at December 31, 2019: December 31, 2019 30-89 days 90 days or Non-accrual Purchased Credit Loans current on payments and accruing interest Total Commercial and industrial $ 1,918 $ 291 $ 5,587 $ 1,684 $ 1,024,556 $ 1,034,036 Construction 1,021 42 1,087 2,884 546,067 551,101 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 10,738 3,965 3,332 19,338 673,081 710,454 Residential line of credit 658 412 416 73 219,971 221,530 Multi-family mortgage 63 — — — 69,366 69,429 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1,375 — 1,793 5,891 621,211 630,270 Non-owner occupied 327 — 7,880 10,197 902,340 920,744 Consumer and other 2,377 833 967 17,085 250,816 272,078 Total $ 18,477 $ 5,543 $ 21,062 $ 57,152 $ 4,307,408 $ 4,409,642 Impaired Loans The following disclosures are presented in accordance with GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of CECL. The Company has included these disclosures to address the applicable prior periods presented. Impaired loans recognized in conformity with ASC 310 at December 31, 2019 segregated by class, were as follows: December 31, 2019 Recorded Unpaid Related With a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 6,080 $ 8,350 $ 241 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 264 324 8 Residential line of credit 320 320 9 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 756 1,140 238 Non-owner occupied 6,706 6,747 399 Total $ 14,126 $ 16,881 $ 895 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 2,946 $ 3,074 $ — Construction 2,061 2,499 — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 1,083 1,449 — Residential line of credit 259 280 — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 2,237 2,627 — Non-owner occupied 1,049 1,781 — Consumer and other 49 49 — Total $ 9,684 $ 11,759 $ — Total impaired loans $ 23,810 $ 28,640 $ 895 Average recorded investment and interest income on a cash basis recognized during the years ended December 31, 2019, and 2018 on impaired loans, segregated by class, were as follows: December 31, 2019 2018 Average recorded investment Interest income recognized (cash basis) Average recorded investment Interest income recognized (cash basis) With a related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 3,349 $ 474 $ 335 $ 121 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 205 13 170 9 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 658 27 702 43 Non-owner occupied 6,196 109 2,915 2 Consumer and other — — — — Total $ 10,568 $ 624 $ 4,122 $ 175 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 2,088 $ 201 $ 1,377 $ 70 Construction 1,641 167 1,255 74 Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 963 68 955 74 Residential line of credit 252 1 123 15 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 2,143 133 1,862 148 Non-owner occupied 1,049 — 1,313 7 Consumer and other 61 5 49 4 Total $ 8,197 $ 575 $ 7,423 $ 418 Total impaired loans $ 18,765 $ 1,199 $ 11,545 $ 593 Purchased Credit Impaired Loans The following disclosures are presented in accordance with GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of CECL. The Company has included these disclosures to address the applicable prior periods presented. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying value of PCI loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 "Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality" was $57,152 and $68,999. The following table presents changes in the value of the accretable yield for PCI loans for the periods indicated. Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Balance at the beginning of period $ (16,587) $ (17,682) Additions through business combinations (1,167) — Principal reductions and other reclassifications from nonaccretable difference 61 (4,047) Accretion 7,003 9,010 Changes in expected cash flows (360) (3,868) Balance at end of period $ (11,050) $ (16,587) Included in the ending balance of the accretable yield on PCI loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, was a purchase accounting liquidity discount of $292 and $2,436, respectively. There was also a purchase accounting nonaccretable credit discount of $3,537 and $4,355 related to the PCI loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and an accretable credit and liquidity discount on non-PCI loans of $8,964 and $3,924 as of December 31, 2019 and $7,527 and $2,197, respectively, as of December 31, 2018. Interest revenue, through accretion of the difference between the recorded investment of the loans and the expected cash flows, was recognized on all PCI loans. Accretion of interest income amounting to $7,003 and $9,010 was recognized on PCI loans during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. This included both the contractual interest income recognized and the purchase accounting contribution through accretion of the liquidity discount for changes in estimated cash flows. The total purchase accounting contribution through accretion excluding contractual interest collected for all purchased loans was $8,556 and $7,608 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company has a recorded investment in TDRs of $15,988 and $12,206, respectively. The modifications included extensions of the maturity date and/or a stated rate of interest to one lower than the current market rate to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company has calculated $310 and $360 of specific reserves for those loans at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. There were no commitments to lend any additional amounts to these customers for either period end. Of these loans, $8,279 and $5,201 were classified as non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The following tables present the financial effect of TDRs recorded during the periods indicated. Year Ended December 31, 2020 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial and industrial 5 $ 2,257 $ 2,257 $ — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 7 2,794 2,794 — Non-owner occupied 2 3,752 3,752 $ — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 3 618 618 — Residential line of credit 1 95 95 — Total 18 $ 9,516 $ 9,516 $ — Year Ended December 31, 2019 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial and industrial 3 $ 3,204 $ 3,204 $ — Construction 2 1,085 1,085 — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 2 1,494 1,495 — Non-owner occupied 1 1,366 1,366 106 Residential real estate: 1-4 family mortgage 2 175 175 — Residential line of credit 2 333 333 9 Total 12 $ 7,657 $ 7,658 $ 115 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves Commercial and industrial 2 $ 887 $ 887 $ — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1 143 143 — Residential real estate: 1-4 family mortgage 1 249 249 — Consumer and other 5 61 61 — Total 9 $ 1,340 $ 1,340 $ — There were no loans modified as troubled debt restructurings for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Company’s internal underwriting policy. The terms of certain other loans were modified during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 that did not meet the definition of a TDR. The modification of these loans usually involve either a modification of the terms of a loan to borrowers who are not experiencing financial difficulties or an insignificant delay in payments. Collateral Dependent Loans For loans for which the repayment (based on the Company's assessment) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the following table presents the loans and the corresponding individually assessed allowance for credit losses by class of financing receivable. December 31, 2020 Type of Collateral Real Estate Financial Assets and Equipment Individually assessed allowance for credit loss Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,728 $ 117 Construction 3,877 — — Residential real estate: 1-to-4 family mortgage 226 — — Residential line of credit 1,174 — 9 Multi-family mortgage — — — Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 3,391 — 30 Non-owner occupied 8,164 — 1,531 Consumer and other — — — Total $ 16,832 $ 1,728 $ 1,687 Defe |