SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS | SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS Effective August 31, 2017, Historical Dow and Historical DuPont completed the previously announced merger of equals transaction pursuant to the Merger Agreement, resulting in a newly formed corporation named DowDuPont. See Note 3 for additional information on the Merger. As a result of the Merger, new operating segments were created which are used by management to allocate Company resources and assess performance. The new segments are aligned with the market verticals they serve, while maintaining integration and innovation strengths within strategic value chains. DowDuPont is comprised of nine operating segments, which are aggregated into eight reportable segments: Agriculture; Performance Materials & Coatings; Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure; Packaging & Specialty Plastics; Electronics & Imaging; Nutrition & Biosciences; Transportation & Advanced Polymers and Safety & Construction. Corporate contains the reconciliation between the totals for the reportable segments and the Company’s totals. The Company’s Nutrition & Biosciences reportable segment consists of two operating segments, Nutrition & Health and Industrial Biosciences, which individually did not meet the quantitative thresholds. Beginning in the third quarter of 2018, DowDuPont realigned the following joint ventures, global businesses and product lines in preparation for the Intended Business Separations: • Realignment of the HSC Group joint ventures (DC HSC Holdings LLC and Hemlock Semiconductor L.L.C.) from the Consumer Solutions global business in the Performance Materials & Coatings reportable segment to the Electronics & Imaging reportable segment. • Realignment of certain cellulosics product lines from the Nutrition & Health operating segment in the Nutrition & Biosciences reportable segment to the Consumer Solutions global business in the Performance Materials & Coatings reportable segment. • Certain roofing products were realigned from the Building Solutions product line in the Safety & Construction reportable segment to Corporate. • Realignment of the previously divested Epoxy and Chlorinated Organics global businesses from the Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure reportable segment to Corporate. • In addition, the following realignments within the Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure reportable segment were made, which had no effect on the segment results: – The Construction Chemicals global business was combined with the Polyurethanes & CAV global business. – Certain product lines associated with the oil and gas industry were realigned from the Industrial Solutions global business to the Polyurethanes & CAV global business. DowDuPont reported geographic information for the following regions: U.S. & Canada, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Europe, Middle East, and Africa ("EMEA"). As a result of the Merger, Historical Dow changed the geographic alignment for the country of India to be reflected in Asia Pacific (previously reported in EMEA) and aligned Puerto Rico to U.S. & Canada (previously reported in Latin America). The segment and geographic region reporting changes were retrospectively applied to all periods presented. The Company’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting purposes is Operating EBITDA (for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018) and pro forma Operating EBITDA (for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016) as this is the manner in which the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) assesses performance and allocates resources. The Company defines Operating EBITDA as earnings (i.e., "Income from continuing operations before income taxes”) before interest, depreciation, amortization and foreign exchange gains (losses), excluding the impact of significant items. Pro forma Operating EBITDA is defined as pro forma earnings (i.e. pro forma "Income from continuing operations before income taxes") before interest, depreciation, amortization and foreign exchange gains (losses), excluding the impact of adjusted significant items. Reconciliations of these measures are provided at the end of this footnote. The Company also presents pro forma net sales for 2017 and 2016 in this footnote as it is included in management’s measure of segment performance and is regularly reviewed by the CODM. Pro forma adjustments used in the calculation of pro forma net sales and pro forma Operating EBITDA were determined in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. Pro forma financial information is based on the historical consolidated financial statements of Historical Dow and Historical DuPont, adjusted to give effect to the Merger as if it had been consummated on January 1, 2016. Pro forma adjustments have been made for (1) the purchase accounting impact, (2) accounting policy alignment, (3) the elimination of the effect of events that are directly attributable to the Merger Agreement (e.g., one-time transaction costs), (4) the elimination of the impact of transactions between Historical Dow and Historical DuPont, and (5) the elimination of the effect of consummated divestitures required as a condition of regulatory approval for the Merger. Events that are not expected to have a continuing impact on the combined results (e.g., inventory step-up costs) are excluded from the pro forma adjustments. Corporate Profile The Company conducts its worldwide operations through global businesses which are reflected in the following reportable segments: AGRICULTURE The Agriculture segment leverages the Company’s technology, customer relationships and industry knowledge to improve the quantity, quality and safety of the global food supply and the global agriculture industry. Land available for worldwide agricultural production is increasingly limited so production growth will need to be achieved principally through improving crop yields and productivity. The segment’s two global businesses, Seed and Crop Protection, deliver a broad portfolio of products and services that are specifically targeted to achieve gains in crop yields and productivity, including well-established brands of seed products, crop chemicals, seed treatment, agronomy and digital services. R&D focuses on leveraging germplasm and plant science technology to increase farmer productivity and to enhance the value of grains and oilseeds through improved seed traits, superior seed germplasm and effective use of crop protection solutions. Seed Seed is a global leader in developing and supplying advanced plant genetic products and technologies. The Seed business is a global leader in developing, producing and marketing hybrid corn seed and soybean seed varieties, primarily under the Pioneer ® brand name, which improve the productivity and profitability of its customers. Additionally, the Seed business develops, produces and markets sunflowers, wheat, alfalfa, canola, cotton, rice and sorghum, as well as silage inoculants. Crop Protection Crop Protection serves the global agriculture industry with crop protection products for field crops such as wheat, corn, soybean, sunflower, canola/oilseed rape and rice, and specialty crops such as fruit, nut, vine, sugarcane, coffee and vegetables. Principle crop protection products are weed control, disease control and insect control offerings for foliar or soil application or as a seed treatment. PERFORMANCE MATERIALS & COATINGS Performance Materials & Coatings includes industry-leading franchises that deliver a wide array of solutions into consumer and infrastructure end-markets. The segment consists of two global businesses: Coatings & Performance Monomers and Consumer Solutions. These businesses primarily utilize the Company's acrylics-, cellulosics- and silicone-based technology platforms to serve the needs of the architectural and industrial coatings, home care and personal care end-markets. Both businesses employ materials science capabilities, global reach and unique products and technology to combine chemistry platforms to deliver differentiated offerings to customers. Coatings & Performance Monomers Coatings & Performance Monomers consists of two businesses: Coating Materials and Performance Monomers. The Coating Materials business makes critical ingredients and additives that help advance the performance of paints and coatings. The business offers innovative and sustainable products to accelerate paint and coatings performance across diverse market segments, including architectural paints and coatings, as well as industrial coatings applications used in maintenance and protective industries, wood, metal packaging, traffic markings, thermal paper and leather. These products enhance coatings by improving hiding and coverage characteristics, enhancing durability against nature and the elements, reducing volatile organic compounds (“VOC”) content, reducing maintenance and improving ease of application. The Performance Monomers business manufactures critical building blocks based on acrylics needed for the production of coatings, textiles, and home and personal care products. Consumer Solutions Consumer Solutions consists of three businesses: Performance Silicones; Silicone Feedstocks & Intermediates; and Home & Personal Care. Performance Silicones uses innovative, versatile silicone-based technology to provide ingredients and solutions to customers in high performance building, consumer goods, elastomeric applications and the pressure sensitive adhesives industry that help them meet modern consumer preferences in attributes such as texture, feel, scent, durability and consistency. The Company’s wide array of silicone-based products and solutions enables customers to: increase the appeal of their products; extend shelf life; improve performance of products under a wider range of conditions; and provide a more sustainable offering. Silicone Feedstocks & Intermediates provides standalone silicone materials that are used as intermediates in a wide range of applications including adhesion promoters, coupling agents, crosslinking agents, dispersing agents and surface modifiers. The Home & Personal Care business collaborates closely with global and regional brand owners to deliver innovative solutions for creating new and unrivaled consumer benefits and experiences in cleaning, laundry and skin and hair care applications, among others. INDUSTRIAL INTERMEDIATES & INFRASTRUCTURE Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure consists of two customer-centric global businesses - Industrial Solutions and Polyurethanes & CAV - that develop important intermediate chemicals that are essential to manufacturing processes, as well as downstream, customized materials and formulations that use advanced development technologies. These businesses primarily produce and market ethylene oxide, propylene oxide derivatives, cellulose ethers, redispersible latex powders and acrylic emulsions that are aligned to market segments as diverse as appliances, coatings, infrastructure, oil and gas, and building and construction. The global scale and reach of these businesses, world-class technology and R&D capabilities and materials science expertise enable the Company to be a premier solutions provider offering customers value-add sustainable solutions to enhance comfort, energy efficiency, product effectiveness and durability across a wide range of home comfort and appliances, building and construction, adhesives and lubricant applications, among others. Industrial Solutions Industrial Solutions is the world’s largest producer of purified ethylene oxide. It provides a broad portfolio of solutions that address world needs by enabling and improving the manufacture of consumer and industrial goods and services. The business’ solutions minimize friction and heat in mechanical processes, manage the oil and water interface, deliver ingredients for maximum effectiveness, facilitate dissolvability, enable product identification and provide the foundational building blocks for the development of chemical technologies. The business supports manufacturers associated with a large variety of end-markets, notably better crop protection offerings in agriculture, coatings, detergents and cleaners, solvents for electronics processing, inks and textiles. Polyurethanes & CAV Polyurethanes & CAV consists of three businesses: Polyurethanes, Chlor-Alkali & Vinyl (“CAV”), and Construction Chemicals (“DCC”). The Polyurethanes business is the world’s largest producer of propylene oxide, propylene glycol and polyether polyols, and a leading producer of aromatic isocyanates and fully formulated polyurethane systems for rigid, semi-rigid and flexible foams, and coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and composites that serve energy efficiency, consumer comfort, industrial and enhanced mobility market sectors. The CAV business provides cost advantaged chlorine and caustic soda supply and markets caustic soda, a valuable co-product of the chlor-alkali manufacturing process, and ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride monomer. The DCC business provides cellulose ethers, redispersible latex powders, silicones and acrylic emulsions used as key building blocks for differentiated building and construction materials across many market segments and applications ranging from roofing and flooring to gypsum-, cement-, concrete- or dispersion-based building materials. Joint Ventures The Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure segment includes a portion of the Company's share of the results of the following joint ventures: • EQUATE Petrochemical Company K.S.C.C. (“EQUATE”) - a Kuwait-based company that manufactures ethylene, polyethylene and ethylene glycol, and manufactures and markets monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and polyethylene terephthalate resins; owned 42.5 percent by the Company. • The Kuwait Olefins Company K.S.C.C. (“TKOC”) - a Kuwait-based company that manufactures ethylene and ethylene glycol; owned 42.5 percent by the Company. • Map Ta Phut Olefins Company Limited (“Map Ta Phut”) - a Thailand-based company that manufactures propylene and ethylene; the Company has an effective ownership of 32.77 percent (of which 20.27 percent is owned directly by the Company and aligned with the Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure segment and 12.5 percent is owned indirectly through the Company’s equity interest in Siam Polyethylene Company Limited, an entity that is part of The SCG-Dow Group and aligned with the Packaging & Specialty Plastics segment). • Sadara Chemical Company ("Sadara") - a Saudi Arabian company that manufactures chlorine, ethylene, propylene and aromatics for internal consumption and manufactures and sells polyethylene, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide derivative products, and isocyanates; owned 35 percent by the Company. PACKAGING & SPECIALTY PLASTICS Packaging & Specialty Plastics is a world leader in plastics and consists of two highly integrated global businesses: Hydrocarbons & Energy and Packaging and Specialty Plastics. The segment employs the industry’s broadest polyolefin product portfolio, supported by the Company’s proprietary catalyst and manufacturing process technologies, to work at the customer’s design table throughout the value chain to deliver more reliable and durable, higher performing, and more sustainable plastics to customers in food and specialty packaging; industrial and consumer packaging; health and hygiene; caps, closures and pipe applications; consumer durables; and infrastructure. The Company’s unique advantages compared with its competitors include: the Company’s extensive low-cost feedstock positions around the world; unparalleled scale, footprint, and market reach, with world-class manufacturing sites in every geography; deep customer and brand owner understanding; and market-driven application development and technical support. The segment remains agile and adaptive by participating in the entire ethylene-to-polyethylene chain integration, enabling the Company to manage market swings, and therefore optimize returns while reducing long-term earnings volatility. The Company’s unrivaled value chain ownership, combined with its Pack Studio locations in every geography, which help customers and brand owners deliver faster and more efficient packaging product commercialization through a global network of laboratories, technical experts and testing equipment, together differentiate the Company from its competitors. Hydrocarbons & Energy Hydrocarbons & Energy is the largest global producer of ethylene, an internal feedstock that is consumed primarily within the Packaging & Specialty Plastics segment. In addition to ethylene, the business is a leading producer of propylene and aromatics products that are used to manufacture materials that consumers use every day. The business also produces and procures the power and feedstocks used by the company’s manufacturing sites. Packaging and Specialty Plastics Packaging and Specialty Plastics serves growing, high-value sectors using world-class technology, broad existing product lines, and a rich product pipeline that creates competitive advantages for the entire packaging value chain. The business is also a leader in polyolefin elastomers and ethylene propylene diene monomer ("EPDM") rubber serving automotive, consumer, wire and cable and construction markets. Market growth is expected to be driven by major shifts in population demographics; improving socioeconomic status in emerging geographies; consumer and brand owner demand for increased functionality; global efforts to reduce food waste; growth in telecommunications networks; global development of electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure; and renewable energy applications. Joint Ventures This segment also includes the results of the following joint ventures of the Company, as well as a portion of the results of EQUATE, TKOC, Map Ta Phut and Sadara: • The Kuwait Styrene Company K.S.C.C. (“TKSC”) - a Kuwait-based company that manufactures styrene monomer; owned 42.5 percent by the Company. • The SCG-Dow Group - a group of Thailand-based companies (consisting of Siam Polyethylene Company Limited; Siam Polystyrene Company Limited; Siam Styrene Monomer Co., Ltd.; and Siam Synthetic Latex Company Limited) that manufacture polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene, latex and specialty elastomers; owned 50 percent by the Company. ELECTRONICS & IMAGING Electronics & Imaging is a leading global supplier of differentiated materials and systems for a broad range of consumer electronics including mobile devices, television monitors, personal computers and electronics used in a variety of industries. The segment is a leading supplier of key materials for the manufacturing of photovoltaics ("PV") and solar cells, and of materials and printing systems to the advanced printing industry, and of materials and solutions for the fabrication of semiconductors and integrated circuits addressing both front-end and back-end of the manufacturing process. By providing chemical mechanical planarization ("CMP") pads and slurries, photoresists and advanced coatings for lithography, removers and cleaners, dielectric and metallization solutions for back-end-of-line advanced chip packaging, along with silicones for light emitting diode ("LED") packaging and semiconductor applications, the segment offers the broadest portfolio of semiconductor and advanced packaging materials in the market. Electronics & Imaging also provides permanent and process chemistries for the fabrication of printed circuit boards to include laminates and substrates, electroless and electrolytic metallization solutions, as well as patterning solutions and materials and innovative metallization processes for metal finishing, decorative, and industrial applications. Electronics & Imaging is a leading global supplier of innovative metallization pastes and back sheet materials for the production of solar cells and solar modules for the PV industry (solar modules, which are made up of solar cells and other materials, are installed to generate power) and in the packaging graphics industry providing flexographic printing inks, photopolymer plates, and platemaking systems used in digital printing applications for textile, commercial and home-office use. In addition, the segment provides cutting-edge materials for the manufacturing of rigid and flexible displays for liquid crystal displays ("LCD"), advanced-matrix organic light emitting diode ("AMOLED"), and quantum dot ("QD") applications. Electronics & Imaging addresses all of these markets by leveraging a strong science and technology base to provide the critical materials and solutions for creating a more connected and digital world. Joint Ventures Electronics & Imaging includes the Company's share of the results of the HSC Group, a U.S.-based group of companies that manufacture and sell polycrystalline silicon products. NUTRITION & BIOSCIENCES Nutrition & Biosciences is an innovation-driven and customer-focused segment that provides solutions for the global food and beverage, dietary supplements, pharma, home and personal care, energy and animal nutrition markets. It consists of two operating segments: Nutrition & Health and Industrial Biosciences. Nutrition & Health The Nutrition & Health business is one of the world’s largest producers of specialty ingredients, developing and manufacturing solutions for the global food and beverage, dietary supplements and pharmaceutical markets. Its innovative and broad portfolio of natural-based ingredients marketed under the DuPont DANISCO® brand serves to improve health and nutrition as well as taste and texture in a wide range of dairy, beverage, bakery and dietary supplement applications. Its probiotics portfolio, including the HOWARU® brand, is world famous for its extensively documented strains that deliver consumers benefits in digestive and immune health. In addition to serving the global food and beverage market, the Nutrition & Health business is one of the world's largest producers of cellulosics- and alginates-based pharma excipients, used to improve the functionality and delivery of pharmaceuticals, and enabling the development of more effective pharma solutions. Industrial Biosciences The Industrial Biosciences business is an industry pioneer and innovator that works with customers to improve the performance, productivity and sustainability of their products and processes through biotechnology, chemistry and engineering solutions including enzymes, biomaterials, biocides and antimicrobial solutions and process technology. Industrial Biosciences offers better, cleaner and safer solutions to a wide range of industries including animal nutrition, biofuels, textiles, food and beverages, cleaning, personal care, fertilizers, and oil and gas. TRANSPORTATION & ADVANCED POLYMERS Transportation & Advanced Polymers provides high-performance engineering resins, adhesives, lubricants and parts to engineers and designers in the transportation, electronics, healthcare, industrial and consumer end-markets to enable systems solutions for demanding applications and environments. The segment delivers a broad range of polymer-based high-performance materials in its product portfolio, including elastomers and thermoplastic and thermoset engineering polymers which are used by customers to fabricate components for mechanical, chemical and electrical systems. In addition, the segment produces innovative engineering polymer solutions, high performance parts, specialty silicones and differentiated adhesive technologies to meet customer specifications in automotive, aerospace, electronics, industrial, healthcare and consumer markets. Transportation & Advanced Polymers is a global leader of advanced materials that provides technologies that differentiate customers’ products with improved performance characteristics. SAFETY & CONSTRUCTION Safety & Construction is the global leader in providing innovative engineered products and integrated systems for a number of industries including construction, worker safety, energy, oil and gas, transportation, medical devices and water purification and separation. Safety & Construction addresses the growing global needs of businesses, governments and consumers for solutions that make life safer, healthier and better. Innovation is the business imperative. By uniting market-driven science with the strength of highly regarded brands including DUPONT™ KEVLAR® high-strength material, NOMEX® thermal-resistant material, CORIAN® solid surfaces, TYVEK® selective barriers, DOW FILMTEC™ reverse osmosis elements, DOW STYROFOAM™ insulation and DOW GREAT STUFF™ do-it-yourself products, the segment strives to bring new products and solutions to solve customers' needs faster, better and more cost effectively. Safety & Construction is investing in future growth initiatives such as the protection of perishable and temperature-sensitive foods and pharmaceutical products, new roofing products, flame resistant cargo containers, protective clothing with much higher levels of arc protection for utilities, more comfortable and higher particulate protection hoods for firefighters and high recovery reverse osmosis elements. Through the sustainable solutions services, the segment is a leader in safety consulting, selling training products as well as consulting services, to improve the safety, productivity and sustainability of organizations across a range of industries. CORPORATE Corporate includes certain enterprise and governance activities (including insurance operations, environmental operations, geographic management, etc.); business incubation platforms; non-business aligned joint ventures; gains and losses on the sales of financial assets; non-business aligned litigation expenses; discontinued or non-aligned businesses and pre-commercial activities. Product transfers to Agriculture from other operating segments are generally valued at market-based prices. Other transfers of products between operating segments are generally valued at cost. Sales are attributed to geographic regions based on customer location; long-lived assets are attributed to geographic regions based on asset location. Geographic Region Information United States EMEA Rest of World Total In millions 2018 Sales to external customers $ 29,736 $ 24,371 $ 31,870 $ 85,977 Long-lived assets $ 23,264 $ 6,495 $ 6,089 $ 35,848 2017 Sales to external customers $ 21,210 $ 18,069 $ 23,205 $ 62,484 Long-lived assets $ 23,274 $ 6,252 $ 6,721 $ 36,247 2016 Sales to external customers $ 16,681 $ 13,633 $ 17,844 $ 48,158 Long-lived assets $ 14,812 $ 2,708 $ 5,966 $ 23,486 Segment Information Agri-culture Perf. Materials & Coatings Ind. Interm. & Infrast. Pack. & Spec. Plastics Elect. & Imaging Nutrition & Biosciences Transp. & Adv. Polymers Safety & Const. Corp. Total In millions 2018 Net sales $ 14,301 $ 9,575 $ 15,116 $ 24,096 $ 4,720 $ 6,801 $ 5,620 $ 5,453 $ 295 $ 85,977 Restructuring, goodwill impairment and asset related charges - net 1 479 21 11 46 2 29 2 24 491 1,105 Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates — 4 284 287 412 16 — 24 (26 ) 1,001 Operating EBITDA 2 2,705 2,170 2,543 4,926 1,902 1,632 1,702 1,427 (714 ) 18,293 Depreciation and amortization 941 855 653 1,239 452 681 442 542 113 5,918 Total assets 43,880 14,208 12,932 27,192 14,947 24,359 14,837 15,247 20,428 188,030 Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates 138 100 1,850 1,278 1,053 212 76 337 160 5,204 Capital expenditures 649 409 417 1,163 279 391 182 347 — 3,837 2017 Net sales $ 7,516 $ 8,809 $ 12,647 $ 21,456 $ 3,356 $ 2,786 $ 2,521 $ 3,006 $ 387 $ 62,484 Pro forma net sales 14,342 8,768 12,640 22,392 4,775 5,952 5,131 5,142 393 79,535 Restructuring, goodwill impairment and asset related charges - net 1 134 1,578 17 716 125 1 2 53 654 3,280 Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates 3 41 172 189 356 13 (1 ) 2 (11 ) 764 Pro forma Operating EBITDA 3 2,611 1,774 2,282 4,698 1,840 1,296 1,319 1,194 (848 ) 16,166 Depreciation and amortization 427 854 604 911 329 248 200 266 130 3,969 Total assets 45,569 14,907 12,108 25,809 15,066 25,315 14,712 15,452 23,226 192,164 Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates 333 103 1,699 1,184 1,196 203 76 359 183 5,336 Capital expenditures 310 446 295 1,965 138 156 74 186 — 3,570 2016 Net sales $ 6,173 $ 6,439 $ 10,832 $ 18,404 $ 2,307 $ 948 $ 897 $ 1,877 $ 281 $ 48,158 Pro forma net sales 14,060 6,389 10,820 19,848 4,266 5,736 4,497 4,984 294 70,894 Restructuring, goodwill impairment and asset related charges - net 1 5 42 83 10 — 1 — (3 ) 457 595 Asbestos-related charge 4 — — — — — — — — 1,113 1,113 Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates 5 98 (18 ) 137 234 10 3 1 (28 ) 442 Pro forma Operating EBITDA 3 2,322 1,015 1,675 5,129 1,388 1,227 1,043 1,133 (818 ) 14,114 Depreciation and amortization 186 657 649 770 235 64 59 121 121 2,862 Total assets 6,960 16,256 11,638 17,837 7,592 1,202 1,807 2,832 13,387 79,511 Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates 84 280 1,588 881 659 30 — 7 218 3,747 Capital expenditures 222 404 232 2,731 83 28 16 88 — 3,804 1. See Note 6 for information regarding the Company's restructuring programs and other asset related charges. 2. A reconciliation of "Income from continuing operations, net of tax" to Operating EBITDA is provided in the table on the following page. 3. A reconciliation of "Income from continuing operations, net of tax" to pro forma Operating EBITDA is provided in the table on the following page. 4. See Note 16 for information regarding the asbestos-related charge. Reconciliation of "Income from continuing operations, net of tax" to Operating EBITDA 2018 In millions Income from continuing operations, net of tax $ 4,004 + Provision for income taxes on continuing operations 1,489 Income from continuing operations before income taxes $ 5,493 + Depreciation and amortization 5,918 - Interest income 1 210 + Interest expense and amortization of debt discount 1,504 - Foreign exchange gains (losses), net 1, 2 (184 ) EBITDA $ 12,889 - Significant items (5,404 ) Operating EBITDA $ 18,293 1. Included in "Sundry income (expense) - net." 2. Excludes a $50 million pretax foreign exchange loss significant item related to adjustments to Historical DuPont's foreign currency exchange contracts as a result of U.S. tax reform during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. Reconciliation of "Income from continuing operations, net of tax" to Pro Forma Operating EBITDA 2017 2016 In millions Income from continuing operations, net of tax $ 1,669 $ 4,404 + Provision (Credit) for income taxes on continuing operations (476 ) 9 Income from continuing operations before income taxes $ 1,193 $ 4,413 + Depreciation and amortization 3,969 2,862 - Interest income 1 147 107 + Interest expense and amortization of debt discount 1,082 858 - Foreign exchange gains (losses), net 1 (63 ) (126 ) + Pro forma adjustments 3,179 4,298 Pro forma EBITDA $ 9,339 $ 12,450 - Adjusted significant items 2 (6,827 ) (1,664 ) Pro forma Operating EBITDA $ 16,166 $ 14,114 1. Included in "Sundry income (expense) - net." 2. Significant items, excluding the impact of one-time transaction costs directly attributable to the Merger and reflected in the pro forma adjustments. The significant items for 2018 are presented on an as reported basis. The adjusted significant items for 2017 and 2016 are presented on a pro forma basis. The following tables summarize the pretax impact of significant items and adjusted significant items by segment that are excluded from Operating EBITDA and pro forma Operating EBITDA: Significant Items by Segment for 2018 Agri-culture Perf. Materials & Coatings Ind. Interm. & Infrast. Pack. & Spec. Plastics Elect. & Imaging Nutrition & Biosciences Transp. & Adv. Polymers Safety & Const. Corp. Total In millions Net loss on divestitures and change in joint venture ownership 1 $ 22 $ (20 ) $ 20 $ — $ (27 ) $ — $ — $ (14 ) $ — $ (19 ) Integration and separation costs 2 — — — — — — — — (2,463 ) (2,463 ) Inventory step-up amortization 3 (1,554 ) — — (2 ) — (67 ) — (5 ) — (1,628 ) Restructuring, goodwill impairment and asset related charges - net 4, 5 (479 ) (21 ) (11 ) (46 ) (2 ) (29 ) (6 ) (24 ) (491 ) (1,109 ) Loss on early extinguishment of debt 6 — — — — — — — — (135 ) (135 ) Income tax related item 7 — — — — — — — — (50 ) (50 ) Total $ (2,011 ) $ (41 ) $ 9 $ (48 ) $ (29 ) $ (96 ) $ (6 ) $ (43 ) $ (3,139 ) $ (5,404 ) 1. Includes a gain related to Historical Dow's sale of its equity interest in MEGlobal, a gain related to Agriculture asset sales and a loss related to post-closing adjustments on the Dow Silicones ownership restructure. 2. Integration and separation costs related to pos |