Investments | Investments Available-for-sale investments The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 : September 30, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 110 $ 2 $ — $ 112 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 145,834 7,990 (189 ) 153,635 Corporate and other securities 177,927 4,631 (194 ) 182,364 Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 190,472 3,912 (478 ) 193,906 Residential mortgage-backed securities 185,298 1,960 (636 ) 186,622 Total available-for-sale investments $ 699,641 $ 18,495 $ (1,497 ) $ 716,639 December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Holding Gains Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 610 $ 2 $ (1 ) $ 611 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 153,884 2,010 (1,294 ) 154,600 Corporate and other securities 97,889 264 (1,401 ) 96,752 Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 151,137 252 (1,522 ) 149,867 Residential mortgage-backed securities 110,717 354 (2,650 ) 108,421 Total available-for-sale investments $ 514,237 $ 2,882 $ (6,868 ) $ 510,251 Available-for-sale securities in a loss position The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the securities’ fair value is deemed to be an other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI"). The Company considers a number of factors in completing its OTTI review, including the length of time and the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a change in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute an OTTI, but rather a temporary decline in fair value. For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery and the ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. If the decline in fair value of a fixed-maturity security below its amortized cost is considered to be other-than-temporary based upon other considerations, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the OTTI, which is recognized in net income, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the OTTI, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: September 30, 2019 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 12,993 $ (188 ) $ 256 $ (1 ) $ 13,249 $ (189 ) Corporate and other securities 22,122 (126 ) 5,232 (68 ) 27,354 (194 ) Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 35,140 (130 ) 31,802 (348 ) 66,942 (478 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 41,691 (130 ) 37,776 (506 ) 79,467 (636 ) Total available-for-sale investments $ 111,946 $ (574 ) $ 75,066 $ (923 ) $ 187,012 $ (1,497 ) At September 30, 2019 , the Company held 120 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $187.0 million and gross unrealized losses of $1.5 million . Of these securities, 65 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of September 30, 2019 , unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At September 30, 2019 , 87.9% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 , the Company concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses. December 31, 2018 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Holding Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ — $ — $ 499 $ (1 ) $ 499 $ (1 ) Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 42,718 (440 ) 34,326 (854 ) 77,044 (1,294 ) Corporate and other securities 62,045 (890 ) 12,092 (511 ) 74,137 (1,401 ) Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 93,247 (1,017 ) 25,746 (505 ) 118,993 (1,522 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 24,571 (155 ) 55,638 (2,495 ) 80,209 (2,650 ) Total available-for-sale investments $ 222,581 $ (2,502 ) $ 128,301 $ (4,366 ) $ 350,882 $ (6,868 ) At December 31, 2018 , the Company held 317 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $350.9 million and gross unrealized losses of $6.9 million . Of those securities, 158 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. Based on the Company's review as of December 31, 2018, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At December 31, 2018 , 86.4% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses. Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at September 30, 2019 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows: September 30, 2019 Amortized Estimated Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 12,905 $ 12,990 Due after one year through five years 110,503 113,402 Due after five years through ten years 78,077 81,102 Due after ten years 122,386 128,617 Commercial mortgage and asset-backed securities 190,472 193,906 Residential mortgage-backed securities 185,298 186,622 Total fixed maturity securities $ 699,641 $ 716,639 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Net investment income The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 : Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Interest: Taxable bonds $ 4,050 $ 2,548 $ 10,593 $ 6,548 Tax exempt municipal bonds 887 1,068 2,783 3,236 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 266 327 667 804 Dividends on equity securities 406 445 1,493 1,369 Gross investment income 5,609 4,388 15,536 11,957 Investment expenses (344 ) (303 ) (950 ) (861 ) Net investment income $ 5,265 $ 4,085 $ 14,586 $ 11,096 Realized investment gains and losses The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 : Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: Realized gains $ 61 $ — $ 457 $ 244 Realized losses — (6 ) (79 ) (10 ) Net realized gains (losses) from fixed-maturity securities 61 (6 ) 378 234 Equity securities: Realized gains 505 — 539 57 Realized losses (381 ) — (687 ) (11 ) Net realized gains (losses) from equity securities 124 — (148 ) 46 Net realized investment gains (losses) $ 185 $ (6 ) $ 230 $ 280 Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 , the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were $4.1 million and $21.0 million , respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 , the changes in net unrealized losses for fixed-maturity securities were $2.5 million and $9.9 million , respectively. Insurance – statutory deposits The Company had invested assets with a carrying value of $6.9 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 . Payable for investments purchased The Company recorded a payable for investments purchased, not yet settled, of $18.4 million at September 30, 2019 |