Investments | Investments Available-for-sale investments The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019: September 30, 2020 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 210,703 $ 14,240 $ (57) $ 224,886 Corporate and other securities 317,977 19,911 (700) 337,188 Asset-backed securities 225,969 4,139 (1,328) 228,780 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 62,421 4,739 (88) 67,072 Residential mortgage-backed securities 162,295 4,719 (51) 166,963 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 979,365 $ 47,748 $ (2,224) $ 1,024,889 December 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 110 $ 2 $ — $ 112 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 166,312 7,542 (961) 172,893 Corporate and other securities 180,287 4,736 (255) 184,768 Asset-backed securities 141,123 1,272 (471) 141,924 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 54,627 1,658 (239) 56,046 Residential mortgage-backed securities 172,358 1,819 (388) 173,789 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 714,817 $ 17,029 $ (2,314) $ 729,532 Available-for-sale securities in a loss position The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. The Company considers a number of factors in completing its review of credit losses, including the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a change in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute a credit loss. For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery and the ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is below the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment. For fixed-maturity securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the impairment, which is recognized in net income through an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. Beginning on January 1, 2020, credit losses are recognized through an allowance account. See Note 1 - Recently adopted accounting pronouncements - ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) for additional information. The Company reports investment income due and accrued separately from available-for-sale investments and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for investment income due and accrued. Investment income due and accrued is written off through net realized gains (losses) on investments at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments. The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: September 30, 2020 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 9,598 $ (57) $ — $ — $ 9,598 $ (57) Corporate and other securities 48,288 (700) — — 48,288 (700) Asset-backed securities 82,614 (852) 23,605 (476) 106,219 (1,328) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 6,747 (88) — — 6,747 (88) Residential mortgage-backed securities 24,615 (42) 279 (9) 24,894 (51) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 171,862 $ (1,739) $ 23,884 $ (485) $ 195,746 $ (2,224) At September 30, 2020, the Company held 106 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $195.7 million and gross unrealized losses of $2.2 million. Of these securities, 12 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether a credit loss has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of September 30, 2020, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At September 30, 2020, 81.6% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company concluded that there were no credit losses from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses. December 31, 2019 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 28,997 $ (961) $ 254 $ — $ 29,251 $ (961) Corporate and other securities 22,409 (251) 1,509 (4) 23,918 (255) Asset-backed securities 21,371 (79) 44,115 (392) 65,486 (471) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 16,352 (224) 2,508 (15) 18,860 (239) Residential mortgage-backed securities 36,986 (148) 24,815 (240) 61,801 (388) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 126,115 $ (1,663) $ 73,201 $ (651) $ 199,316 $ (2,314) Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at September 30, 2020 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows: September 30, 2020 Amortized Estimated Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 9,043 $ 9,192 Due after one year through five years 112,714 120,488 Due after five years through ten years 169,530 181,209 Due after ten years 237,393 251,185 Asset-backed securities 225,969 228,780 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 62,421 67,072 Residential mortgage-backed securities 162,295 166,963 Total fixed-maturity securities $ 979,365 $ 1,024,889 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Net investment income The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (in thousands) Interest: Taxable bonds $ 5,383 $ 4,050 $ 15,253 $ 10,593 Tax exempt municipal bonds 918 887 2,741 2,783 Cash equivalents and short-term investments — 266 261 667 Dividends on equity securities 1,100 406 2,554 1,493 Gross investment income 7,401 5,609 20,809 15,536 Investment expenses (393) (344) (1,196) (950) Net investment income $ 7,008 $ 5,265 $ 19,613 $ 14,586 Realized investment gains and losses The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: Realized gains $ 719 $ 61 $ 1,826 $ 457 Realized losses (72) — (162) (79) Net realized gains from fixed-maturity securities 647 61 1,664 378 Equity securities: Realized gains — 505 — 539 Realized losses — (381) — (687) Net realized gains (losses) from equity securities — 124 — (148) Realized gains from the sales of short-term investments — — 12 — Net realized investment gains $ 647 $ 185 $ 1,676 $ 230 Change in net unrealized gains on fixed-maturity securities For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were $8.3 million and $30.8 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were $4.1 million and $21.0 million, respectively. Insurance – statutory deposits The Company had invested assets with a carrying value of $7.0 million and $6.9 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Payable for investments purchased |