Investments | Investments Available-for-sale investments The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020: March 31, 2021 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 205,744 $ 10,349 $ (1,730) $ 214,363 Corporate and other securities 333,572 12,682 (3,428) 342,826 Asset-backed securities 255,544 3,951 (70) 259,425 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 62,519 2,537 (230) 64,826 Residential mortgage-backed securities 217,239 3,562 (2,478) 218,323 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 1,074,618 $ 33,081 $ (7,936) $ 1,099,763 December 31, 2020 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 216,181 $ 14,792 $ (67) $ 230,906 Corporate and other securities 294,854 21,840 (86) 316,608 Asset-backed securities 236,813 4,230 (382) 240,661 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 66,110 4,886 (27) 70,969 Residential mortgage-backed securities 217,859 4,938 (141) 222,656 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 1,031,817 $ 50,686 $ (703) $ 1,081,800 Available-for-sale securities in a loss position The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. The Company considers a number of factors in completing its review of credit losses, including the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a change in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute a credit loss. For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or, if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, and its ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or, if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is below the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment. For fixed-maturity securities that the Company does not intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the impairment, which is recognized in net income through an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company reports investment income due and accrued separately from available-for-sale investments and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for investment income due and accrued. Investment income due and accrued is written off through net realized gains (losses) on investments at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments. The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: March 31, 2021 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 38,432 $ (1,730) $ — $ — $ 38,432 $ (1,730) Corporate and other securities 114,920 (3,428) — — 114,920 (3,428) Asset-backed securities 25,069 (16) 17,373 (54) 42,442 (70) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 9,556 (230) — — 9,556 (230) Residential mortgage-backed securities 113,150 (2,423) 5,543 (55) 118,693 (2,478) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 301,127 $ (7,827) $ 22,916 $ (109) $ 324,043 $ (7,936) At March 31, 2021, the Company held 167 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $324.0 million and gross unrealized losses of $7.9 million. Of these securities, 11 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether a credit loss has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of March 31, 2021, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At March 31, 2021, 78.3% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company concluded that there were no credit losses from fixed-maturity securities with unrealized losses. December 31, 2020 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions $ 6,412 $ (67) $ — $ — $ 6,412 $ (67) Corporate and other securities 3,829 (86) — — 3,829 (86) Asset-backed securities 57,750 (149) 23,825 (233) 81,575 (382) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,971 (27) — — 4,971 (27) Residential mortgage-backed securities 46,869 (129) 266 (12) 47,135 (141) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 119,831 $ (458) $ 24,091 $ (245) $ 143,922 $ (703) Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at March 31, 2021 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows: March 31, 2021 Amortized Estimated Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 11,278 $ 11,466 Due after one year through five years 124,996 131,847 Due after five years through ten years 171,090 177,032 Due after ten years 231,952 236,844 Asset-backed securities 255,544 259,425 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 62,519 64,826 Residential mortgage-backed securities 217,239 218,323 Total fixed-maturity securities $ 1,074,618 $ 1,099,763 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Net investment income The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) Interest: Taxable bonds $ 5,729 $ 4,611 Tax exempt municipal bonds 885 915 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 1 250 Dividends on equity securities 869 575 Gross investment income 7,484 6,351 Investment expenses (542) (391) Net investment income $ 6,942 $ 5,960 Realized investment gains and losses The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020: Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: Realized gains $ 1,199 $ 787 Realized losses (1) (23) Net realized gains from fixed-maturity securities 1,198 764 Realized gains from the sales of short-term investments — 12 Net realized investment gains $ 1,198 $ 776 Change in net unrealized gains on fixed-maturity securities For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the changes in net unrealized gains for fixed-maturity securities were decreases of $24.8 million and $11.7 million, respectively. Insurance – statutory deposits The Company had invested assets with a carrying value of $6.8 million and $6.9 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Payable for investments purchased |