Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses The reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the Company's estimated ultimate cost of all unreported and reported but unpaid insured claims and the cost to adjust these losses that have occurred as of or before the balance sheet date. Reserves are estimated using individual case-basis valuations of reported claims and statistical analyses. Case reserves are established for individual claims that have been reported to the Company, typically by the Company's insureds or their brokers. Based on the information provided, case reserves are established by estimating the ultimate losses from the claim, including defense costs associated with the ultimate settlement of the claim. Incurred-but-not-reported ("IBNR") reserves are determined using actuarial methods to estimate losses that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. The incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method ("BF method") is used to arrive at the Company's loss reserve estimates for each line of business. This method estimates the reserves based on the initial expected loss ratio and expected reporting patterns for losses. Because the Company has a limited number of years of loss experience compared to the period over which losses are expected to be reported, the Company uses industry and peer-group data, in addition to its own data, as a basis for selecting its expected reporting patterns. As part of the reserving process, the Company reviews historical data and considers the effect of various factors on claims development patterns including polices written on a "claims made" versus "occurrence" basis. Policies written on a claims made basis provide coverage to the insured only for losses incurred during the coverage period, and only if the claim was reported during a specified reporting period. Policies written on an occurrence basis provide coverage to the insured for liabilities arising from events occurring during the term of the policy, regardless of when a claim is actually made. Accordingly, claims related to policies written on an occurrence basis may arise many years after a policy has lapsed. Property losses, while written on an occurrence basis, are generally reported within a short time from the date of loss, and in most instances, property claims are settled and paid within a relatively short period of time. The following table presents a reconciliation of consolidated beginning and ending reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Gross reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year $ 636,013 $ 460,058 $ 369,152 Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses 83,730 69,792 55,389 Adoption of new accounting standard for credit losses — (282) — Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year 552,283 390,548 313,763 Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses: Current year 356,401 277,140 178,986 Prior year (31,986) (13,338) (9,423) Total net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred 324,415 263,802 169,563 Payments: Current year 23,765 27,664 19,054 Prior year 89,150 74,403 74,006 Total payments 112,915 102,067 93,060 Net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year 763,783 552,283 390,266 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, net of allowance 117,561 83,730 69,792 Gross reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year $ 881,344 $ 636,013 $ 460,058 During the year ended December 31, 2021, prior accident years developed favorably by $32.0 million, of which $33.7 million was attributable to the 2020 accident year and was related to a lower-than-expected level of reported losses. Although the Company does not have any significant direct COVID-19 exposure, the related disruption in the court system and the general economy created additional uncertainty in estimating loss reserves in 2020. As a result, 2020 accident year actuarial assumptions were adjusted in 2020 to increase IBNR to account for this additional uncertainty. The Company's current outlook is more favorable than in the prior year and, based on observed trends, the Company reevaluated and adjusted certain assumptions for accident year 2020 in 2021 to reflect the favorable experience. In addition, $3.8 million of favorable development was attributable to accident year 2019 due to reported losses emerging at lower levels than expected. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development, mostly attributable to the 2016 and 2018 accident years due to modest adjustments in actuarial assumptions. Current accident year incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $8.6 million of catastrophe losses primarily related to Hurricane Ida and winter storms Uri and Viola in Texas. During the year ended December 31, 2020, our net incurred losses for accident years 2019 and prior developed favorably by $13.3 million. This favorable development included $10.5 million for the 2019 accident year and $1.8 million for the 2018 accident year. This favorable development was primarily due to reported losses emerging at a lower level than expected, largely across the other liability and excess lines of business. Current year incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 included $23.2 million of catastrophe losses primarily related to Hurricane Laura, Hurricane Sally and the California wildfires. During the year ended December 31, 2019, our net incurred losses for accident years 2018 and prior developed favorably by $9.4 million. This favorable development included $13.0 million for the 2018 accident year, $1.6 million for the 2017 accident year. This favorable development was primarily due to reported losses emerging at a lower level than expected, on the other liability and products liability lines of business. The favorable development was offset by adverse development of $5.2 million for the 2011 through 2015 accident years. The unfavorable development was primarily attributable to the other liability occurrence line of business. This adverse development largely resulted from management’s decision to lengthen the actuarial loss development factors to provide for emergence of reported losses over a longer period of time based on trends observed in loss experience, which added a modest amount of conservatism to the Company’s IBNR reserves. Incurred and Paid Claims Development The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2021, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. The development and claims duration tables below exclude commuted multi-line quota-share reinsurance treaty ("MLQS") contracts, which would distort development patterns related to those transactions. Cumulative number of reported claims is reported on a per claim basis. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2020, is presented as unaudited supplementary information. Property Incurred Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total of IBNR Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims ($ in thousands) 2017 $ 12,473 $ 11,705 $ 11,676 $ 11,631 $ 11,606 $ — 1,041 2018 11,559 12,004 12,698 12,704 26 650 2019 14,914 13,909 15,572 154 642 2020 40,612 37,939 1,234 2,294 2021 36,531 9,323 1,034 Total $ 114,352 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 ($ in thousands) 2017 $ 9,938 $ 11,233 $ 11,602 $ 11,608 $ 11,605 2018 9,132 11,646 12,599 12,660 2019 9,852 12,581 13,996 2020 19,897 30,321 2021 14,268 Total 82,850 All outstanding liabilities before 2017, net of reinsurance — Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 31,502 Historical Claims Duration The following is supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2021: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 Property 62.5 % 19.0 % 6.6 % 0.3 % — % Casualty - Claims Made Incurred Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 Unaudited 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unaudited 2020 Unaudited 2021 Total of IBNR Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims 2012 $ 7,913 $ 5,749 $ 4,205 $ 3,102 $ 2,845 $ 2,477 $ 2,314 $ 2,207 $ 2,136 $ 1,867 $ 136 138 2013 15,238 11,639 9,113 7,917 7,002 6,463 6,128 6,087 6,215 356 228 2014 18,847 14,289 11,748 11,217 10,948 10,988 10,620 10,266 638 273 2015 18,883 16,777 14,896 13,583 13,942 13,548 13,414 937 258 2016 19,170 14,693 14,675 14,322 13,583 13,602 1,431 310 2017 18,116 17,097 16,120 15,794 14,989 2,434 371 2018 22,429 20,234 18,612 17,057 5,108 464 2019 34,693 29,056 26,426 11,037 550 2020 55,630 44,641 31,667 772 2021 84,018 74,017 1,035 Total $ 232,495 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2012 $ 153 $ 475 $ 877 $ 1,024 $ 1,090 $ 1,882 $ 1,946 $ 1,946 $ 1,946 $ 1,732 2013 499 1,915 4,436 5,070 5,320 5,439 5,482 5,612 5,843 2014 435 1,865 5,039 6,385 8,290 9,415 9,491 9,628 2015 217 4,496 7,563 9,238 11,372 11,522 12,142 2016 1,158 3,015 6,907 9,839 11,381 12,105 2017 340 4,897 8,252 10,484 11,357 2018 507 5,030 8,931 10,330 2019 2,487 6,005 10,123 2020 1,002 7,446 2021 1,146 Total 81,852 All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance 56 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 150,699 Casualty - Occurrence Incurred Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021 Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total of IBNR Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims 2012 $ 16,977 $ 17,436 $ 18,803 $ 20,401 $ 20,579 $ 22,001 $ 22,401 $ 23,223 $ 23,197 $ 22,271 $ 997 597 2013 30,616 28,771 28,037 29,039 31,731 33,248 33,973 33,128 33,002 2,273 872 2014 47,805 40,668 38,049 36,678 39,313 41,859 42,434 41,367 4,374 1,230 2015 59,717 51,739 49,122 52,100 54,697 54,090 54,090 7,108 1,700 2016 61,440 55,680 53,549 55,534 57,401 60,861 10,378 1,518 2017 71,126 67,151 68,985 70,641 71,117 18,282 1,843 2018 86,157 78,331 78,386 83,952 33,875 1,918 2019 112,266 109,994 108,138 63,673 2,006 2020 154,619 136,212 119,143 1,761 2021 200,598 190,069 1,332 Total $ 811,608 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2012 $ 757 $ 4,441 $ 7,850 $ 11,238 $ 14,382 $ 16,474 $ 19,383 $ 20,707 $ 21,408 $ 20,805 2013 1,099 4,469 7,957 14,890 21,348 26,715 28,248 29,610 30,116 2014 698 3,081 8,489 17,576 23,771 31,026 34,338 35,807 2015 941 3,161 12,685 28,385 37,690 41,724 44,161 2016 1,099 6,015 17,225 28,924 34,437 43,311 2017 1,581 9,352 22,407 37,736 46,025 2018 2,638 10,995 22,860 35,138 2019 3,944 16,687 30,518 2020 2,400 8,673 2021 3,205 Total 297,759 All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance 329 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 514,178 Historical Claims Duration The following is supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2021: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Casualty - claims made 4.9 % 20.5 % 25.7 % 12.6 % 9.9 % 12.3 % 2.4 % 1.1 % 1.9 % — % Casualty - occurrence 2.4 % 9.1 % 15.0 % 20.4 % 14.4 % 13.0 % 7.6 % 4.5 % 2.3 % — % Reconciliation of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses in the consolidated statement of financial position is as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Net outstanding liabilities Property $ 31,502 Casualty - claims made 150,699 Casualty - occurrence 514,178 Liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance 696,379 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims Property 16,777 Casualty - claims made 16,581 Casualty - occurrence 84,203 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims 117,561 Unallocated claims adjustment expenses 67,404 Gross liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense $ 881,344 |