Investments | Investments Available-for-sale investments The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022: September 30, 2023 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 42,705 $ — $ (1,200) $ — $ 41,505 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 190,263 22 (30,339) — 159,946 Corporate and other securities 1,299,277 34 (87,518) (564) 1,211,229 Asset-backed securities 599,813 703 (6,822) — 593,694 Residential mortgage-backed securities 361,833 44 (66,329) — 295,548 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 70,023 — (7,185) (1) 62,837 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 2,563,914 $ 803 $ (199,393) $ (565) $ 2,364,759 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 17,934 $ — $ (1,193) $ — $ 16,741 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 230,746 330 (26,444) — 204,632 Corporate and other securities 909,285 730 (76,757) (366) 832,892 Asset-backed securities 361,248 292 (8,534) — 353,006 Residential mortgage-backed securities 349,066 52 (55,156) — 293,962 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 65,353 — (6,486) — 58,867 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 1,933,632 $ 1,404 $ (174,570) $ (366) $ 1,760,100 Available-for-sale securities in a loss position The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. The Company considers a number of factors in completing its review of credit losses, including the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a decline in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute a credit loss. For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or, if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, and its ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or, if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is below the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment. For fixed-maturity securities that the Company does not intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. Inputs into the cash flow analysis include default rates and recoverability rates based on credit rating. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the impairment, which is recognized in net income through an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company reports investment income due and accrued separately from available-for-sale investments and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for investment income due and accrued. Investment income due and accrued is written off through earnings at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments. At September 30, 2023, the Company's credit loss review resulted in an allowance for credit losses on 6 securities. The following table presents changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 422 $ — $ 366 $ — Increase to allowance from securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 1 — 1 — Reduction from securities sold during the period — — (12) — Net increase from securities that had an allowance at the beginning of the period 142 — 210 — Ending balance $ 565 $ — $ 565 $ — The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: September 30, 2023 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of the U.S. government agencies $ 26,341 $ (84) $ 15,164 $ (1,116) $ 41,505 $ (1,200) Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 42,151 (1,046) 116,398 (29,293) 158,549 (30,339) Corporate and other securities 564,003 (9,918) 643,417 (77,600) 1,207,420 (87,518) Asset-backed securities 273,264 (3,895) 245,476 (2,927) 518,740 (6,822) Residential mortgage-backed securities 36,467 (326) 257,041 (66,003) 293,508 (66,329) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,953 (129) 56,884 (7,056) 62,837 (7,185) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 948,179 $ (15,398) $ 1,334,380 $ (183,995) $ 2,282,559 $ (199,393) At September 30, 2023, the Company held 1,233 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $2.3 billion and gross unrealized losses of $199.4 million. Of these securities, 782 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether a credit loss has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of September 30, 2023, except for securities previously discussed, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At September 30, 2023, 82.0% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. December 31, 2022 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 10,538 $ (447) $ 6,204 $ (746) $ 16,742 $ (1,193) Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 141,460 (20,347) 17,314 (6,097) 158,774 (26,444) Corporate and other securities 583,619 (42,675) 156,148 (34,082) 739,767 (76,757) Asset-backed securities 216,487 (5,429) 97,703 (3,105) 314,190 (8,534) Residential mortgage-backed securities 98,909 (12,324) 194,773 (42,832) 293,682 (55,156) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 50,666 (4,732) 8,201 (1,754) 58,867 (6,486) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 1,101,679 $ (85,954) $ 480,343 $ (88,616) $ 1,582,022 $ (174,570) Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at September 30, 2023 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows: September 30, 2023 Amortized Estimated Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 184,335 $ 181,981 Due after one year through five years 923,152 889,587 Due after five years through ten years 194,507 167,015 Due after ten years 230,251 174,097 Asset-backed securities 599,813 593,694 Residential mortgage-backed securities 361,833 295,548 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 70,023 62,837 Total fixed-maturity securities $ 2,563,914 $ 2,364,759 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Real estate investments In December 2022, the Company completed the purchase of a real estate investment property. Real estate investments consisted of the following: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Building $ — $ 44,931 Land 14,372 17,946 Intangible in-place lease — 9,749 Site improvements — 2,686 Parking deck — 1,311 14,372 76,623 Accumulated depreciation — (236) Total real estate investments, net $ 14,372 $ 76,387 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company sold the parking deck, one of the office buildings and the related in-place leases of its real estate investment property for approximately $62.0 million in cash, net of seller’s costs. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of $4.3 million, which is included in net realized investment gains on the consolidated statement of income. The Company used the net sale proceeds to pay down a portion of its Credit Facility. Concurrent with the sale of the investment property, the Company refined its plans for the remainder of the property and determined the predominant use of the remaining office building would be for future office space expansion. Upon this determination, the Company reclassified the carrying value of the building to construction in progress within property and equipment. Net investment income The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in thousands) Interest: Taxable bonds $ 24,644 $ 12,041 $ 63,672 $ 29,015 Tax exempt municipal bonds 522 849 1,704 2,558 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 758 475 2,337 598 Dividends on equity securities 1,271 1,085 3,692 3,208 Real estate investment income 851 — 3,565 — Gross investment income 28,046 14,450 74,970 35,379 Investment expenses (960) (592) (3,017) (1,839) Net investment income $ 27,086 $ 13,858 $ 71,953 $ 33,540 Investment expenses included depreciation expense related to real estate investments of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There was no depreciation of real estate investments for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as the related depreciable real estate investments were reclassified to held for sale prior to being sold during the period. There was no depreciation of real estate investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Realized investment gains and losses The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: Realized gains $ 74 $ — $ 1,811 $ 1,076 Realized losses (51) (177) (2,268) (720) Net realized (losses) gains from fixed-maturity securities 23 (177) (457) 356 Equity securities: Realized gains — — 1,626 1,363 Realized losses — — (4,487) (148) Net realized (losses) gains from equity securities — — (2,861) 1,215 Realized (losses) gains from the sales of short-term investments 1 4 (19) (36) Realized gain on sale of real estate investments 4,250 — 4,250 — Net realized investment gains (losses) $ 4,274 $ (173) $ 913 $ 1,535 The net realized gains or losses on sales of equity securities represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains (losses) in the consolidated statement of income consists of two components: (1) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (2) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held. Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the changes in net unrealized losses for fixed-maturity securities were $(29.8) million and $(59.1) million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the changes in net unrealized losses for fixed-maturity securities were $(25.4) million and $(209.4) million, respectively. Insurance – statutory deposits The Company had invested assets with a fair value of $5.7 million and $5.9 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Payable for investments purchased The Company recorded a payable for investments purchased, not yet settled, of $1.0 million and $1.8 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The payable balance was included in the "other liabilities" line item of the consolidated balance sheet. |