Investments | Investments Available-for-sale investments The following tables summarize the available-for-sale investments at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: June 30, 2024 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 15,151 $ — $ (710) $ — $ 14,441 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 173,760 25 (21,947) — 151,838 Corporate and other securities 1,762,577 1,617 (59,390) (67) 1,704,737 Asset-backed securities 699,739 1,571 (2,697) — 698,613 Residential mortgage-backed securities 460,923 614 (55,954) — 405,583 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 102,542 134 (5,170) — 97,506 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 3,214,692 $ 3,961 $ (145,868) $ (67) $ 3,072,718 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 28,003 $ 57 $ (806) $ — $ 27,254 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 191,080 212 (20,248) — 171,044 Corporate and other securities 1,437,468 5,532 (54,755) (552) 1,387,693 Asset-backed securities 641,700 2,833 (2,773) — 641,760 Residential mortgage-backed securities 463,904 1,732 (48,530) — 417,106 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 72,308 11 (5,416) (1) 66,902 Total fixed-maturity investments $ 2,834,463 $ 10,377 $ (132,528) $ (553) $ 2,711,759 Available-for-sale securities in a loss position The Company regularly reviews all its available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses to assess whether the decline in the fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. The Company considers a number of factors in completing its review of credit losses, including the extent to which a security's fair value has been below cost and the financial condition of an issuer. In addition to specific issuer information, the Company also evaluates the current market and interest rate environment. Generally, a decline in a security’s value caused by a change in the market or interest rate environment does not constitute a credit loss. For fixed-maturity securities, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or, if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, and its ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or, if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is below the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, an impairment is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment. For fixed-maturity securities that the Company does not intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. Inputs into the cash flow analysis include default rates and recoverability rates based on credit rating. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the impairment, which is recognized in net income through an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company reports investment income due and accrued separately from available-for-sale investments and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for investment income due and accrued. Investment income due and accrued is written off through earnings at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments. At June 30, 2024, the Company's credit loss review resulted in an allowance for credit losses on three securities. The following table presents changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 543 $ 447 $ 553 $ 366 Increase to allowance from securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded — — — — Reduction from securities sold during the period (479) (12) (479) (12) Net (decrease) increase from securities that had an allowance at the beginning of the period 3 (13) (7) 68 Ending balance $ 67 $ 422 $ 67 $ 422 The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value for available-for-sale investments by length of time that the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: June 30, 2024 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of the U.S. government agencies $ 549 $ (1) $ 13,893 $ (709) $ 14,442 $ (710) Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 14,753 (164) 133,181 (21,783) 147,934 (21,947) Corporate and other securities 649,409 (3,640) 724,778 (55,750) 1,374,187 (59,390) Asset-backed securities 216,615 (731) 141,705 (1,966) 358,320 (2,697) Residential mortgage-backed securities 105,217 (1,286) 248,896 (54,668) 354,113 (55,954) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 19,746 (110) 56,994 (5,060) 76,740 (5,170) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 1,006,289 $ (5,932) $ 1,319,447 $ (139,936) $ 2,325,736 $ (145,868) At June 30, 2024, the Company held 1,253 fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $2.3 billion and gross unrealized losses of $145.9 million. Of these securities, 789 were in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than one year. As discussed above, the Company regularly reviews all fixed-maturity securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether a credit loss has occurred. Based on the Company's review as of June 30, 2024, except for securities previously discussed, unrealized losses were caused by interest rate changes or other market factors and were not credit-specific issues. At June 30, 2024, 79.4% of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities were rated "A-" or better and all of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities made expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. December 31, 2023 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ — $ — $ 15,484 $ (806) $ 15,484 $ (806) Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 20,886 (221) 121,911 (20,027) 142,797 (20,248) Corporate and other securities 246,355 (1,444) 651,525 (53,311) 897,880 (54,755) Asset-backed securities 142,287 (872) 217,401 (1,901) 359,688 (2,773) Residential mortgage-backed securities 26,158 (49) 268,891 (48,481) 295,049 (48,530) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 8,775 (55) 56,731 (5,361) 65,506 (5,416) Total fixed-maturity investments $ 444,461 $ (2,641) $ 1,331,943 $ (129,887) $ 1,776,404 $ (132,528) Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities at June 30, 2024 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows: June 30, 2024 Amortized Estimated Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 296,969 $ 295,225 Due after one year through five years 1,087,876 1,067,641 Due after five years through ten years 350,584 333,550 Due after ten years 216,059 174,600 Asset-backed securities 699,739 698,613 Residential mortgage-backed securities 460,923 405,583 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 102,542 97,506 Total fixed-maturity securities $ 3,214,692 $ 3,072,718 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Real estate investments Real estate investments represents directly owned property held for investment purposes and consisted of land with a carrying value of $15.0 million and $14.8 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There was no accumulated depreciation on real estate investments at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Net investment income The following table presents the components of net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (in thousands) Interest: Taxable bonds $ 34,471 $ 20,924 $ 65,862 $ 39,028 Tax exempt municipal bonds 395 546 834 1,182 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 568 866 1,111 1,579 Dividends on equity securities 1,461 1,278 2,837 2,421 Real estate investment income — 1,356 153 2,714 Gross investment income 36,895 24,970 70,797 46,924 Investment expenses (1,048) (798) (2,017) (2,057) Net investment income $ 35,847 $ 24,172 $ 68,780 $ 44,867 There was no depreciation expense related to real estate investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 or three months ended June 30, 2023 as the Company sold the related assets during 2023. Investment expenses included depreciation expense related to real estate investments of $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Realized investment gains and losses The following table presents realized investment gains and losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: Realized gains $ 846 $ 1,338 $ 941 $ 1,737 Realized losses (933) (958) (1,039) (2,217) Net realized (losses) gains from fixed-maturity securities (87) 380 (98) (480) Equity securities: Realized gains 3,390 1,611 7,271 1,626 Realized losses (424) (687) (424) (4,487) Net realized gains (losses) from equity securities 2,966 924 6,847 (2,861) Realized gains (losses) from the sales of short-term investments 1 (13) 1 (20) Realized loss on sale of real estate investments (1) — (5) — Net realized investment gains (losses) $ 2,879 $ 1,291 $ 6,745 $ (3,361) The net realized gains or losses on sales of equity securities represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains (losses) in the consolidated statement of income consists of two components: (1) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (2) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held. Change in net unrealized (losses) gains on fixed-maturity securities For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the change in net unrealized losses for fixed-maturity securities was $(7.2) million and $(17.8) million respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the change in net unrealized (losses) gains for fixed-maturity securities was $(19.7) million and $4.4 million, respectively. Insurance – statutory deposits The Company had invested assets with a fair value of $3.5 million and $5.8 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Payable for investments purchased The Company recorded a payable for investments purchased, not yet settled, of $16.7 million and $12.3 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The payable balance was included in the "other liabilities" line item of the consolidated balance sheet. |