Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits The Company has various pension and post-employment plans which provide for payment of benefits to certain eligible employees, mainly commencing between the ages of 50 and 65, and for payment of certain disability benefits. After meeting certain qualifications, eligible employees acquire a vested right to future benefits. The benefits payable under the plans are generally determined on the basis of an employee's length of service and/or earnings. Employer contributions to the plans are made, as necessary, to ensure legal funding requirements are satisfied. The Company may make contributions in excess of the legal funding requirements. The Company provides postretirement healthcare benefits to certain retirees. Many employees and retirees outside of the United States are covered by government sponsored healthcare programs. The following table presents the change in benefit obligation, change in plan assets and funded status for the Company's defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans for the year ended December 31, 2023: (in thousands) Pension Pension Postretirement Change in projected benefit obligation ("PBO") Benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 $ 216,810 $ 19,208 $ 14,264 Service cost 5,679 — 429 Interest cost 10,354 962 662 Actuarial (gain) loss (1,438) 274 (2,403) Settlements (7,142) — — Participants’ contributions — — 762 Benefit payments (4,333) (987) (2,286) Foreign currency translation (288) 1,102 — Projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2023 219,642 20,559 11,428 Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2023 201,856 20,325 11,428 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 150,229 26,181 — Return on plan assets 11,493 (104) — Employer contributions 4,048 — 1,524 Participants’ contributions — — 762 Settlements (7,142) — — Benefit payments (4,333) (987) (2,286) Foreign currency translation (79) 1,467 — Fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2023 154,216 26,557 — Funded status (fair value of plan assets less PBO) $ (65,426) $ 5,998 $ (11,428) The following table presents the change in benefit obligation, change in plan assets and funded status for the Company's defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans for the year ended December 31, 2022: (in thousands) Pension Pension Postretirement Change in projected benefit obligation Benefit obligation at December 31, 2021 $ 311,155 $ 33,782 $ 16,453 Service cost 7,844 — 563 Interest cost 8,300 555 353 Actuarial gain (79,231) (10,387) (1,527) Settlements (26,469) — — Participants’ contributions — — 787 Benefit payments (3,637) (1,581) (2,365) Foreign currency translation (1,152) (3,161) — Projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 216,810 19,208 14,264 Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 196,785 18,987 14,264 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2021 228,232 45,705 — Return on plan assets (51,939) (13,661) — Employer contributions 4,260 — 1,578 Participants’ contributions — — 787 Settlements (26,469) — — Benefit payments (3,637) (1,581) (2,365) Foreign currency translation (218) (4,282) — Fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 150,229 26,181 — Funded status (fair value of plan assets less PBO) $ (66,581) $ 6,973 $ (14,264) The change in the underfunded defined benefit PBO for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is primarily driven by changes in the U.S. defined benefit plans. The change in the U.S. defined benefit plans' PBO for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $2.7 million actuarial loss attributable to the change in discount rates, a $5.9 million gain attributable to the change in the lump sum conversion rates and the associated IRS mortality assumptions update; and a $1.2 million loss attributable to plan experience being different than anticipated, primarily related to differences in expected future salaries and lump sums paid during 2023. The change in the U.S. defined benefit plan PBO for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $41.0 million actuarial gain attributable to the change in discount rates, a $44.6 million gain attributable to the change in the lump sum conversion rates and a $8.2 million loss attributable to plan experience being different than anticipated, primarily related to higher salary increases than expected and lump sums paid during 2022. The Company had one overfunded defined benefit plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Significant changes in the overfunded defined benefit PBO for the year ended December 31, 2023 include a $0.4 million actuarial loss attributable to the change in discount rates and a $0.1 million actuarial loss due to census data updates, offset by an actuarial gain of $0.4 million attributable to an update in morality assumption. Significant changes in the overfunded defined benefit PBO for the year ended December 31, 2022 include a $12.3 million actuarial gain attributable to the change in discount rates, offset in part by an actuarial loss of $2.0 million due to census data updates. The change in the postretirement benefit plan PBO for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $2.7 million actuarial gain attributable to plan experience, primarily related to the gain from the net expected claims, offset in part by a $0.2 million loss due to the change in the discount rate and a $0.1 million loss due to updated health care trend rates. The change in the postretirement benefit plan PBO for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $3.2 million gain due to the change in the discount rate, offset in part by a $1.4 million actuarial loss attributable to plan experience, primarily related to claims losses, and a $0.3 million loss due to updated health care trend rates. The amount of pension and postretirement assets and liabilities recognized on the consolidated balance sheets was as follows: Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits December 31, December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Other assets $ 5,998 $ 6,973 $ — $ — Accrued compensation and benefits (6,295) (5,422) (925) (1,189) Accrued pension and other postretirement benefits (59,131) (61,159) (10,503) (13,075) Net liability recognized $ (59,428) $ (59,608) $ (11,428) $ (14,264) The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows: Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Year ended December 31, Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 Net actuarial (loss) gain at beginning of year $ (28,208) $ (52,739) $ (64,349) $ 7,283 $ 6,362 $ 4,640 Actuarial gain 4,695 16,455 4,131 2,403 1,527 2,179 Settlement impact (39) 2,733 3,087 — — — Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) 94 3,952 3,943 (893) (469) (320) Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 182 270 279 (137) (137) (137) Foreign currency translation (668) 1,121 170 — — — Net actuarial (loss) gain at end of year $ (23,944) $ (28,208) $ (52,739) $ 8,656 $ 7,283 $ 6,362 Components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows: Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Year ended December 31, Year ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 Components of net periodic benefit cost Service cost $ 5,679 $ 7,844 $ 8,189 $ 429 $ 563 $ 670 Interest cost 11,316 8,855 8,226 662 353 302 Expected return on plan assets (7,858) (7,563) (9,683) — — — Settlements (39) 2,733 3,087 — — — Amortization of net loss (gain) 94 3,952 3,943 (893) (469) (320) Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 182 270 279 (137) (137) (137) Net periodic benefit cost $ 9,374 $ 16,091 $ 14,041 $ 61 $ 310 $ 515 The non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost are included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations (Note 19). The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits 2023 2022 2023 2022 Discount rate 4.93 % 5.16 % 4.92 % 5.10 % Rate of compensation increase 3.80 % 3.81 % N/A N/A The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows: Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 Discount rate 5.16 % 2.93 % 2.66 % 5.10 % 2.71 % 2.34 % Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 3.91 % 3.44 % 4.28 % N/A N/A N/A Rate of compensation increase 3.81 % 3.81 % 3.56 % N/A N/A N/A The assumed healthcare cost trend rates used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost for postretirement benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.00%/8.50% 6.75%/8.00% 5.80%/7.31% Rate that the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 4.50 % 4.50 % 4.50 % Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2033 2031 2030 Plan Assets Pension assets by major category of plan assets and the type of fair value measurement as of December 31, 2023 were as follows: (in thousands) Total Quoted Prices in Significant Significant Asset category Cash $ 397 $ 397 $ — $ — Fixed income 26,950 — 26,950 — Commingled funds Measured at net asset value 153,426 — — — $ 180,773 $ 397 $ 26,950 $ — Pension assets by major category of plan assets and the type of fair value measurement as of December 31, 2022 were as follows: (in thousands) Total Quoted Prices in Significant Significant Asset category Insurance Contracts / Individual securities Fixed income $ 26,540 $ — $ 26,540 $ — Commingled funds Measured at net asset value 149,870 — — — $ 176,410 $ — $ 26,540 $ — Pension assets include fixed income securities and commingled funds. Fixed income securities are valued at daily closing prices or institutional mid-evaluation prices provided by independent industry-recognized pricing sources. Commingled funds are not traded in active markets with quoted prices and as a result, are valued using the net asset values provided by the administrator of the fund. The investments underlying the net asset values are based on quoted prices traded in active markets. In accordance with ASU 2015-7, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent) , the Company has elected the practical expedient to exclude assets measured at net asset value from the fair value hierarchy. The Company's investment strategy seeks to reduce asset-liability risk as the funded ratio of the plan improves. The mix of return seeking and liability hedging assets is determined by taking into account factors such as the funded status level of the plan, the characteristics of the plan’s liabilities, asset volatility and local regulations. All retirement asset allocations are reviewed periodically to ensure the allocation meets the needs of the liability structure. Master trusts were established to hold the assets of the Company's U.S. defined benefit plan. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the U.S. defined benefit plan asset allocation of these trusts targeted a return-seeking investment allocation of 32% to 41% and a liability-hedging investment allocation of 59% to 68%. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the U.S. defined benefit plan asset allocation of these trusts targeted a return-seeking investment allocation of 26% to 32% and a liability-hedging investment allocation of 68% to 74%. Return-seeking investments include equities, real estate, high yield bonds and other instruments. Liability-hedging investments include assets such as corporate and government fixed income securities. The Company's future expected blended long-term rate of return on plan assets of 3.75% is determined based on long-term historical performance of plan assets, current asset allocation and projected long-term rates of return. Estimated Contributions The Company expects to make pension contributions of approximately $6.4 million during 2024 based on current assumptions as of December 31, 2023. Estimated Future Retirement Benefit Payments The following retirement benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid as follows: (in thousands) Pension Postretirement Year ending December 31, 2024 $ 28,355 $ 926 2025 23,738 1,005 2026 23,943 993 2027 24,024 1,087 2028 23,735 1,089 Thereafter 104,505 5,343 $ 228,300 $ 10,443 The estimated future retirement benefit payments noted above are estimates and could change significantly based on differences between actuarial assumptions and actual events and decisions related to lump sum distribution options that are available to participants in certain plans. International Plans Pension coverage for certain eligible employees of the Company's international subsidiaries is provided, to the extent deemed appropriate, through separate defined benefit pension plans. The international defined benefit pension plans are included in the tables above. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the international pension plans had total projected benefit obligations of $37.9 million and $35.4 million, respectively, and fair values of plan assets of $28.0 million and $27.8 million, respectively. The majority of the plan assets are invested in equity securities and insured pension assets. The net periodic benefit cost related to international plans was $2.8 million, $3.3 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company executed a buy-in policy contract with an insurance company which fully insures the benefits of one of its defined benefit pension plans outside the United States. The initial value of the insurance asset was equal to the premium paid to secure the policy (i.e., the fair value of the plan assets plus additional funding to execute the buy-in contract). As a result, the Company does not anticipate any further material contributions to the plan. Defined Contribution Plans The Company sponsors a number of defined contribution plans and company contributions related to these plans are determined under various formulas. Company contributions to defined contribution plans amounted to $21.3 million, $20.0 million and $14.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. |