Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits | N. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Alcoa Corporation maintains pension plans covering most U.S. employees and certain employees in foreign locations (see Note T). Pension benefits generally depend on length of service, job grade, and remuneration. Substantially all benefits are paid through pension trusts that are sufficiently funded to ensure that all plans can pay benefits to retirees as they become due. Most salaried and non-bargaining The Company also maintains health care and life insurance postretirement benefit plans covering eligible U.S. retired employees and certain retirees from foreign locations (see Note T). Generally, the medical plans are unfunded and pay a percentage of medical expenses, reduced by deductibles and other coverage. Life benefits are generally provided by insurance contracts. Alcoa Corporation retains the right, subject to existing agreements, to change or eliminate these benefits. All salaried and certain non-bargaining The above descriptions of retirement benefits for Alcoa Corporation participants also describe the retirement benefits provided by ParentCo to its employees and retirees prior to the Separation Date. For all periods prior to August 1, 2016 (see below), eligible employees attributable to Alcoa Corporation operations participated in the U.S. defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans sponsored by ParentCo (the “Shared Plans”), which included Arconic and ParentCo corporate participants. Alcoa Corporation accounted for its portion of the Shared Plans as multiemployer benefit plans. Accordingly, Alcoa Corporation did not record an asset or liability to recognize the funded status of the Shared Plans. The multiemployer contribution expense attributable to employees of Alcoa Corporation-related operations was based primarily on pensionable compensation of such employees for the pension plans and estimated interest costs for the other postretirement benefit plans. Additionally, for all periods prior to August 1, 2016, Alcoa Corporation recorded an allocation of expenses for the Shared Plans attributable to ParentCo corporate participants, as well as to closed and sold operations (see Cost Allocations in Note A). Also, certain of the ParentCo plans described above were specific to employees attributable to Alcoa Corporation operations (non-U.S.) In preparation for the Separation Transaction, effective August 1, 2016, certain of the Shared Plans were separated into standalone plans for both Alcoa Corporation (the “New Direct Plans”) and Arconic. Accordingly, the New Direct Plans for Alcoa Corporation were measured as of August 1, 2016. One of the primary assumptions used to measure the New Direct Plans was a weighted average discount rate of 3.48%. This measurement yielded a combined net unfunded status of $2,348. Additionally, certain other Shared Plans were assumed by Alcoa Corporation (the “Additional New Direct Plans,” and collectively with the Direct Plans and New Direct Plans, the “Cumulative Direct Plans”) that did not require to be separated and/or to be remeasured. The Additional New Direct Plans had a combined net unfunded status of $180. The aggregate combined net unfunded status of the New Direct Plans and the Additional New Direct Plans was recognized in Alcoa Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheet at that time, consisting of a current liability of $136 and a noncurrent liability of $2,392. Additionally, Alcoa Corporation recognized $2,704 in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. The following table summarizes the total expenses recognized by Alcoa Corporation related to all pension and other postretirement benefits: Pension benefits Other postretirement benefits Type of Plan Type of Expense 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Cumulative Direct Plans Net periodic benefit cost $ 119 $ 83 $ 106 $ 50 $ 21 $ (12 ) Shared Plans Multiemployer contribution expense - 28 64 - 12 32 Shared Plans Cost allocation - 25 84 - 8 11 $ 119 $ 136 $ 254 $ 50 $ 41 $ 31 The funded status of Alcoa Corporation’s Cumulative Direct Plans is measured as of December 31 each calendar year. All of the information that follows for pension and other postretirement benefit plans is only applicable to the Cumulative Direct Plans, as appropriate. Obligations and Funded Status Pension benefits Other December 31, 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 7,269 $ 2,246 $ 1,286 $ 82 Benefit obligation assumed on August 1, 2016 - 5,316 - 1,277 Service cost 84 74 5 2 Interest cost 250 142 38 16 Amendments 2 1 - - Actuarial losses (gains) 388 (244 ) (1 ) (33 ) Settlements (64 ) (80 ) - - Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions (437 ) (218 ) (116 ) (61 ) Medicare Part D subsidy receipts - - 5 3 Foreign currency translation impact 147 32 1 - Benefit obligation at end of year* $ 7,639 $ 7,269 $ 1,218 $ 1,286 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ 5,421 $ 1,891 $ - $ - Fair value of plan assets assumed on August 1, 2016 - 4,065 - - Actual return on plan assets 187 (332 ) - - Employer contributions 111 72 - - Participant contributions 15 18 - - Benefits paid (432 ) (224 ) - - Administrative expenses (41 ) (11 ) - - Settlements (62 ) (80 ) - - Foreign currency translation impact 123 22 - - Fair value of plan assets at end of year* $ 5,322 $ 5,421 $ - $ - Funded status* $ (2,317 ) $ (1,848 ) $ (1,218 ) $ (1,286 ) Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners (37 ) (30 ) - - Net funded status $ (2,280 ) $ (1,818 ) $ (1,218 ) $ (1,286 ) Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of: Noncurrent assets $ 72 $ 43 $ - $ - Current liabilities (11 ) (10 ) (118 ) (120 ) Noncurrent liabilities (2,341 ) (1,851 ) (1,100 ) (1,166 ) Net amount recognized $ (2,280 ) $ (1,818 ) $ (1,218 ) $ (1,286 ) Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: Net actuarial loss $ 3,743 $ 3,254 $ 281 $ 295 Prior service cost (benefit) 35 42 (30 ) (36 ) Total, before tax effect 3,778 3,296 251 259 Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners 45 36 - - Net amount recognized, before tax effect $ 3,733 $ 3,260 $ 251 $ 259 Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: Net actuarial loss (benefit) $ 676 $ 337 $ (1 ) $ (33 ) Amortization of accumulated net actuarial loss (187 ) (105 ) (13 ) (8 ) Prior service cost (benefit) 2 2 - (1 ) Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit (9 ) (7 ) 6 5 Total, before tax effect 482 227 (8 ) (37 ) Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners 9 (3 ) - - Net amount recognized, before tax effect $ 473 $ 230 $ (8 ) $ (37 ) * At December 31, 2017, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $5,093, $3,195, and $(1,898), respectively. At December 31, 2016, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $4,977, $3,504, and $(1,473), respectively. Pension Plan Benefit Obligations Pension benefits 2017 2016 The aggregate projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was as follows: Projected benefit obligation $ 7,639 $ 7,269 Accumulated benefit obligation 7,426 7,075 The aggregate projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: Projected benefit obligation 7,061 6,699 Fair value of plan assets 4,671 4,807 The aggregate accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: Accumulated benefit obligation 6,885 6,531 Fair value of plan assets 4,671 4,807 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Pension benefits (1) Other postretirement benefits (2) 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Service cost $ 71 $ 61 $ 51 $ 5 $ 2 $ - Interest cost 244 138 89 38 16 4 Expected return on plan assets (398 ) (242 ) (121 ) - - - Recognized net actuarial loss 185 102 42 13 8 (3 ) Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) 9 7 6 (6 ) (5 ) (9 ) Settlements (3) 5 16 14 - - - Curtailments (4) - - 9 - - (4 ) Special termination benefits (5) 3 1 16 - - - Net periodic benefit cost (6) $ 119 $ 83 $ 106 $ 50 $ 21 $ (12 ) (1) In 2017 and 2016, net periodic benefit cost for U.S pension plans was $74 and $21, respectively. (2) In 2017 and 2016, net periodic benefit cost for other postretirement benefits reflects a reduction of $8 and $6, respectively, related to the recognition of the federal subsidy awarded under Medicare Part D. (3) In 2017 and 2016, settlements were due to workforce reductions (see Note D). In 2015, settlements were due to workforce reductions (see Note D) and the payment of lump sum benefits. (4) In 2015, curtailments were due to elimination of benefits or workforce reductions (see Note D). (5) In 2017, 2016, and 2015, special termination benefits were due to workforce reductions (see Note D). (6) Amounts attributed to joint venture partners are not included. Amounts Expected to be Recognized in Net Periodic Benefit Cost Pension benefits Other postretirement benefits 2018 2018 Net actuarial loss recognition $ 223 $ 15 Prior service cost (benefit) recognition 9 (6 ) Assumptions Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows: December 31, 2017 2016 Discount rate—pension plans 3.68 % 4.12 % Discount rate—other postretirement benefit plans 3.54 3.93 Rate of compensation increase—pension plans 3.28 3.61 The discount rate is determined using a Company-specific yield curve model (above-median) developed with the assistance of an external actuary. The cash flows of the plans’ projected benefit obligations are discounted using a single equivalent rate derived from yields on high quality corporate bonds, which represent a broad diversification of issuers in various sectors. The yield curve model parallels the plans’ projected cash flows, which have a weighted average duration of 12 years, and the underlying cash flows of the bonds included in the model exceed the cash flows needed to satisfy the Company’s plans’ obligations multiple times. If a deep market of high quality corporate bonds does not exist in a country, then the yield on government bonds plus a corporate bond yield spread is used. The rate of compensation increase is based upon anticipated compensation increases and estimated inflation. For 2018, the rate of compensation increase will be 3.28%. Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows: 2017 2016 2015 Discount rate—pension plans* 3.61 % 3.45 % 4.09 % Discount rate—other postretirement benefit plans* 3.30 2.90 4.15 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets—pension plans 7.47 7.31 6.91 Rate of compensation increase—pension plans 3.61 3.65 3.74 * In all periods presented, the respective discount rates were used to determine net periodic benefit cost for most plans for the full annual period. However, the discount rates for a limited number of plans were updated during 2017, 2016, and 2015 to reflect the remeasurement of these plans due to settlements and/or curtailments. The updated discount rates used were not significantly different from the discount rates presented. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is generally applied to a five-year market-related value of plan assets (a four-year average or the fair value at the plan measurement date is used for certain non-U.S. Assumed health care cost trend rates for U.S. other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (non-U.S. 2017 2016 2015 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 5.5 % 5.5 % 5.5 % Rate to which the cost trend rate gradually declines 4.5 % 4.5 % 4.5 % Year that the rate reaches the rate at which it is assumed to remain 2021 2020 2019 The assumed health care cost trend rate is used to measure the expected cost of gross eligible charges covered by Alcoa Corporation’s other postretirement benefit plans. For 2018, a 5.5% trend rate will be used, reflecting management’s best estimate of the change in future health care costs covered by the plans. The plans’ actual annual health care cost trend experience (based on ParentCo’s plans that previously included the Alcoa Corporation participants) over the past three years has ranged from (0.8)% to 9.0% Management does not believe this three-year range is indicative of expected increases for future health care costs over the long-term. Assumed health care cost trend rates have an effect on the amounts reported for a health care plan. A one-percentage 1% increase 1% Effect on other postretirement benefit obligations $ 79 $ (70 ) Effect on total of service and interest cost components 3 (2 ) Plan Assets Alcoa Corporation’s pension plan investment policy and weighted average asset allocations at December 31, 2017 and 2016, by asset class, were as follows: Plan assets Asset class Policy range 2017 2016 Equities 20–55 % 40 % 37 % Fixed income 25–55 % 35 36 Other investments 15–35 % 25 27 Total 100 % 100 % The principal objectives underlying the investment of the pension plans’ assets are to ensure that Alcoa Corporation can properly fund benefit obligations as they become due under a broad range of potential economic and financial scenarios, maximize the long-term investment return with an acceptable level of risk based on such obligations, and broadly diversify investments across and within various asset classes to protect asset values against adverse movements. Through 2017, specific objectives for long-term investment strategy included reducing the volatility of pension assets relative to pension liabilities and achieving risk factor diversification across the balance of the asset portfolio. A portion of the assets were matched to the interest rate profile of the benefit obligation through long duration fixed income investments and fixed income derivative instruments. Exposure to broad equity risk was decreased and diversified through investments in discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds, long/short equity hedge funds, and global and emerging market equities. Investments were further diversified by strategy, asset class, geography, and sector in an effort to enhance returns and mitigate downside risk. Several external investment managers were used to gain broad exposure to the financial markets and to mitigate manager-concentration risk. This investment strategy was defined prior to the Separation Date by ParentCo management and maintained by Alcoa Corporation management; however, this strategy resulted in investment returns less than those expected since the Separation Date. Accordingly, in 2018, management plans to implement a less-complex, peer-like investment strategy and, as a result, restructure the asset portfolio. This new strategy will result in investing a higher percentage of the portfolio in assets that will match the interest rate and credit risk profiles of the benefit obligations, as well as investing in assets with returns expected to exceed the actual returns of the previous asset mix. To achieve this new strategy, the portfolio will no longer include investments in discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds and long/short equity hedge funds. Instead, the portfolio will include a larger concentration of investments in long duration government debt, long-duration corporate credit, and real estate, as well as new investments in high yield and emerging sovereign debt and global-listed infrastructure. As a result, the expected asset class mix will be approximately 30% in equities, approximately 50% in fixed income, and approximately 20% in other investments. Additionally, the number of asset managers will be changed. The Company expects the new strategy to be fully implemented by the end of 2018. Investment practices comply with the requirements of applicable laws and regulations in the respective jurisdictions, including the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) in the United States. The use of derivative instruments by external investment managers is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives and for mitigating interest rate and other asset class risks. The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the trustees to measure the fair value of pension plan assets, including, if applicable, an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each type of asset is generally classified (see Note O for the definition of fair value and a description of the fair value hierarchy). Equities. non-U.S. Fixed income. non-U.S. Other investments. The fair value methods described above may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Additionally, while Alcoa Corporation believes the valuation methods used by the plans’ trustees are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. The following table presents the fair value of pension plan assets classified under either the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy or net asset value: December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Net Asset Total Equities: Equity securities $ 906 $ - $ - $ 869 $ 1,775 Long/short equity hedge funds - - - 152 152 Private equity - - - 226 226 $ 906 $ - $ - $ 1,247 $ 2,153 Fixed income: Intermediate and long duration government/credit $ 95 $ 378 $ - $ 264 $ 737 Cash and cash equivalent funds 313 - - 742 1,055 Other - 56 - - 56 $ 408 $ 434 $ - $ 1,006 $ 1,848 Other investments: Real estate $ 241 $ - $ - $ 365 $ 606 Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds - - - 581 581 Other - - - 132 132 $ 241 $ - $ - $ 1,078 $ 1,319 Total (1) $ 1,555 $ 434 $ - $ 3,331 $ 5,320 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Net Asset Total Equities: Equity securities $ 520 $ - $ - $ 772 $ 1,292 Long/short equity hedge funds - - - 449 449 Private equity - - - 246 246 $ 520 $ - $ - $ 1,467 $ 1,987 Fixed income: Intermediate and long duration government/credit $ 78 $ 283 $ - $ 167 $ 528 Cash and cash equivalent funds 897 - - 468 1,365 Other - 61 - - 61 $ 975 $ 344 $ - $ 635 $ 1,954 Other investments: Real estate $ 88 $ - $ - $ 331 $ 419 Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds - - - 866 866 Other 71 - - 139 210 $ 159 $ - $ - $ 1,336 $ 1,495 Total (2) $ 1,654 $ 344 $ - $ 3,438 $ 5,436 (1) As of December 31, 2017, the total fair value of pension plan assets excludes a net receivable of $2, which represents securities not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments, less an amount due to Arconic pension plans from Alcoa Corporation pension plans related to the separation of certain plans between the two companies. (2) As of December 31, 2016, the total fair value of pension plan assets excludes a net payable of $15, which represents an amount due to Arconic pension plans from Alcoa Corporation pension plans related to the separation of certain plans between the two companies. Funding and Cash Flows It is Alcoa Corporation’s policy to fund amounts for defined benefit pension plans sufficient to meet the minimum requirements set forth in applicable country benefits laws and tax laws, including the Pension Protection Act of 2006; the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008; the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21 st Century Act of 2012; the Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2015; and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2016 for U.S. plans. From time to time, Alcoa Corporation contributes additional amounts as deemed appropriate. In 2017, 2016, and 2015, cash contributions to Alcoa Corporation’s defined benefit pension plans were $106, $66, and $69. The minimum required contribution to defined benefit pension plans in 2018 is estimated to be $290, of which $250 is for U.S. plans. Additionally, the Company expects to make discretionary contributions of approximately $300 combined to the U.S. and Canadian defined benefit pension plans in 2018 (see Note T). Benefit payments expected to be paid to pension and other postretirement benefit plan participants and expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts are as follows: Year ended December 31, Pension Gross Other Medicare Part D Net Other 2018 $ 490 $ 125 $ 10 $ 115 2019 485 125 10 115 2020 490 120 5 115 2021 490 120 5 115 2022 490 115 5 110 2023 through 2027 2,400 425 25 400 $ 4,845 $ 1,030 $ 60 $ 970 Defined Contribution Plans Alcoa Corporation sponsors savings and investment plans in several countries, including Australia and the United States. Prior to the Separation Date, employees attributable to Alcoa Corporation operations participated in ParentCo-sponsored plans. In the United States, employees may contribute a portion of their compensation to the plans, and Alcoa Corporation (ParentCo prior to Separation Date) matches a specified percentage of these contributions in equivalent form of the investments elected by the employee. Also, the Company makes contributions to a retirement savings account based on a percentage of eligible compensation for certain U.S. employees hired after March 1, 2006 that are not able to participate in Alcoa Corporation’s defined benefit pension plans (see Note T). Alcoa Corporation’s expenses related to all defined contribution plans were $65 in 2017, $57 in 2016, and $59 in 2015. |