Debt | Note 6—Debt Mortgage Loans Our securitization transactions (the “Securitizations” or the “mortgage loans”) are collateralized by certain homes owned by the respective Borrower Entities. We utilize the proceeds from our securitizations to fund (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness, including credit facilities and prior securitization transactions, (ii) initial deposits into Securitization reserve accounts, (iii) closing costs in connection with the mortgage loans, (iv) general costs associated with our operations, and (v) distributions and dividends. In addition to the Securitization transactions we initiated, we assumed certain mortgage loans from SWH in connection with the Mergers. The following table sets forth a summary of our mortgage loan indebtedness as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 : Outstanding Principal Balance (2) Origination Date Maturity Date Interest Rate (1) Range of Spreads December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 IH1 2013-1 N/A N/A —% 125-375 bps $ — $ 462,431 IH1 2014-1 N/A N/A —% 107-382 bps — 978,231 IH1 2014-2, net N/A N/A —% 117-407 bps — 710,664 IH1 2014-3, net N/A N/A —% 126-506 bps — 766,753 IH2 2015-1, net (3)(4) January 29, 2015 March 9, 2019 3.99% 152-437 bps 528,795 531,318 IH2 2015-2 (3) April 10, 2015 June 9, 2018 3.57% 142-377 bps 627,259 630,283 IH2 2015-3 (3) June 25, 2015 August 9, 2018 3.80% 136-481 bps 1,165,886 1,184,314 IH1 2017-1 (5) April 28, 2017 June 9, 2027 4.23% N/A 996,453 — IH1 2017-2 (3) November 9, 2017 December 9, 2019 3.06% 91-306 bps 863,413 — CAH 2014-1 (3)(6) April 10, 2014 May 9, 2018 3.28% 125-290 bps 473,384 — CAH 2014-2 (3)(6) June 30, 2014 July 9, 2018 3.32% 105-345 bps 385,401 — CAH 2015-1 (3) June 11, 2015 July 9, 2018 3.45% 128-373 bps 656,551 — CSH 2016-1 (3) June 7, 2016 July 9, 2018 3.87% 158-508 bps 531,517 — CSH 2016-2 (3) November 3, 2016 December 9, 2018 3.41% 133-423 bps 609,815 — SWH 2017-1 (3) September 29, 2017 October 9, 2019 3.11% 102-347 bps 769,754 — Total Securitizations 7,608,228 5,263,994 Less deferred financing costs, net (28,075 ) (9,256 ) Total $ 7,580,153 $ 5,254,738 (1) Except for IH 2017-1, interest rates are based on a weighted average spread over LIBOR, plus applicable servicing fees; as of December 31, 2017 , LIBOR was 1.56% . Our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.23% per annum, equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates including applicable servicing fees (2) Outstanding principal balance is net of discounts and does not include deferred financing costs, net. (3) The initial maturity term of each of these mortgage loans is two to three years, individually subject to two to five , one ‑year extension options at the borrower’s discretion (provided that there is no continuing event of default under the loan agreement and the borrower obtains a replacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable to the lender). Our IH2 2015-2, IH2 2015-3, CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2015-1 mortgage loans have exercised the first extension option; and IH2 2015-1, and CAH 2014-2 have exercised the second extension option. The maturity dates above are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised. (4) Net of unamortized discount of $0 and $55 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. (5) Net of unamortized discount of $3,345 as of December 31, 2017 . (6) On February 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-1, a new securitization transaction (see Note 17 ). Securitization Transactions For each Securitization transaction, the Borrower Entity executed a loan agreement with a third‑party lender. Except for IH 2017-1, each mortgage loan consists of five to seven components. The components are floating rate except with respect to certain components we were required to retain in connection with risk retention rules. The two to three year initial terms are individually subject to two to five , one -year extension options at the Borrower Entity’s discretion. Such extensions are available provided there is no continuing event of default under the respective loan agreement and the Borrower Entity obtains a replacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable the lender. IH 2017-1 is a 10 -year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of two components. Certificates issued by the trust in connection with Component A of IH 2017-1 benefit from FNMA’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest. Certain components were sold at a discount, and $3,345 and $55 of unamortized discount are included in mortgage loans, net in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Each mortgage loan is secured by a pledge of the equity in the assets of the respective Borrower Entities, as well as first-priority mortgages on the underlying properties and a grant of security interests in all of the related personal property. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , a total of 47,616 and 30,900 homes (unaudited), respectively, were pledged pursuant to the mortgage loans. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest for each mortgage loan, and IH 2013-1 and CAH 2014-1 also required monthly payments of principal. Transactions with Trusts Concurrent with the execution of each loan agreement, the respective third-party lender sold each loan it originated to individual depositor entities (the “Depositor Entities”) who subsequently transferred each loan to Securitization-specific trust entities (the “Trusts”). The Depositor Entities are wholly-owned subsidiaries, except for the IH 2013-1 and IH 2014-1 Depositor Entities which were wholly-owned by unaffiliated third parties. We accounted for the transfer of the individual Securitizations from the wholly-owned Depositor Entities to the respective Trusts as sales under ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing , with no resulting gain or loss as the Securitizations were both originated by the lender and immediately transferred at the same fair market value. As consideration for the transfer of each loan to the Trusts, the Trusts issued certificate classes which mirror the components of the individual loan agreements (collectively, the “Certificates”) to the Depositor Entities, except that Class R certificates do not have related loan components as they represent residual interests in the Trusts. The Certificates represent the entire beneficial interest in the Trusts. Following receipt of the Certificates, the Depositor Entities sold the Certificates to investors using the proceeds as consideration for the loans sold to the Depositor Entities by the lenders. These transactions had no effect on our consolidated financial statements other than with respect to Certificates we retained in connection with a Securitization or purchased at a later date. The Trusts are structured as pass-through entities that receive interest, and in the case of IH1 2013-1 and CAH 2014-1 principal payments, from the Securitizations and distribute those payments to the holders of the Certificates. The assets held by the Trusts are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of those entities. The obligations of the Trusts do not have any recourse to the general credit of any entities in these consolidated financial statements. We have evaluated our interests in certain certificates of the Trusts held by us (discussed below) and determined that they do not create a more than insignificant variable interest in the Trusts. Additionally, the retained certificates do not provide us with any ability to direct the activities that could impact the Trusts’ economic performance. Therefore, we do not consolidate the Trusts. Retained Certificates Beginning in April 2014 , the Trusts made Certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. With the introduction of foreign investment, sponsors of the mortgage loans are required to retain a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan. These requirements were further refined in December 2016 pursuant to Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, loan sponsors are now required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closing date. To fulfill these requirements, Class G certificates for IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, IH2 2015-3, CAH 2015-1, CSH 2016-1, and CSH 2016-2 are equal to 5% of the original principal amount of the loans. Per the terms of the mortgage loan agreements, the Class G certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to the sponsor, as applicable. We retained these Class G certificates at the time of the related Securitizations, and they are principal only, bearing a stated interest rate of 0.0005% . Additionally, in certain instances, we have elected to purchase certain Class F certificates, which bear a stated annual interest rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 4.80% to 5.08% . For IH 2017-1, the Class B certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to INVH LP in order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules. The Class B certificates bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.23% , including applicable servicing fees. For IH 2017-2 and SWH 2017-1, we retained a portion of each certificate class to meet the Risk Retention Rules. These retained certificates accrue interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 0.91% to 3.47% . The retained certificates total $378,545 and $209,337 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively, are classified as held to maturity investments, and are recorded in other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5 ). Loan Covenants The general terms that apply to all of the mortgage loans require us to maintain compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants. Affirmative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with (i) licensing, permitting and legal requirements specified in the loan agreement, (ii) organizational requirements of the jurisdictions in which we, and certain of our affiliates, are organized, (iii) federal and state tax laws, and (iv) books and records requirements specified in the respective loan agreements. Negative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with limitations surrounding (i) the amount of our indebtedness and the nature of our investments, (ii) the execution of transactions with affiliates, (iii) the Manager, and (iv) the nature of our business activities. At December 31, 2017 , and through the date our consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we were in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants. Prepayments For the mortgage loans, prepayments of amounts owed are generally not permitted by us under the terms of the respective loan agreements unless such prepayments are made pursuant to the voluntary election and mandatory provisions specified in such agreements. The specified mandatory provisions become effective to the extent that a property becomes characterized as a disqualified property, a property is sold, and/or upon the occurrence of a condemnation or casualty event associated with a property. To the extent either a voluntary election is made, or a mandatory prepayment condition exists, in addition to paying all interest and principal, we must also pay certain breakage costs as determined by the loan servicer and a spread maintenance premium if prepayment occurs before the month following the one or two year anniversary of the closing dates of each of the mortgage loans except for IH 2017-1. For IH 2017-1, prepayments on or before December 2026 will require a yield maintenance premium. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 , we made voluntary and mandatory prepayments of $2,951,008 , $42,099 , and $13,173 , respectively, under the terms of the loan agreements. Term Loan Facility and Revolving Facility On February 6, 2017, we entered into a loan agreement with a syndicate of banks, financial institutions and institutional lenders for a new credit facility (the “New Credit Facility”), which was amended on December 18, 2017 to include entities and homes acquired in the Mergers. The New Credit Facility provides $2,500,000 of borrowing capacity and consists of a $1,000,000 revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2021, with a one -year extension option, and a $1,500,000 term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2022. The Revolving Facility also includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for short-term borrowings referred to as swing line borrowings, in each case subject to certain sublimits. The New Credit Facility provides us with the option to enter into additional incremental credit facilities (including an uncommitted incremental facility that provides us with the option to increase the size of the Revolving Facility and/or the Term Loan Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $1,500,000 ) , subject to certain limitations. Proceeds from the Term Loan Facility were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. Proceeds from the Revolving Facility were used for general corporate purposes. The following table sets forth a summary of the outstanding principal amounts under such loans as of December 31, 2017 : Maturity Date Interest Rate (1) December 31, 2017 Term loan facility February 6, 2022 3.26% $ 1,500,000 Deferred financing costs, net (12,027 ) Term Loan Facility, net $ 1,487,973 Revolving Facility February 6, 2021 3.31% $ 35,000 (1) Interest rates for the Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility are based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 1.70% and 1.75% , respectively; as of December 31, 2017 , LIBOR was 1.56% . Interest Rate and Fees Borrowings under the New Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the Bloomberg LIBOR rate (or comparable or successor rate) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% , and (3) the LIBOR rate that would be payable on such day for a LIBOR rate loan with a one-month interest period plus 1.00% . The margin is based on a total leverage based grid. The margin for the Revolving Facility ranges from 0.75% to 1.30% , in the case of base rate loans, and 1.75% to 2.30% , in the case of LIBOR rate loans. The margin for the Term Loan Facility ranges from 0.70% to 1.30% , in the case of base rate loans, and 1.70% to 2.30% , in the case of LIBOR rate loans. In addition, the New Credit Facility provides that, upon receiving an investment grade rating on its non-credit enhanced, senior unsecured long term debt of BBB- or better from Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., or Baa3 or better from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (an “Investment Grade Rating Event”), we may elect to convert to a credit rating based pricing grid. In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the New Credit Facility, we are required to pay a facility fee to the lenders under the Revolving Facility in respect of the unused commitments thereunder. The facility fee rate is based on the daily unused amount of the Revolving Facility and is either 0.35% or 0.20% per annum based on the unused facility amount. Upon converting to a credit rating pricing based grid, the unused facility fee will no longer apply; and we will be required to pay a facility fee ranging from 0.125% to 0.300% . We are also required to pay customary letter of credit fees. Prepayments and Amortization No principal reductions are required under the New Credit Facility. We are permitted to voluntarily repay amounts outstanding under the Term Loan Facility at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain minimum amounts and the payment of customary “breakage” costs with respect to LIBOR loans. Once repaid, no further borrowings will be permitted under the Term Loan Facility. Loan Covenants The New Credit Facility contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. Such covenants will, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability and that of the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined below) and their respective subsidiaries to (i) engage in certain mergers, consolidations or liquidations, (ii) sell, lease or transfer all or substantially all of their respective assets, (iii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, (iv) make changes to the our fiscal year, (v) make changes in the nature of our business and our subsidiaries, and (vi) incur additional indebtedness that is secured on a pari passu basis with the New Credit Facility. The New Credit Facility also requires us, on a consolidated basis with our subsidiaries, to maintain a (i) maximum total leverage ratio, (ii) maximum secured leverage ratio, (iii) maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, (iv) minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, (v) minimum unencumbered fixed charge coverage ratio, and (vi) minimum tangible net worth. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the New Credit Facility are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the New Credit Facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. At December 31, 2017 , and through the date our consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we were in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants. Guarantees and Security The obligations under the New Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our direct and indirect domestic wholly-owned subsidiaries that own, directly or indirectly, unencumbered assets (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), subject to certain exceptions. The guarantee provided by any Subsidiary Guarantor will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including if it no longer has a direct or indirect interest in an unencumbered asset or as a result of certain non-recourse refinancing transactions pursuant to which such Subsidiary Guarantor becomes contractually prohibited from providing its guaranty of the New Credit Facility. In addition, INVH may be required to provide a guarantee of the New Credit Facility under certain circumstances, including if INVH does not maintain its qualification as a REIT. The New Credit Facility is collateralized by first priority or equivalent security interests in all the capital stock of, or other equity interests in, any Subsidiary Guarantor held by us and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The security interests granted under the New Credit Facility will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including upon an Investment Grade Rating Event or if the total net leverage ratio is less than or equal to 8.00 : 1.00 for four consecutive fiscal quarters. Convertible Senior Notes In connection with the Mergers, we assumed SWH’s convertible senior notes. In July 2014, SWH issued $230,000 in aggregate principal amount of 3.00% convertible senior notes due 2019 (the “2019 Convertible Notes”). Interest on the 2019 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 1st and July 1st of each year. The 2019 Convertible Notes will mature on July 1, 2019. In January 2017, SWH issued $345,000 in aggregate principal amount of 3.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes” and together with the 2019 Convertible Notes, the “Convertible Senior Notes”). Interest on the 2022 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 15th and July 15th of each year. The 2022 Convertible Notes will mature on January 15, 2022. The following table summarizes the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes outstanding as of December 31, 2017 : Coupon Effective (1) Conversion Rate (2) Maturity Date Amortization Principal Amount 2019 Convertible Notes 3.00 % 4.92 % 53.0969 7/1/2019 1.50 years $ 230,000 2022 Convertible Notes 3.50 % 5.12 % 43.7694 1/15/2022 4.04 years 345,000 Total 575,000 Net unamortized fair value adjustment (26,464 ) Total $ 548,536 (1) Effective rate includes the effect of the adjustment to the fair value of the debt as of the Merger Date, the value of which reduced the initial liability recorded to $223,185 and $324,252 for each of the 2019 Convertible Notes and 2022 Convertible Notes, respectively. (2) We generally have the option to settle any conversions in cash, common stock or a combination thereof. The conversion rate represents the number of shares of common stock issuable per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of Convertible Senior Notes converted at December 31, 2017 , as adjusted in accordance with the applicable indentures as a result of cash dividend payments and the effects of the Mergers. The Convertible Senior Notes did not meet the criteria for conversion as of December 31, 2017 , except as noted below in connection with the completion of the Mergers. Terms of Conversion As of December 31, 2017 , the conversion rate applicable to the 2019 Convertible Notes was 53.0969 common shares per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2019 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $18.83 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2019 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2019 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to January 1, 2019, holders may convert the 2019 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of July 7, 2014, between us and our trustee, Wilmington Trust, National Association (“the Convertible Notes Trustee”). As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2019 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after January 1, 2019 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2019 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election. As of December 31, 2017 , the conversion rate applicable to the 2022 Convertible Notes was 43.7694 common shares per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2022 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $22.85 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2022 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2022 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to July 15, 2021, holders may convert the 2022 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of January 10, 2017, between us and the Convertible Notes Trustee. As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2022 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after July 15, 2021 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2022 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election. General Terms We may not redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to their maturity dates except to the extent necessary to preserve our status as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes, as further described in the indentures. If we undergo a fundamental change as defined in the indentures, holders may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The indentures contain customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Convertible Notes Trustee, by notice to us, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Convertible Senior Notes, by notice to us and the Convertible Notes Trustee, may, and the Convertible Notes Trustee at the request of such holders shall, declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Convertible Senior Notes to be due and payable. In the case of an event of default arising out of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization in respect to us (as set forth in the indentures), 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the Convertible Senior Notes will automatically become due and payable. Prior Credit Facilities On February 6, 2017, all of the then-existing credit facilities were paid in full, in connection with the closing of our IPO. The following table sets forth a summary of the outstanding principal amounts of these credit facilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 : Outstanding Principal Balance (1) Origination Date Range of Spreads December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 IH1 2015 April 3, 2015 325 bps $ — $ 85,492 IH2 2015 September 29, 2015 275 bps — 43,859 IH3 2013 December 19, 2013 300-425 bps — 932,583 IH4 2014 May 5, 2014 300-425 bps — 529,866 IH5 2014 December 5, 2014 275-400 bps — 564,348 IH6 2016 April 13, 2016 250-375 bps — 165,437 Total — 2,321,585 Less deferred financing costs, net — (6,044 ) Total $ — $ 2,315,541 (1) Outstanding principal balance does not include deferred financing costs, net. Debt Maturities Schedule The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our debt as of December 31, 2017 : Year Mortgage Loans (1)(2) Term Loan Facility Revolving Facility Convertible Senior Notes Total 2018 $ 4,449,813 $ — $ — $ — $ 4,449,813 2019 2,161,962 — — 230,000 2,391,962 2020 — — — — — 2021 — — 35,000 — 35,000 2022 — 1,500,000 345,000 1,845,000 2023 and thereafter 996,453 — — — 996,453 Total 7,608,228 1,500,000 35,000 575,000 9,718,228 Less deferred financing costs, net (28,075 ) (12,027 ) — — (40,102 ) Less unamortized fair value adjustment — — — (26,464 ) (26,464 ) Total $ 7,580,153 $ 1,487,973 $ 35,000 $ 548,536 $ 9,651,662 (1) On February 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-1, a new securitization transaction (see Note 17 ). The net result of the repayments and new securitization will be to reduce 2018 obligations by $858,785 , to be replaced with obligations totaling $916,571 due in 2020. (2) The maturity dates of the obligations are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised . |