| Summary of significant accounting policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
| Dec. 31, 2020 |
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Basis of presentation | (a) Basis of presentation The Group’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Actual results may differ from those estimates. |
| Adoption of new credit loss accounting standard | (b) Adoption of new credit loss accounting standard On January 1, 2020, t 2016-13 historical Upon initial adoption, the Group recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC Topic 326 as a decrease of approximately RMB883.0 million, net of tax, to the opening balances of retained earnings. These adjustments primarily arose from : 2) ASC Topic 326 requires the expected credit losses related to guarantee contracts be recorded separately from and in addition to the stand ready guarantee liability accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460. Before adoption of ASC Topic 326, guarantee liability is recorded at the higher of the amount determined in accordance with ASC Topic 450 and the amount determined in accordance with ASC Topic 460. The initial adoption resulted in an increase in guarantee liability related to the recognition of a separate contingent liability. Consequently, the quality assurance payable is separated into expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment, which represents the expected credit losses of the guarantee contracts accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 326, and deferred guarantee income, which represents the stand-ready liability accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460 . The table below sets forth the cumulative effect of the changes made to the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASC Topic 326.
December 31, 2019 CECL adoption January 1, 2020
Assets
Quality assurance receivable 3,649,642 (34,998 ) 3,614,644
Loans receivable 4,808,252 (303,291 ) 4,504,961
Accounts receivable 882,305 (142,077 ) 740,228
Decrease in assets (480,366 )
Liabilities
Quality assurance payable 4,776,153 690,122 5,466,275 *
Increase in liabilities 690,122
Retained earnings
Pre-tax (1,170,488 )
Tax effects 287,524
Net decrease in retained earnings (882,964 )
* Upon adoption of ASC 326, quality assurance payable was separated into deferred guarantee income of RMB1,873,254 and expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment of RMB3,593,021. |
| Principle of consolidation | (c) Principle of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, which include the WOFEs and consolidated VIEs, for which the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary. Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power; or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors. Consolidated VIEs are entities in which the WOFEs through their respective contractual arrangements, bear the risks of, and enjoy the rewards normally associated with, ownership of the entities, and therefore the Company is the primary beneficiary of these entities. All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. Details of the typical structure of the Company’s significant VIEs are set forth below: i) VIE Agreements that give the Company effective control of VIEs Business Operation Agreement Pursuant to the relevant business operation agreements, the shareholders of the VIEs agree that to the extent permitted by law, they will accept and unconditionally execute the WOFEs’ instructions on business operations, such as appointment of directors and executive officers. They further agree that, without the WOFEs’ prior written consent, the VIEs will not take any action that may have material adverse effects on their assets, businesses, human resources, rights, obligations, or business operations. The shareholders of the VIEs agree to transfer any dividends or other similar income or interests they receive as the shareholders of the VIEs, if any, immediately and unconditionally to the WOFEs. This agreement also requires each of the shareholders of the VIEs to issue an irrevocable power of attorney authorizing the WOFEs or any person(s) designated by the WOFEs to execute shareholders’ rights on behalf of such shareholder. Unless the WOFEs terminate this agreement in advance, the agreement will remain effective until the VIEs are dissolved pursuant to PRC law. Power of Attorney Pursuant to each power of attorney, each shareholder of the VIEs have irrevocably appointed the WOFEs or any persons designated by the WOFEs to act as such shareholder’s attorney-in-fact Exclusive Option Agreement Pursuant to the exclusive option agreements, the Nominee Shareholders of the VIEs granted the WOFEs or any third party designated by the WOFEs the exclusive and irrevocable right to purchase from the Nominee Shareholders, to the extent permitted by PRC law and regulations, all or part of its respective equity interests in the VIEs for a purchase price equal to the registered capital. The Nominee Shareholders will then return the purchase price to the WOFEs or any third party designated by the WOFEs after the option is exercised. The WOFEs may transfer all or part of its option to a third party at its own option. The VIEs and the Nominee Shareholders agree that without prior written consent of the WOFEs, they may not transfer or otherwise dispose the equity interests or declare any dividend. The exclusive option agreement will remain effective until the WOFEs or any third party designated by the WOFEs acquire all equity interest of the VIEs. Equity Pledge Agreement Pursuant to relevant equity pledge agreements, each shareholder of the VIEs has pledged all of his or her equity interest held in the VIEs to the WOFEs to guarantee his or her obligations under the business operation agreement, the power of attorney, exclusive option agreement and the exclusive technology consulting and service agreement. In the event that the VIEs breach any obligations under these agreements, the WOFEs as the pledgee, will be entitled to request immediate disposal of the pledged equity interests and have priority to be compensated by the proceeds from the disposal of the pledged equity. The Nominee Shareholders may not dispose of the equity interests or create or permit any pledges which may have an adverse effect on the rights or benefits of the WOFEs without the prior written consent of the WOFEs. The relevant share pledge agreements will remain effective until the VIEs and its Nominee Shareholders discharge all of their obligations under the VIE Agreements and the pledgee consents such discharge in writing. ii) VIE Agreement Exclusive technology consulting and service agreement Pursuant to the exclusive technology consulting and service agreements, WOFEs have the exclusive right to provide the VIEs and their subsidiaries (as designated in the agreement) with technical support, consulting services and other services. The WOFEs shall exclusively own any intellectual property arising from the performance of the agreement. During the term of this agreement, the VIEs and their designated subsidiaries may not accept any services covered by this agreement provided by any third party. The VIEs and their designated subsidiaries agree to pay service fees equal to 100% of the net profit generated or otherwise determined by the WOFEs. Except by mutual agreement upon early termination by parties in writing, the exclusive business cooperation agreement will remain effective until the VIEs and their designated subsidiaries are dissolved in accordance with PRC law and regulation. Based on these contractual agreements, the Company believes that the VIEs as described above should be considered as VIEs because the equity holders do not have significant equity at risk nor do they have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Given that the Company, through the WOFEs, is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs, the Company believes that these VIEs should be consolidated based on the structure as described above. The following table sets forth the assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows of the VIEs, which are included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Transactions between the VIEs and their subsidiaries are eliminated in the balances presented below:
As of December 31,
2019 2020
RMB RMB
Cash and cash equivalents 2,025,233 1,660,549
Restricted cash 2,620,706 2,694,514
Short-term investments — 1,970,958
Accounts receivable 846,454 685,556
Quality assurance receivable 3,649,642 1,121,554
Property, equipment and software, net 103,444 67,010
Intangible assets — 35,187
Right of Use assets 94,852 54,385
Loans and receivables, net of credit loss allowance for loans receivables 36,344 7,679
Investments 2,306,831 1,579,146
Deferred tax assets 122,920 149,511
Contract assets 20,555 —
Prepaid expenses and other assets 1,290,996 970,709
Total assets 13,117,977 10,996,758
Payable to platform customers 684,630 103,453
Quality assurance payable 4,776,153 —
Deferred guarantee income — 1,259,396
Expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment — 2,390,501
Payroll and welfare payable 115,540 132,955
Taxes payable 32,468 49,556
Short-term borrowings 85,000 —
Contract liabilities 50,166 —
Deferred tax liabilities 47,117 8,320
Leasing liabilities 84,284 42,775
Amounts due to related part y 3,189,663 2,153,925
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 237,802 472,446
Total liabilities 9,302,823 6,613,327
For the years ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020
RMB RMB RMB
Net revenue 4,250,978 4,684,436 6,124,129
Net profit 1,604,530 661,808 1,230,402
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,356,887 74,977 467,054
Net cash used in (provided by) investing activities (1,031,968 ) 367,903 (672,930 )
Net cash used in (provided by) financing activities 1,043,899 108,972 (85,000 )
Net decrease (increase) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 1,368,818 551,852 (290,876 )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year 2,725,269 4,094,087 4,645,939
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year 4,094,087 4,645,939 4,355,063
Under the VIE Arrangements, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs and can have assets transferred out of the VIEs. Therefore, the Company considers that there is no asset in the VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves, if any. As the VIEs are incorporated as limited liability company under the Company Law of the PRC, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the VIEs. Currently there is no contractual arrangement which requires the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. However, as the Company conducts its businesses primarily based on the licenses and approvals held by the VIEs and their subsidiaries, the Company has provided and will continue to provide financial support to the VIEs. |
| Business combinations and noncontrolling interests | (d) Business combinations and noncontrolling interests The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair values of the assets transferred and liabilities incurred by the Company to the sellers and equity instruments issued. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets and liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated income statements. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations. In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company re-measures re-measurement When there is a change in ownership interests that result in a loss of control of a subsidiary, the Company deconsolidates the subsidiary from the date control is lost. Any retained noncontrolling investment in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value and is included in the calculation of the gain or loss upon deconsolidation of the subsidiary. For the Company’s majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Consolidated net income (loss) on the consolidated income statements includes the net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and mezzanine equity holders when applicable. Net income (loss) attributable to mezzanine equity holders is included in net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests on the consolidated income statements, while it is excluded from the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity. The cumulative results of operations attributable to noncontrolling interests, along with adjustments for share-based compensation expense arising from outstanding share-based awards relating to subsidiaries’ shares, are also recorded as noncontrolling interests in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Cash flows related to transactions with noncontrolling interests are presented under financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. |
| Use of estimates | (e) Use of estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Financial statements amounts that reflect significant accounting estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, measurement for provisions and liabilities in scope for ASC Topic 326 including credit loss provision for quality assurance receivables, loan receivables and accounts receivables as well as expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, determination of uncertain tax positions, and valuation of share-based awards. Such accounting estimates are impacted significantly by judgements and assumptions used in the preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements, and actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period they are identified. |
| Foreign currency and foreign currency translation | (f) Foreign currency and foreign currency translation The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The US$ is the functional currency of the Group’s entities incorporated in Cayman Islands and Hong Kong, and the RMB is the functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries. Transactions denominated in other than the functional currencies are re-measured re-measured The financial statements of the Group are translated from the functional currency to the reporting currency, RMB. Assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are translated into RMB using the exchange rate in effect at each balance sheet date. Income and expenses items are generally translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal year. Foreign currency translation adjustments arising from these are accumulated as a separate component of shareholders’ deficit on the consolidated financial statements. The exchange rates used for translation on December 31, 2019 and 2020 were US$1.00= RMB6.9762 and RMB6.5249, respectively, representing the index rates stipulated by the People’s Bank of China. |
| Convenience translation | (g) Convenience translation Translations of balances in the Group’s consolidated balance sheet, consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income and consolidated statement of cash flows from RMB into US$ as of and for year ended December 31, 2020 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB6.5250, representing the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2020. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2020, or at any other rate. |
| Significant risks and uncertainties | (h) Significant risks and uncertainties Risk of concentration As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, substantially all of the Group’s cash, term deposit and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments were held in major financial institutions located in the PRC and in Hong Kong, which management considers to be of high credit quality. Accounts receivable are generally unsecured and denominated in RMB, and are derived from revenues earned from operations arising primarily in the PRC. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2020. Risk of uncertaintie s In October 2019, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, together with eight other regulatory agencies jointly promulgated the Supplemental Rules to the Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies (“Circular 37”), which provides that any entity providing client referral or credit assessment services to the lending institutions may not provide financing guarantee services in a direct or a disguised form without the regulatory approval. If any entity operates financing guarantee business or provide financing guarantee services in a disguised form without appropriate approval, its business operations will be banned by the regulatory authorities and it will be required to properly settle existing business. Such entity might also subject to penalties including fines and confiscation of illegal gains if applicable. In the Group’s collaboration with institutional funding partners, in order to attract and maintain such business relationship, the Group provides quality assurance commitment through (i) repurchase of default loans and (ii) setting aside security deposits with institutional funding partners or third-party guarantee companies to ensure the Group has enough cash to perform its repurchase obligation if the borrowers introduced by the Group default. In some cases, the Group is also required to replenish such security deposits from time to time. Due to the lack of legal interpretation for financing guarantee in a disguised form, there is uncertainty related to whether such quality assurance commitment provided to institutional funding partners constitutes a financing guarantee in a disguised form. If the quality assurance commitment provided by the Group were determined to be financing guarantee in a disguise form, the Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity will be materially and adversely affected. In order to reduce the compliance risk under Circular 37, the Group incorporated a licensed financial guarantee company in late 2019, which, since its incorporation, provides direct guarantees for certain loans funded by the institutional funding partners to replace existing quality assurance commitment provided. In 2020, the Group increased the capital of the guarantee subsidiary established in late 2019 and also acquired two more guarantee licenses. The Group will continue its effort to increase its guarantee capability by obtaining additional financial guarantee licenses or increase the capital of its financial guarantee subsidiaries to further reduce its risk of noncompliance. |
| Cash and cash equivalents | (i) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand, demand deposits, term deposits and highly liquid investments placed with banks or other financial institutions, which have original maturities less than three months. |
| Restricted cash | (j) Restricted cash Restricted cash represents:
(i) Cash in quality assurance is cash managed by the Group through designated bank accounts under the new quality assurance program. There is no other use of these funds except for making payments to investors for default loans that are subject to quality assurance protection. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash related to quality assurance obligations were RMB1,473,749 and RMB1,671,785, respectively.
(ii) Cash held in escrow accounts that is jointly managed by the Group and institutional funding partners. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash managed by the Group and institutional funding partners amounted to RMB44,367 and RMB701,673, respectively.
(iii) Cash received via consolidated trusts that has not yet been distributed. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash related to cash not yet distributed amounted to RMB799,646 and RMB482,285, respectively.
(iv) Cash held in capital verification account under the name of a subsidiary of the Group established in December 2020 as a paid-in capital. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash related to capital verification account amounted to nil and RMB300,000, respectively.
(v) Cash received from borrowers that has not yet been disbursed to institutional funding partners. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash held as related to cash not yet disbursed amounted to nil and RMB225,031, respectively.
(vi) Cash received from investors or borrowers that has not yet been disbursed, due to a settlement time lag. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash related to cash not yet disbursed amounted to RMB684,630 and RMB103,453, respectively.
(vii) Cash held in designated account under the name of a subsidiary of the Group as a security deposit for an institutional funding partner. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash related to security deposit amounted to RMB390,000 and nil, respectively.
(viii) Cash held as collateral for short-term borrowings of subsidiaries of the Group. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the restricted cash held as collateral amounted to RMB251,853 and nil, respectively.
(ix) Cash in investor reserve funds to protect relevant investors from losses of certain investment programs. Such investment programs were matured in 2019, the RMB41,958 held as restricted cash as of December 31, 2019 were settled in 2020. |
| Short-term Investments | (k) Short-term Investments Short-term investments mainly consist of investments in wealth management products. The wealth management products are certain deposits with variable interest rates or principal not guaranteed with certain financial institutions. Realized and unrealized gain related to the short-term investments is recorded as other income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. RMB96,061, RMB52,863 and RMB33,189 was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. |
| Accounts receivable, contract assets and allowance for doubtful accounts | (l) Accounts receivable, contract assets and credit loss allowance Accounts receivable is related to the facilitation and post-facilitation service in relation to loans facilitated by the Group. Contract assets represent the Group’s right to consideration in exchange for investment management services in relation to investment programs that the Company has transferred to the customer before payment is due. The Group only recognizes accounts receivable and contract assets to the extent that the Group believes it is probable that it will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled to in exchange for the services transferred to the customer. Accounts receivable and contract assets is stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and credit risk allowance. Beginning in 2020, the Group establishes a credit loss allowance based on expectations of lifetime credit losses based on historical default experience, known or inherit risks in the portfolio, current economic conditions and macroeconomics forecasts as well as other factors surrounding the credit risk of borrowers (Note 2(b)). Prior 2020, the credit loss allowance was determined to be the amount of probable incurred credit losses based on historical default experience and other factors surrounding the credit risk of the borrowers. The Group evaluates and adjusts its credit loss allowance on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Accounts receivable and contract assets that are delinquent for 180 days or more are generally written off . |
| Investments | (m) Investments The Group has classified its investments into equity method investments and non-marketable The Group applies equity method in accounting for its investments in entities in which the Group has the ability to exercise significant influence but does not have control and the investments are in either common stock or in-substance Non-marketable a non-marketable The following table sets forth the investments the Group holds as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 , respectively.
As of December 31,
2019 2020
Equity method investments 96,622 129,622
Non-marketable 856,211 820,893
952,833 950,515 |
| Fair value measurement | (n) Fair value measurement Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. The established fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value include: Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Observable, market-based inputs, other than quoted prices, in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 3: Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset. The Group does not have any non-financial The Group’s financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, quality assurance receivable, loans receivable, accounts receivable, contract assets, payable to platform customers, quality assurance payable, deferred guarantee income, expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment, short-term borrowings and other liabilities. Short-term investments The short-term investments mainly consist of wealth management products and are measured at fair value. Other financial instruments The carrying amounts of financial instruments other than short-term investments, approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis The following table sets forth the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2019
Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs Balance at Fair value
RMB RMB RMB RMB
Assets
Short-term investments
—wealth management products — 114,560 — 114,560
December 31, 2020
Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs Balance at Fair value
RMB RMB RMB RMB
Assets
Short-term investments
—wealth management products — 1,970,958 — 1,970,958
The Group values its wealth management products held in certain bank accounts using quoted rate of return or quoted subscription/redemption prices published by the banks for these products, and accordingly, the Group classifies wealth management products as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy based on the nature of the fair value inputs. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis Non-marketable non-marketable
For the years ended
2018 2019 2020
Upward adjustments 170 3,149 —
Downward adjustments (including impairment) — — (36,600 )
Total unrealized gain (loss es 170 3,149 (36,600 )
The following table sets forth the total carrying value of the Group’s non-marketable equity investments at fair value on a non-recurring basis held as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 including cumulative unrealized upward and downward adjustments made to the initial cost basis of the securities:
As of December 31,
2019 2020
Initial cost basis 852,892 854,174
Upward adjustments 3,319 3,319
Downward adjustments (including impairment) — (36,600 )
Total carrying value at the end of the period 856,211 820,893 |
| Interest income and interest expense related to the loans originated by the Group | (o) Net interest income The Group, through consolidated trust plans (See Note 3 Interest on loans receivable is accrued based on the contractual interest rates of the loan as earned. Accrual of interest is generally discontinued when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal. When a loan is discontinued from interest accrual, the Group stops accruing interest and reverses all accrued but unpaid interest as of such date. As the primary beneficiary of the trusts, the Group incorporated the trust plans and recorded return of the other trust parties into interest expense. The interest expense is accrued based on the expected rate of return during the contractual term of the alternative investment products and the trusts. The net interest income recorded in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income related to the loans originated by the Group recorded for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 are as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020
RMB RMB RMB
Interest income 316,193 1,342,289 1,341,657
Less: Interest expense (60,085 ) (235,620 ) (228,320 )
Net interest income 256,108 1,106,669 1,113,337 |
| Property and equipment, net | (p) Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Property and equipment are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method taking into account the estimated residual value, if any. The following table sets forth the estimated useful life and residual value:
Category Estimated useful life Residual value
Office furniture and equipment 3 5 5%
Computer and electronic equipment 3 5 5%
Leasehold improvements shorter of remaining lease period or estimated useful life Nil
Software 1 5 Nil Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation amortization are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in consolidated statement of comprehensive income. |
| Intangible assets | (q) Intangible assets As of December 31, 2020, the intangible assets held by the Group includes micro-lending license, factoring license, financial leasing license and insurance brokerage license which have indefinite useful life. The Group evaluates these indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. If an intangible asset that is not being amortized is subsequently determined to have a finite useful life, the asset is tested for impairment. |
| Goodwill | (r) Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the acquired entity as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries and VIEs. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step In performing the two-step On January 1, 2020, the Group adopted ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to simplify the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2, which was issued by the FASB in January 2017. The Group, therefore, performs the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. This adoption did not have impact on the consolidated financial statements . |
| Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill | (s) Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill The Group evaluates its long-lived assets other than goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful life for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amounts to the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to these assets. If it is determined that an asset is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded in the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the expected discounted cash flows arising from those assets. Impairment losses of long-lived assets related to intangible assets recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 were nil, RMB4,600 and nil, respectively. |
| Guarantee and quality assurance obligations and fund payable | (t) Quality assurance obligations For off-balance sheet loans funded by institutional funding partners, the Group provides quality assurance commitment to compensate them in the event of borrowers’ default in the form of 1) guarantee provided by third-party financial guarantee companies or financial guarantee company within the Group; or 2) insurance provided by third-party insurance company, if the insurance coverage is exhausted, a third party guarantee company will repay the institutional funding partner in full. In either case, after the third-party guarantee companies repay the overdue amount, the Group is obligated to compensate the third-party guarantee companies at an amount equal to the repayment made to the institutional funding partners. In certain cases, the Group is also required to provide a security deposit at an amount equal to a certain percentage of the outstanding balance of loans the institutional funding partners funded to the borrowers referred by the Group. The Group might also be required to replenish such security deposit in the event the security deposit is used by the institutional funding partners to make up for the loss they incurred. In the past the Group used to provide quality assurance fund program to individual investors to compensate them in the event of borrowers’ default, which were terminated in 2019 due to regulation change. Quality assurance commitment and quality assurance fund are hereinafter collectively referred to as “quality assurance obligations”. Quality assurance payables Before adoption of ASC Topic 326, the quality assurance obligations are comprised of two components: (i) ASC Topic 460 component; and (ii) ASC Topic 450 component. In accordance with ASC 460-10-25-2 460-10-30-3, non-contingent Subsequent to initial recognition, the quality assurances obligations are measured at the greater of the amount determined based on ASC Topic 460 and the amount determined based on ASC Topic 450. ASC Topic 460 does not prescribe a method for subsequently measuring and recording the non-contingent 460-10-35-1, . As the risk of the guarantee liability is reduced, it is recognized into the income statement by a systematic and rational amortization method, e.g. over the term of the loan, within the “gain from the quality assurance” line item of the income statement. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, the amount of gains recorded were RMB510.9 million and RMB98.4 million, respectively . The following table sets forth the Group’s quality assurance obligations movement activities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019:
For the years ended December 31,
2018 2019
Opening balance 2,062,844 3,819,379
Fair value of newly written guarantee and quality assurance obligation 5,313,489 6,156,826
Release of guarantee and quality assurance payable upon repayment (4,049,457 ) (6,718,809 )
Contingent liability 3,380,930 6,409,884
Payouts during the year (7,889,277 ) (12,299,134 )
Recoveries during the year 5,000,850 7,408,007
Ending balance 3,819,379 4,776,153
As of December 31, 2019, the maximum potential future payments, including all outstanding principal and interests covered by the quality assurance program were RMB21,794,353. Deferred guarantee income and expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment Upon adoption of ASC Topic 326 as described in Note 2(b), deferred guarantee income represents the stand ready component of the guarantee contracts that are determined in accordance with ASC Topic 460. At initial recognition, deferred guarantee income is recorded at the fair value of the guarantee contract. Subsequent to initial recognition, deferred guarantee income is released systematically as guarantee income in revenue in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as the Group is released from the underlying risk. Expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment represents the expected life time credit losses of the guarantee contract that are determined in accordance with ASC Topic 326, which are initially recorded separate from and in addition to deferred guarantee income at the amount equal to the expected lifetime credit losses of the underlying loans covered by the quality assurance obligation. The expected credit losses are determined based on historical default experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, current economic conditions and future macroeconomic forecasts as well as other factors surrounding the credit risk of borrowers. The liability is calculated at portfolio-level since the loan portfolio is typically of smaller balance homogenous loans and is collectively evaluated for impairment. Subsequent to initial recognition, the expected credit losses are adjusted for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The initial recognition and adjustments made to expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment are recorded as provision for quality assurance commitment in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The table below sets forth the movement of deferred guarantee income and expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Deferred guarantee income: For the year ended December 31,
2020
Opening balance upon adoption of ASC Topic 326 (Note 2(b)) 1,873,254
Newly written guarantee and quality assurance obligation 2,838,707
Release of guarantee and quality assurance payable upon repayment (3,386,032 )
Termination of P2P guarantee and quality assurance obligation* (66,533 )
Ending balance 1,259,396
Expected credit losses for quality assurance commitment: For the year ended December 31,
2020
Opening balance upon adoption of ASC Topic 326 (Note 2(b)) 3,593,021
Provision for credit losses of guarantee contracts 2,057,558
Payouts during the year (8,297,516 )
Recoveries during the year 5,199,893
Termination of P2P guarantee and quality assurance obligation* (162,455 )
Ending balance 2,390,501
* In March 2020, the Company early repaid all outstanding loan balance before their maturity for one P2P funding partner as a result of the Group’s decision to discontinue business relationship with online lending information intermediary, which resulted in decrease in guarantee related receivables and liabilities. The overall impact on gain or loss is immaterial. As of December 31, 2020, the maximum potential future payments, including all outstanding principal and interests covered by the quality assurance program were RMB24,409,260. (t) Quality assurance receivables Quality assurance receivable A quality assurance receivable is recognized at loan inception at its fair value on a loan-by-loan en . The following table presents the Group’s quality assurance receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2020:
For the years ended December 31,
2019 2020
Quality assurance receivable 4,459,145 1,345,068
Allowance for credit losses for quality assurance receivable (809,503 ) (223,514 )
Quality assurance receivable, net 3,649,642 1,121,554
The Group evaluates expected credit losses of quality assurance receivable by on a collective basis based on the type of borrowers and delinquency pattern. Credit quality indicators are updated quarterly, and the credit quality of any given customer can change during the life of the portfolio. The following table presents quality assurance receivables based on type of borrowers and delinquency as of December 31, 2019 and 2020:
1-89 past due 90-119 days p 120-149 days p 150-179 days p Total past Current Total quality assurance receivable
December 31, 2019
New borrowers 139,398 36,630 37,113 37,017 250,158 849,189 1,099,347
Repeat borrowers 297,150 75,880 73,682 70,154 516,866 2,842,932 3,359,798
Total 436,548 112,510 110,795 107,171 767,024 3,692,121 4,459,145
December 31, 2020
New borrowers 26,708 5,651 5,312 5,407 43,078 191,155 234,233
Repeat borrowers 70,819 25,745 22,647 15,388 134,599 976,236 1,110,835
Total 97,527 31,396 27,959 20,795 177,677 1,167,391 1,345,068
As the average tenor of loans facilitated on the Group’s platform are around 9 months, substantially all of the quality assurance receivable balance as of December 31, 2020 are originated in 2020. The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for credit losses for quality assurance receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively:
For the years ended December 31,
2019 2020
Beginning balance 1,097,188 809,503
Impact of adoption of ASC 326 (Note 2(b)) — 34,998
Provision/(reversal) for credit losses 210,520 (49,590 )
Write-offs (498,205 ) (571,397 )
Ending balance 809,503 223,514 |
| Revenue recognition | (u) Revenue recognition The Group engages primarily in operating an online consumer finance marketplace by providing an online platform which matches borrowers with institutional funding partners, individual investors and assisting facilitation of loans to investors on certain third-party online platforms (collectively referred to as “investors”). The Group determines that it is not the legal lender or legal borrower in the above process. Therefore, the Group generally does not record loan receivable and payable arising from the loans between investors and borrowers on its balance sheets other than consolidated trusts (Note 3). Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the provision of services in the ordinary course of the Group’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). The Group discontinue matching of individual investors in 2019 due to change in regulations. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the revenue standard using the modified retrospective transition method to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Upon initial adoption, the Group recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the revenue standard as an increase of approximately RMB176.5 million, net of tax, to the opening balances of retained earnings. These adjustments primarily arose from the timing of revenue recognition for transaction service fees collected in monthly instalments related to its loan products being recognized earlier under ASC Topic 606 . The following table sets forth the impact to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of adoption of ASC Topic 606.
For the years ended December 31, 2018
As reported Amounts without Effect of change
Loan facilitation service fees 2,919,234 2,141,565 777,669
Post-facilitation service fees 922,797 773,116 149,681
Other Revenue 376,915 793,188 (416,273 )
4,218,946 3,707,869 511,077
Revenue recognition policies for each type of services under ASC Topic 606 are discussed as follows: Revenue from Single Loans In accordance with a series contracts entered into among the borrowers, investors (either individual or institutional funding partners) and the Group, the Group generally provides the following services to the borrowers and investors:
• The Group operates a platform that enables borrowers and investors to exchange information;
• The Group collects information from borrowers, conduct credit assessment and match borrowers with investors;
• Once borrowers and investors are matched, the Group is responsible for collect and transfer funds between borrowers and investors;
• The Group will also provide investors with collection services upon borrowers’ default;
• On monthly basis, the borrowers are obligated to pay transaction service fee and quality assurance contribution/guarantee fee on top of the principle and interest payment. In the event of prepayment, borrowers are obligated to pay the outstanding unpaid transaction service fee and quality assurance contribution in full. The Group determines its customers to be both investors and borrowers. Starting from 2018, the Group charges the transaction service fee as part of the borrowers’ monthly repayment. In accordance with the relevant guidance in ASC Topic 606, the amounts associated with the quality assurance obligation is within the scope of ASC Topic 460 and should be accounted for in accordance with the provisions of that Topic. The services not within the scope of other Topics should be accounted for in accordance with the remaining provisions of ASC Topic 606 and the applicable revenue recognition guidance. The Group considers loan facilitation services (covering matching of investors to borrowers and facilitating the execution of loan agreement between investors and borrowers) and post-facilitation services (covering cash processing services and collection services) as two distinctive performance obligations in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The transaction price is first allocate d The transaction price allocated to loan facilitation is recognized as revenue upon execution of loan agreements between investors and borrowers; the consideration allocated to post-facilitation services is recognized over the period of the loan on a straight line method, which approximates the pattern of when the underlying services are performed. In additional to transaction service fee, the Group also receives fees on future events, such as collection fees. For loans with no quality assurance protection, collection is considered a separate performance obligation and therefore collection fee is allocated to this specific performance obligation. For loans with quality assurance protection, as the quality assurance will compensate the investors should the borrowers are delinquent, the collection fee is considered a variable consideration for the loan facilitation and post-facilitation performance obligations and therefore is included in the total transaction price which is allocated to these two performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling price. The collection fee is only probable of not reserving upon successful collection and as such is not included in the transaction price until then. Revenue from Investment Programs For investment programs that only fund loans protected by the quality assurance, the loan transaction service fees and monthly contribution to the quality assurance paid by the borrowers are the same as those discussed under “Revenue from Single Loans” above. In addition, the Group charges the surplus gain, i.e., the actual rate of return exceeds the stated expected rate of return in the investment program agreement, as investment program management fee. The investment program management fee is a separate fee charged to investors in a separate contract and therefore is allocate specifically to the investment management performance obligation. The Group determines that the “probable of not reserving” threshold is met for surplus gain and therefore surplus gain is included in the transaction price upon the effective of investment program. The Group estimates the surplus gain on a monthly basis for the duration of an investment program to monitor the expected outcome of the portfolio and the amount is recognized over the term of the investment program as the investor simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance throughout the term of the investment program. The Group stopped offering investment program in 2019 as a result of regulatory requirements to stop P2P business and all investment programs matured in 2020. Other revenue Other than the collection fees charged for certain loans and investment management fee for investment programs, other revenue primarily includes borrower referral fees. The Group refers borrowers that do not meet the Group’s risk appetite to other lending platforms, and charges a referral fee based on the loan origination volume, cost per-click Revenue disaggregation analysis The following table sets forth the Group’s operating revenue from different service type s
For the years ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020
With quality Without quality With quality Without quality With quality Without quality
Loan facilitation service fees 2,404,178 515,056 2,984,063 326,812 1,908,851 —
Post-facilitation service fees 678,518 244,279 1,096,660 103,713 672,981 —
Other revenue
-investment management fee 208,471 — 109,423 — 31,767 —
-borrowers referral fee — 96,167 — 130,677 — 290,337
-others 54,734 17,543 37,949 66,791 95,286 64,496
Changes in expected discretionary payment to investor reserve fund investors — 68,619 — — — —
3,345,901 941,664 4,228,095 627,993 2,708,885 354,833
Interest income (Note 2(o)) and guarantee income (Note 2(t)) is not included in the table above as it is not accounted for under ASC Topic 606. Contract balances Contract assets represent the Group’s right to consideration in exchange for facilitation and post-facilitation service that the Company has transferred to the customer before payment is due. Contract liabilities represent the Group’s obligation to transfer facilitation and post-facilitation service to the customer due to received payment. The timing of revenue recognition, scheduled payments, and cash collections results in contract assets and contract liability. Practical expedient and exemptions The Group generally expenses sales commission when incurred for loans with a term for one year or less. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expenses. The Group does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligation as most of the loans facilitated through its platform with an original term of one year or less. Expected discretionary payment to investor reserve fund investors In December 2017, due to the deterioration of performance of investor reserve fund investment programs, the Group reversed all the gains recorded historically amounting to RMB213,958 and additional provision outside the Group’s contractual obligation related to the investor reserve fund amounting to RMB107,660 was recognized as a reduction of revenue. In 2018, the Group experienced improved loan performance and a reversal amounting to RMB68,619 was recognized in revenue. As of December 31, 2019, all investment programs that offered protection on expected return of investors were matured. |
| Origination and servicing expenses | (v) Origination and servicing expenses Origination and servicing expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits of employees who facilitate loan origination, perform risk pricing, debt-collection service, customer service, data processing and data analysis. Origination and servicing expenses-related party consist of expenses for data collection service provided by PPcredit, a related party of the Group (See Note 10). |
| Sales and marketing expenses | (w) Sales and marketing expenses Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising and online marketing promotion expenses. Advertising and online marketing expenses, amounting to approximately RMB702,508, RMB710,203 and RMB470,243 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, are charged to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as incurred. |
| General and administrative expenses | (x) General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for general management, finance and administrative personnel, share-based compensation expenses, rental, professional service fees and other expenses. |
| Research and development expenses | (y) Research and development expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and related expenses for IT professionals involved in developing technology platform and website, server and other equipment depreciation, bandwidth and data center costs. All research and development costs have been expensed as incurred as the costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant. |
| Share-based compensation | (z) Share-based compensation The Group follows ASC Topic 718, which requires all share-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized as compensation expense in the financial statements over the vesting period of the award based on the fair value of the award determined at the grant date. Under ASC Topic 718, the number of share-based awards for which the service is not expected to be rendered for the requisite period should be estimated, and the related compensation cost is not recorded for that number of awards. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, the Group recognize share-based compensation expenses, net of a forfeiture rate, using the straight-line method for awards with services conditions only, and using the graded-vesting attribution method for awards with graded vesting features and performance conditions. Compensation cost is accrued if it is probable that a performance condition will be achieved. |
| Leases | (aa) Leases Prior to the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 A lease for which substantially all the benefits and risks incidental to ownership remain with the lessor is classified as an operating lease. All leases of the Group are currently classified as operating leases. When a lease contains rent holidays, the Group records the total expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Upon and hereafter the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 The Group determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ROU assets represent the Group’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Group’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Group includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option, if any. As the Group’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate, which it calculates based on the credit quality of the Group and by comparing interest rates available in the market for similar borrowings, and adjusting this amount based on the impact of collateral over the term of each lease. The Group has elected to adopt the following lease practical expedients in conjunction with the adoption of ASU 2016-02: non-lease non-lease |
| Government grants and subsidy income | (ab) Government grants and subsidy income The Group receives government grants and subsidies in the PRC from various levels of local governments from time to time which are granted for general corporate purposes and to support its ongoing operations in the region. The grants are determined at the discretion of the relevant government authority and there are no restrictions on their use. The government subsidies are recorded as other income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income in the period the cash is received. The government grants received by the Group amounting to RMB53,739, RMB62,517 and RMB74,104 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively . |
| Taxation | (ac) Taxation Current income taxes are provided on the basis of net income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates expected to apply to taxable income in which temporary differences are expected to be received or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income in the period of the enactment of the change. The Group considers positive and negative evidence when determining whether a portion or all of its deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carry-forward periods, its experience with tax attributes expiring unused, and its tax planning strategies. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon its ability to generate sufficient future taxable income within the carry-forward periods provided for in the tax law and during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. When assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, the Group has considered possible sources of taxable income including (i) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry-forwards, (iii) future taxable income arising from implementing tax planning strategies, and (iv) specific known trend of profits expected to be reflected within the industry. The Group recognizes a tax benefit associated with an uncertain tax position when, in its judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not |
| Earnings (loss) per share | (ad) Gain or losses related to financial guarantee derivative The Group used to offer investment programs which were accounted for as derivative under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, in the consolidated balance sheets as either assets or liabilities at fair value. Such business was terminated in late 2017 and the remaining investment programs fully matured in 2019. If there are changes to the expected defaults of loans and expected performance of the investment programs, the Group records these resulting adjustments to the “fair value change of financial guarantee derivatives” line item within “other income (expense)” on the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Upon the maturity of an investment program, any cumulative gain or loss will be reclassified to the “realized gain or loss from financial guarantee derivatives” line item within “other income (expense).” That is, whenever cash flows occur upon maturity, the fair value changes are reclassified within the income statement and recorded as realized gain or loss. (ae) Net profit per share Basic net profit per share is computed by dividing net profit attributable to FinVolution Group’s ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period using the two-class two-class if-converted |
| Segment reporting | (af) Segment reporting The Group’s chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, reviews the consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group as a whole and therefore, the Group only has one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in the PRC and substantially all of the Group’s revenues are derived from within the PRC. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented. |
| Treasury shares | (ag) Treasury shares The Group accounts for treasury shares using the cost method. Under this method, the cost incurred to purchase the shares is recorded in the treasury shares account in the consolidated balance sheets. At retirement, the ordinary shares account is charged only for the aggregate par value of the shares. The excess of the acquisition cost of treasury shares over the aggregate par value is allocated between additional paid-in paid-in paid-in first-in, first-out |
| Statutory reserves | (ah) Statutory reserves In accordance with the relevant regulations and their articles of association, subsidiaries of the Company incorporated in the PRC are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax |
| Recently issued accounting standards | (a i Adoption of new accounting standards In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, 2016-02”), 2016-02 right-to-use 2018-10, 2018-11, The Group adopted ASC Topic 842 using the modified retrospective transition approach. Prior period results continue to be presented under ASC Topic 840 based on the accounting standards originally in effect for such periods. Please refer to Note 2(aa) for the Group’s accounting policy under ASC Topic 842. Upon adoption of ASC 842, on January 1, 2019, the Group recorded the operating lease right-of-use-assets In June 2016, the FASB amended guidance related to impairment of financial instruments as part of ASU 2016-13 2018-19): 2016-13. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, 2018-13 New accounting standards not yet adopted In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes as part of the FASB’s overall initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The amendments in ASU 2019-12 simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. ASU 2019-12 is effective for all entities beginning on January 1, 2021. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s disclosures . |
