Loans and advances to customers | 11. Loans and advances to customers a) Detail The detail by classification of Loans and advances to customers in the consolidated balance sheets is as follows: 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 10,844 10,000 Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income — 4,056 Financial assets at amortized cost 687,432 736,997 698,276 751,053 Of which: Before allowance for impairment losses 723,827 772,088 Allowance for impairment losses (25,551) (21,035) 698,276 751,053 As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, 4,123 million pesos and 6,261 million pesos, respectively, of Loans and advances to customers have been pledged in connection with financial derivatives traded in organized markets, and are classified as restricted assets within Loans and advances to customers (see Note 32). Note 45.a includes a breakdown of the remaining maturity of Loans and advances to customers. Additionally, Note 45.d includes the fair value amounts of these assets classified as Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost. b) Breakdown The following is a breakdown by loan type, borrower sector, geographical area of residence and interest rate formula of the Loans and advances to customers. This breakdown reflects the Bank’s exposure to credit risk in its core business, disregarding the allowance for impairment losses: 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 By loan type: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 339,545 344,684 Public sector loans 73,016 85,189 Mortgage loans 167,818 189,854 Reverse repurchase agreements 10,844 10,000 Installment loans to individuals - Revolving consumer credit card loans 51,266 52,089 Non-revolving consumer loans 59,429 67,619 Impaired loans 21,909 22,653 723,827 772,088 By borrower sector: Public sector 73,016 85,256 Individuals 290,580 326,117 Communications and transportation 33,250 35,756 Construction 38,160 37,232 Manufacturing 53,187 52,176 Services 109,180 123,078 Tourism 26,275 18,278 Other sectors 100,179 94,195 723,827 772,088 By geographical area: Mexico 723,827 772,088 723,827 772,088 By interest rate: Fixed rate 307,990 359,178 Floating rate 415,837 412,910 723,827 772,088 c) Valuation adjustments for impairment of Loans and advances to customers The following is a breakdown of the gross carrying amount of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost as of December 31, 2020: Fair value/Gross carrying amount Stage 1 Stage 2 Subtotal Stage 3 (*) Total Financial assets at amortized cost 620,543 70,531 691,074 21,909 712,983 Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 291,980 47,565 339,545 6,530 346,075 Public sector loans 73,016 — 73,016 — 73,016 Mortgage loans 157,054 10,764 167,818 9,847 177,665 Installment loans to individuals - 98,493 12,202 110,695 5,532 116,227 Revolving consumer credit card loans 44,309 6,957 51,266 2,543 53,809 Non-revolving consumer loans 54,184 5,245 59,429 2,989 62,418 (*) As of December 31, 2020, there were no POCI financial assets. The following is a breakdown of the gross carrying amount Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost and Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2021: Fair value/Gross carrying amount Stage 1 Stage 2 Subtotal Stage 3 (*) Total Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income 4,063 — 4,063 — 4,063 Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 4,063 4,063 — 4,063 Financial assets at amortized cost 698,089 37,283 735,372 22,653 758,025 Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 322,835 17,786 340,621 9,870 350,491 Public sector loans 83,788 1,401 85,189 67 85,256 Mortgage loans 178,822 11,032 189,854 9,725 199,579 Installment loans to individuals - 112,644 7,064 119,708 2,991 122,699 Revolving consumer credit card loans 48,556 3,533 52,089 1,328 53,417 Non-revolving consumer loans 64,088 3,531 67,619 1,663 69,282 (*) As of December 31, 2021, there were no POCI financial assets. The following is a breakdown of the transfers of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost between stages as of December 31, 2021: Gross carrying amount Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total As of January 1, 2021 620,543 70,531 21,909 712,983 Transfers: Transfer from Stage 1 to Stage 2 (13,356) 13,356 — — Transfer from Stage 1 to Stage 3 (6,050) — 6,050 — Transfer from Stage 2 to Stage 3 — (7,787) 7,787 — Transfer from Stage 2 to Stage 1 20,699 (20,699) — — Transfer from Stage 3 to Stage 2 — 2,013 (2,013) — Transfer from Stage 3 to Stage 1 1,102 — (1,102) — Remaining in same Stage (*) (44,490) (4,783) 19,608 (29,665) Financial assets derecognized during the period other than write-offs (274,147) (17,278) (3,311) (294,736) Originated financial assets 412,352 — — 412,352 Write-offs — — (26,477) (26,477) Other movements (18,564) 1,930 202 (16,432) As of December 31, 2021 698,089 37,283 22,653 758,025 (*) Includes mainly payments of principal and accrued interest. Transfers between stages ● The change in the gross carrying amount of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that were transferred from Stage 2 to Stage 1 amounting 20,699 million pesos, resulted in a decrease in the allowance for impairment losses of 1,589 million pesos. The main driver of the change is the increase in the “Lifetime PD” used to determine the allowance for impairment losses. ● The change in the gross carrying amount of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that were transferred from Stage 3 to Stage 2 amounting 2,013 million pesos, result in a decrease in the allowance for impairment losses of 111 million pesos. The change is not significant because “Lifetime PD” is used to determine the allowance for impairment losses for both stages. ● The change in the gross carrying amount of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that were transferred from Stage 3 to Stage 1 amounting 1,102 million pesos, result in a decrease in the allowance for impairment losses of 79 million pesos. The main driver of the change is the use of a twelve-month PD instead of a “Lifetime PD”. ● The gross carrying amount of financial instruments originated in 2021 that amounts to 412,352 million pesos, results in an increase in the allowance for impairment losses of 2,741 million pesos. d) Allowance for impairment losses The changes in the allowance for impairment losses on Loans and advances to customers were as follows: 2019 2020 2021 Beginning balance as of January 1 (21,516) (21,970) (25,551) Impairment losses on financial assets at amortized cost (*) (21,673) (25,184) (21,949) Impairment losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (5) — (7) Write-offs 21,154 21,590 26,477 Others 70 13 (5) Balance at year-end (21,970) (25,551) (21,035) Of which: By geographical location of risk: Mexico (21,970) (25,551) (21,035) (*) The amount of Impairment losses on financial assets at amortized cost presented in the consolidated income statement is net of recoveries of loans previously written-off and recovery expenses in the amount of 2,083 million pesos in 2019, 3,453 million pesos in 2020 and 2,720 million pesos in 2021. The post-model adjustments or overlays recognized within the allowance for impairment losses as of December 31, 2020, are as follows: Allowance for impairment losses IFRS 9 Model Macroeconomic overlay Impairment overlay Total Total Overlay to IFRS 9 Model Financial assets at amortized cost (24,093) (613) (845) (25,551) 6% Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans (7,757) (558) (572) (8,887) 15% Public sector loans (14) (1) — (15) 7% Mortgage loans (4,108) 30 — (4,078) (1)% Installment loans to individuals - (12,214) (84) (273) (12,571) 3% Revolving consumer credit card loans (6,010) (67) (273) (6,350) 6% Non-revolving consumer loans (6,204) (17) — (6,221) 0% During 2021, the macroeconomic and impairment overlays were consumed or released; accordingly, there are no post-model adjustments or overlays as of December 31, 2021. The following is a breakdown of the allowance for impairment losses and the write-offs as of December 31, 2021: Allowance for impairment losses Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Write-offs Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans (7) — — (7) — Financial assets at amortized cost (5,764) (5,149) (10,115) (21,028) (26,477) Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans (1,715) (1,509) (4,899) (8,123) (9,259) Public sector loans (66) — (58) (124) — Mortgage loans (640) (991) (2,873) (4,504) (1,572) Installment loans to individuals - (3,343) (2,649) (2,285) (8,277) (15,646) Revolving consumer credit card loans (1,498) (1,338) (1,016) (3,852) (8,396) Non-revolving consumer loans (1,845) (1,311) (1,269) (4,425) (7,250) The contractual amount outstanding of Loans and advances to customers written-off during 2021 that are still subject to enforcement activities, amounts to 26,477 million pesos. The following is a breakdown of the transfers of the allowance for impairment losses of Loans and advances to customers between stages as of December 31, 2021: Allowance for impairment losses Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Beginning balance as of January 1 6,215 8,902 10,434 25,551 As of January 1, 2021 Transfers: Transfer from Stage 1 to Stage 2 (346) 2,211 — 1,865 Transfer from Stage 1 to Stage 3 (183) — 2,977 2,794 Transfer from Stage 2 to Stage 3 — (712) 2,636 1,924 Transfer from Stage 2 to Stage 1 387 (1,976) — (1,589) Transfer from Stage 3 to Stage 2 — 332 (443) (111) Transfer from Stage 3 to Stage 1 34 — (113) (79) Financial assets derecognized during the period other than write-offs (906) 1,087 2,930 3,111 Contracts remaining at the same stage (1,986) (4,767) 17,921 11,168 Write-offs — — (26,477) (26,477) Originated financial assets 2,741 — — 2,741 Foreign exchange and other movements (185) 72 250 137 As of December 31, 2021 5,771 5,149 10,115 21,035 Post-model adjustments - overlays The following is a breakdown by stages of the post-model adjustments or overlays recognized within the allowance for loan losses corresponding to Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost as of December 31, 2020: Overlays Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Macroeconomic overlay (397) (202) (14) (613) Impairment overlay — (819) (26) (845) Total (397) (1,021) (40) (1,458) As of December 31, 2021, there are no post-model adjustments or overlays. The breakdown by stages of the macroeconomic overlay recognized within the allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2020 is as follows: Macroeconomic overlay Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Macroeconomic overlay (397) (202) (14) (613) Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans (374) (176) (8) (558) Public sector loans (1) — — (1) Mortgage loans 4 6 20 30 Installment loans to individuals - (26) (32) (26) (84) Revolving consumer credit card loans (21) (27) (19) (67) Non-revolving consumer loans (5) (5) (7) (17) The breakdown by stages of the impairment overlay recognized within the allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2020 is as follows: Impairment overlay Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Impairment overlay — (819) (26) (845) Of which: Commercial, financial and industrial loans — (562) (10) (572) Installment loans to individuals - — (257) (16) (273) Revolving consumer credit card loans — (257) (16) (273) e) Impaired loans The breakdown of the changes in the balance of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that are credit-impaired is as follows: 2019 2020 2021 Beginning balance 18,429 17,952 21,909 Additions 31,418 37,216 32,526 Transfers to performing loans (10,741) (11,669) (5,305) Written-off loans (21,154) (21,590) (26,477) Balance at year end 17,952 21,909 22,653 The breakdown between no past due and past due as of December 31, 2020 of the balance of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that are considered to be credit-impaired is as follows: With Balances Past Due by With no Past Due Balances or Less than 3 Months Past More than 12 Due 3 to 6 Months 6 to 9 Months 9 to 12 Months Months Total By type of loan: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 2,324 3,310 326 196 374 6,530 Mortgage loans 1,982 2,097 741 1,084 3,943 9,847 Installment loans to individuals Of which: Revolving consumer credit card loans 868 1,675 — — — 2,543 Non-revolving consumer loans 474 2,515 — — — 2,989 5,648 9,597 1,067 1,280 4,317 21,909 The breakdown between no past due and past due as of December 31, 2021 of the balance of Loans and advances to customers – Financial assets at amortized cost that are considered to be credit-impaired, is as follows: With Balances Past Due by With no Past Due Balances or Less than 3 Months Past More than 12 Due 3 to 6 Months 6 to 9 Months 9 to 12 Months Months Total By type of loan: Commercial, financial and industrial loans 6,689 1,434 676 808 330 9,937 Mortgage loans 2,194 1,764 965 751 4,051 9,725 Installment loans to individuals Of which: Revolving consumer credit card loans 451 877 — — — 1,328 Non-revolving consumer loans 414 1,243 5 1 — 1,663 9,748 5,318 1,646 1,560 4,381 22,653 f) Renegotiated loans The Bank sometimes makes concessions or modifications to the original terms of loans as a response to the customer’s financial difficulties, rather than taking possession or to enforce otherwise collection of collateral. Renegotiated loans include restructured or refinancing transactions of performing loans and credit-impaired loans, as contractual terms of a loan may be modified due to not only concerns about the customer’s ability to meet contractual payments, but also for customer retention purposes and other factors not related to current or potential credit deterioration of the customer. A restructured transaction is a transaction with respect to which, for economic or legal reasons relating to current or foreseeable financial difficulties of the customer, the financial terms and conditions are modified in order to facilitate the payment of the debt (principal and interest) because the customer is unable, or might foreseeably become unable, to comply with the aforementioned terms and conditions in due time and form, even if such modification is envisaged in the agreement. A refinancing transaction is a transaction that is granted or used, for reasons relating to current or foreseeable financial difficulties of the customer, to repay one or more of the transactions granted to it, or through which the payments on such transactions are brought fully or partially up to date, in order to enable the customers of the cancelled or refinanced transactions to repay their debt (principal and interest) because they are unable, or might foreseeably become unable, to comply with the conditions thereof in due time and form. A breakdown of renegotiated loans during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is as follows: For the Year Ended 12/31/2019 For the Year Ended 12/31/2020 For the Year Ended 12/31/2021 Performing loans Performing loans Performing loans Due to Due to Due to Concerns Concerns Concerns About About About Current or Current or Current or Potential Due to Potential Due to Potential Due to Credit Other Impaired Credit Other Impaired Credit Other Impaired Deterioration Factors Loans Total Deterioration Factors Loans Total Deterioration Factors Loans Total Commercial, financial and industrial loans 1,215 — 2,318 3,533 2,158 — 912 3,070 5,918 — 4,299 10,217 Mortgage loans 369 — 293 662 356 — 329 685 217 — 356 573 Installment loans to individuals 850 — 306 1,156 1,627 — 272 1,899 380 — 1,183 1,563 2,434 — 2,917 5,351 4,141 — 1,513 5,654 6,515 — 5,838 12,353 Percentage 45 % — 55 % 100 % 73 % — 27 % 100 % 53 % — 47 % 100 % Credit-impaired loans that are renegotiated continue to be classified as impaired loans until the sustained payment criteria and other considerations are reached as described in Note 2.g. The types of terms that are typically renegotiated include: (a) modifications to the contractual terms of loans, such as payment terms, interest rates and currency, or (b) modifications to the guarantees that cover the loans. See Note 48 b) 4.7 Recovery and collections management for additional information regarding renegotiated loans. g) Modification on financial instruments in the context of COVID-19 pandemic During 2020, the relief measures contained in the Support Program resulted in a modification to the contractual terms of the loans subject to the Support Program, that did not result in derecognition of the financial assets under IFRS 9. The breakdown of Gains/(losses) on modification of financial assets (net) recognized in the consolidated income statement as of December 31, 2020 is as follows: 2020 Commercial, financial and industrial loans (605) Mortgage loans (224) Installment loans to individuals - Non-revolving consumer loans (914) (1,743) h) Maximum exposure to credit risk and credit quality information Maximum exposure to credit risk The tables below represent the Bank’s maximum exposure to credit risk by class of financial instrument (except for hedging financial derivatives) and the respective collateral and other credit enhancements mitigating credit risk for these classes of financial instruments. The maximum exposure to credit risk includes the carrying amounts of financial instruments recognized in the consolidated balance sheet subject to credit risk and the nominal amounts for off-balance sheet commitments. Where available, collaterals are presented at fair value; for other collaterals, such as real estate and other assets, best estimates of fair value are used. Other credit enhancements such as guarantees are included at their nominal amounts. Collateral or guarantees are credit enhancements in the form of an asset or third-party obligation that serve to mitigate the inherent risk of credit loss in an exposure, by either substituting the borrower default risk or improving recoveries in the event of a default. The Bank’s collateral or guarantees are contractual and are typically classified as follows: ● Financial and other collateral, which enables the Bank to recover all or part of the outstanding exposure by liquidating the collateral asset provided in cases where the borrower is unable or unwilling to fulfill its primary obligations. Cash collateral, securities (debt or equity instruments), collection rights, inventory, equipment and real estate are included in this category: - Cash collateral received - cash collateral requested from financial and corporate customers to secure the payments in OTC financial derivatives transactions. - Collateralized by securities - collateral to secure the payments in repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements transactions. - Collection rights - highly liquid and realizable guarantees, which are mainly comprised of standby letters and pledges on funds and securities. - Real estate. ● Guarantees, which complement the customer’s ability to fulfill its obligation under the legal contract and, as such, is provided by third parties in the form of individual guarantee by endorsement or co-signers, where individuals or companies act as guarantors of the loan transaction. Collaterals and other credit enhancements related to the commercial loan portfolio are subject to at least an annual review. In the case of guarantees, the guarantor’s ability to perform under the guarantee contract is reviewed through an analysis of the financial position of the customer and the guarantor. There are cases where the Bank has attempted to seek recovery through the execution of a third-party guarantee and has been denied such recovery. Please see Note 2.g for an explanation of how the credit ratings of guarantors affect our allowance for impairment losses. For the retail loan portfolio, a review of its collaterals and other credit enhancements is performed on a periodic basis depending on the history of the payment performance of the borrower. For the real estate collaterals, appraisals are obtained as of the date of origination of the loans and when the loan is classified as impaired. See Note 48.b) 4.3 Credit risk mitigation techniques for additional information regarding credit risk mitigation. The breakdown is as follows: 12/31/2020 Maximum Exposure Maximum to Credit Risk (1) Collaterals Other Credit Enhancements Exposure to Cash Collateral Collateralized by Credit Risk Unsecured Secured Received Securities Collection Rights (3) Real Estate (2) Guarantees Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 572,799 473,908 98,891 23,052 65,040 — — — Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income 355,321 355,321 — — — — — — Financial assets at amortized cost: 712,983 208,053 504,930 — — 83,544 176,841 7,073 Of which: Loans and advances to credit institutions — — — — — — — — Loans and advances to customers 712,983 208,053 504,930 — — 83,544 176,841 7,073 Commercial, financial and industrial loans 346,075 72,756 273,319 — — 45,694 29,342 7,073 Public sector loans 73,016 21,510 51,506 — — 34,677 — — Mortgage loans 177,665 5,007 172,658 — — 3,140 140,096 — Installment loans to individuals: — — Revolving consumer credit card loans 53,809 53,809 — — — — — — Non-revolving consumer loans 62,418 54,971 7,447 — — 33 7,403 — Debt instruments — — — — — — — — Guarantees and loan commitments — — — — — — — — Available lines of credit cards and non-revolving consumer loans 83,645 83,645 — — — — — — 1,724,748 1,120,927 603,821 23,052 65,040 83,544 176,841 7,073 (1) Correspond to loans and advances to customers and available lines of credit cards and non-revolving consumer loans in the first column (Maximum Exposure to Credit Risk) that are secured by collaterals and other credit enhancements disclosed in the table. As such, unsecured amounts are the amounts that are not covered by any collateral or other credit enhancement. The secured amounts may differ from the total collaterals and other credit enhancements as certain loans and advances to customers are secured by multiple credit enhancements. (2) Appraisals to support estimated fair value of the real estate collaterals are obtained at loan origination. (3) Public sector loan rights are guaranteed by Mexican government entities. 12/31/2021 Maximum Exposure Maximum to Credit Risk (1) Collaterals Other Credit Enhancements Exposure to Cash Collateral Collateralized by Credit Risk Unsecured Secured Received Securities Collection Rights (3) Real Estate (2) Guarantees Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 290,365 195,268 95,097 26,919 68,178 — — — Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income 390,974 390,974 — — — — — — Financial assets at amortized cost: 758,025 222,505 535,520 — — 90,584 200,815 15,039 Of which: Loans and advances to credit institutions — — — — — — — — Loans and advances to customers 758,025 222,505 535,520 — — 90,584 200,815 15,039 Commercial, financial and industrial loans 350,491 88,047 262,444 — — 53,290 21,136 15,039 Public sector loans 85,256 27,762 57,494 — — 34,763 — — Mortgage loans 199,579 2,290 197,289 — — 2,501 161,422 — Installment loans to individuals: Revolving consumer credit card loans 53,417 53,417 — — — — — — Non-revolving consumer loans 69,282 50,989 18,293 — — 30 18,257 — Debt instruments — — — — — — — — Guarantees and loan commitments 91,329 91,329 — — — — — — 1,530,693 900,076 630,617 26,919 68,178 90,584 200,815 15,039 (1) Correspond to loans and advances to customers and available lines of credit cards and non-revolving consumer loans in the first column (Maximum Exposure to Credit Risk) that are secured by collaterals and other credit enhancements disclosed in the table. As such, unsecured amounts are the amounts that are not covered by any collateral or other credit enhancement. The secured amounts may differ from the total collaterals and other credit enhancements as certain loans and advances to customers are secured by multiple credit enhancements. (2) Appraisals to support estimated fair value of the real estate collaterals are obtained at loan origination. (3) Public sector loan rights are guaranteed by Mexican government entities. Credit quality information For commercial loans (except small and medium-sized enterprises or SME) and public sector loans, in order to achieve equivalent internal ratings in the different models available and to make them comparable with the external ratings of rating agencies, the Bank has developed a master rating scale. The equivalence is established through the PD associated with each rating. “Internally calibrated PDs” are compared against the default rates associated with the external ratings, which are published periodically by rating agencies. The internal rating scale and mapping with external ratings are as follows: Equivalence with Standard & Internal Rating Poor’s Moody’s 9.3 Aaa AAA 9.2 Aa1 AA+ 9.0 Aa2 AA 8.6 Aa3 AA- 8.1 A1 A+ 7.7 A2 A 7.3 A3 A- 6.7 Baa1 BBB+ 6.1 Baa2 BBB 5.6 Baa3 BBB- 5.0 Ba1 BB+ 4.4 Ba2 BB 3.9 Ba3 BB- 3.3 B1 B+ 2.7 B2 B 2.2 B3 B- 1.6 Caa1 CCC 1.0 Ca CC For commercial loans to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), mortgage loans and installment loans to individuals (revolving credit card consumer loans and non-revolving consumer loans), expected credit losses are calculated using statistical methods without considering internal ratings. However, based on criteria set forth by the CNBV and a combination of internal scorecards, customer’s financial information and qualitative criteria, ratings are assigned as follows: Rating Equivalence A-1 Minimum Risk (Solid) A-2 Low Risk (Outstanding) B-1 Normal Risk (Good) B-2 Normal Risk B-3 Satisfactory C-1 Normal Risk (Adequate) C-2 Medium Risk (Weak) D High Risk (Poor) E Probable Loss Credit quality information by rating category The tables below represent the classification by rating category of commercial loans (except SME) and public sector loans and their related guarantees and loan commitments not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet: 12/31/2020 Not Rating Category 9.3 9.2 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Rated Total Commercial loans ( |