Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation Prior to the Restructuring, the Members were all under common control. For periods prior to Restructuring, the financial statements and notes to financial statements presented herein include the consolidated accounts of WOW and its subsidiaries and the combined accounts of its Affiliates and for periods subsequent to the Restructuring, the financial statements and notes to financial statements presented herein include the consolidated accounts of WOW and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation and combination. As a result, the combined consolidated financial statements of WOW reflect all transactions of the wholly owned subsidiaries of the former Parent and Racecar Acquisition. Certain employees of WOW participated in equity plans administered by the Company’s former Parent. As the management units from the equity plan were issued from the former Parent’s ownership structure, the management units’ value directly correlated to the results of WOW, as the primary asset of the former Parent’s investment in WOW. The management units for the equity plan have been “pushed down” to the Company, as the management units had been utilized as equity-based compensation for WOW management. Immediately prior to the Company’s IPO, these management units were cancelled. See Note 14 – Stock-based Compensation for further discussion. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents represent short-term investments consisting of money market funds that are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Bad Debt Bad debt expense and the allowance for doubtful accounts are based on historical trends. The Company’s policy to reserve for potential bad debts is based on the aging of the individual receivables. The Company manages credit risk by disconnecting services to customers who are delinquent, generally after sixty days of delinquency. The individual receivables are written-off after all reasonable efforts to collect the funds have been made. Actual write-offs may differ from the amounts reserved. The change in the allowance for doubtful accounts consists of the following for the years ended December 31, (in millions): 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of year $ 5.8 $ 9.4 Provision charged to expense 20.2 19.7 Accounts written off (19.7) (25.0) Other 1.2 1.7 Balance at end of year $ 7.5 $ 5.8 Plant, Property and Equipment Plant, property and equipment are recorded at cost and include costs associated with the construction of cable transmission and distribution facilities and new service installations at the customer location. Capitalized costs include materials, labor, and certain indirect costs attributable to the capitalization activity. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or retirement of an asset, the cost and related depreciation are removed from the related accounts and resulting gains or losses are reflected in operating results. The Company makes judgments regarding the installation and construction activities to be capitalized. The Company capitalizes direct labor associated with capitalizable activities and indirect costs using standards developed from operational data, including the proportionate time to perform a new installation relative to the total installation activities and an evaluation of the nature of the indirect costs incurred to support capitalizable activities. Judgment is required to determine the extent to which indirect costs incurred related to capitalizable activities. Indirect costs include (i) employee benefits and payroll taxes associated with capitalized direct labor, (ii) direct variable costs of installation and construction vehicle costs, (iii) the direct variable costs of support personnel directly involved in assisting with installation activities, such as dispatchers and (iv) other indirect costs directly attributable to capitalizable activities. Plant, property and equipment are depreciated over the estimated useful life upon being placed into service. Depreciation of plant, property and equipment is provided on a straight-line method, over the following estimated useful lives: Estimated Useful Asset Category Lives (Years) Office and technical equipment 3 - 10 Computer equipment and software Customer premise equipment Vehicles Telephony infrastructure 5 - 7 Headend equipment Distribution facilities Building and leasehold improvements 5 - 20 Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or lease terms. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired franchise operating rights, franchise related customer relationships and goodwill. Franchise operating rights represent the value attributable to agreements with local franchising authorities, which allow access to homes in the public right of way. The Company’s franchise operating rights were acquired through business combinations. The Company does not amortize franchise operating rights as it has determined that they have an indefinite life. Costs incurred in negotiating and renewing franchise operating agreements are expensed as incurred. Franchise related customer relationships represent the value to the Company of the benefit of acquiring the existing cable subscriber base and are amortized over the estimated life of the subscriber base (four years) on a straight-line basis, which is shorter than the economic useful life, which approximates an accelerated method. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Asset Impairments Long-lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The evaluation is based on the undiscounted cash flows generated by the underlying asset groups, including estimated future operating results, trends or other determinants of fair value. If the total of the expected future undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company would recognize an impairment charge to the extent the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company had no triggering events or impairment of its long-lived assets in any of the periods presented. Franchise Operating Rights The Company evaluates the recoverability of its franchise operating rights at least annually on October 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. The Company evaluates the franchise operating rights for impairment by comparing the carrying value of the intangible asset to its estimated fair value utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Any excess of the carrying value over the fair value would be expensed as an impairment loss. The Company calculates the fair value of franchise operating rights using the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, which calculates the value of an intangible asset by discounting its future cash flows. The fair value is determined based on estimated discrete discounted future cash flows attributable to each franchise operating right intangible asset using assumptions consistent with internal forecasts. Assumptions key in estimating fair value under this method include, but are not limited to, revenue and subscriber growth rates (less anticipated customer churn), operating expenditures, capital expenditures (including any build out), market share achieved, contributory asset charge rates, tax rates and discount rate. The discount rate used in the model represents a weighted average cost of capital and the perceived risk associated with an intangible asset such as franchise operating rights. See Note 7 - Franchise Operating Rights & Goodwill for discussion of impairment charges recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Goodwill The Company assesses the recoverability of its goodwill at least annually on October 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The Company may first choose to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the Company performs a quantitative analysis. The Company may also choose to by-pass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative analysis. In the quantitative analysis, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis to estimate the fair value of goodwill and compares such value to the carrying amount. Any excess of the carrying value of goodwill over the estimated fair value of goodwill would be expensed as an impairment loss. Significant judgment by management is required to determine estimates and assumptions used in the valuation of plant, property and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill. The Company assessed its reporting units as part of its annual analysis on October 1 and determined that it had one reporting unit for goodwill. See Note 7 - Franchise Operating Rights & Goodwill for further discussion on the change in reporting units and a discussion of impairment charges recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs incurred by the Company are capitalized and are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest rate method and are included in long-term debt in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Other Noncurrent Assets Other noncurrent assets are comprised primarily of long-term prepaid software costs, prepaid franchise fees, and prepaid site leases. All prepaids are recognized as operating expenses or selling, general, and administrative expense over the period of usage. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are carried at fair value. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short term maturities. The fair value of long-term debt is based on the debt’s variable rate of interest and the Company’s own credit risk and risk of nonperformance, as required by the authoritative guidance. Certain financial instruments potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. These financial instruments consist primarily of trade receivables and cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions. The Company does not enter into master netting arrangements. The Company periodically assesses the creditworthiness of the institutions with which it invests. The Company does, however, maintain invested balances in excess of federally insured limits. Programming Costs and Deferred Credits Programming is acquired for distribution to subscribers, generally pursuant to multi-year license agreements, with rates typically based on the number of subscribers that receive the programming. These programming costs are included in operating expenses in the month the programming is distributed. Deferred credits consist primarily of incentives received or receivable from cable networks for license of their programming. These incentive payments are deferred and recognized over the term of the related programming agreements as a reduction to programming costs in operating expenses. Asset Retirement Obligations The Company accounts for its asset retirement obligations in accordance with the authoritative guidance which requires an entity to recognize a liability for the fair value of a conditional asset retirement obligation when incurred if the fair value of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Certain of the Company’s franchise agreements and leases contain provisions requiring the Company to restore facilities or remove equipment in the event that the franchise or lease agreement is not renewed. The Company expects to continually renew its franchise agreements. Accordingly, the possibility is remote that the Company would be required to incur significant restoration or removal costs related to these franchise agreements in the foreseeable future. An estimated liability, which could be significant, would be recorded in the unlikely event a franchise agreement containing such a provision were no longer expected to be renewed. An estimate of the obligations related to the removal provisions contained in the Company’s lease agreements has been made and recorded in the consolidated and combined consolidated financial statements; however, the amount is not material. Revenue Recognition Residential and business subscription services revenue consists primarily of monthly recurring charges for HSD, Video, and Telephony services, including charges for equipment rentals and other regulatory fees, and non-recurring charges for optional services, such as pay-per-view, video-on-demand, and other events provided to the customer. Monthly charges for residential and business subscription services are billed in advance and recognized as revenue over the period of time the associated services are provided to the customer. Charges for optional services are generally billed in arrears and are recognized at the point in time when the services are provided to the customer. Residential and business customers may be charged non-recurring upfront fees associated with installation and other administrative activities. Charges for upfront fees associated with installation and other administrative activities are initially recorded as unearned services revenue and recognized as revenue over the expected period of benefit for residential customers and over the contract term for business customers. The Company is required to pay certain cable franchising authorities an amount based on the percentage of gross revenue derived from Video services. The Company generally passes these fees and other similar regulatory and ancillary fees on to the customer. Revenues from regulatory and other ancillary fees passed on to the customer are reported with the associated service revenue and the corresponding costs are reported as an operating expense. The Company’s trade receivables are subject to credit risk, as customer deposits are generally not required. The Company’s credit risk is limited due to the large number of customers, individually small balances and short payment terms. The Company manages credit risk by screening applicants through the use of internal customer information, identification verification tools and credit bureau data. If a customer account is delinquent, various measures are used to collect amounts owed, including termination of the customer’s service. Advertising Costs The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred and is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated and combined consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expense during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $31.2 million, $23.3 million and $22.9 million, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the difference is expected to reverse. Additionally, the impact of changes in the tax rates and laws on deferred taxes, if any, is reflected in the financial statements in the period of enactment. As a result of the Restructuring, WOW Finance became a single member LLC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Restructuring is treated as a change in tax status related to WOW Finance, since a single member LLC is required to record current and deferred income tax taxes reflecting the results of its operations. From time to time, the Company engages in transactions in which the tax consequences may be subject to uncertainty. Examples of such transactions include business acquisitions and dispositions, including dispositions designed to be tax free, issues related to consideration paid or received, investments and certain financing transactions. Significant judgment is required in assessing and estimating the tax consequences of these transactions. The Company prepares and files tax returns based on interpretation of tax laws and regulations. In the normal course of business, the tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax, interest and penalty assessments by these taxing authorities. In determining the Company’s income tax provision for financial reporting purposes, the Company establishes a reserve for uncertain income tax positions unless such positions are determined to be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, based on their technical merits. That is, for financial reporting purposes, the Company only recognizes tax benefits taken on the tax return that the Company believes are more likely than not of being sustained. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether positions taken on the tax return are more likely than not of being sustained. The Company adjusts its tax reserve estimates periodically because of ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, the various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations. The consolidated income tax provision of any given year includes adjustments to prior year income tax accruals that are considered appropriate and any related estimated interest. The Company’s policy is to recognize, when applicable, interest and penalties on uncertain income tax positions as part of income tax provision. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company may use derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by entering into interest rate exchange agreements such as interest rate swaps and interest rate caps. All derivatives, whether designated as a hedge or not, are required to be recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. If the derivative is not designated as a hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings. Refer to Note 11 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for a discussion of hedging activities for the year ended December 31, 2018. Stock-based Compensation The Company’s stock-based compensation consists of awards of management incentive units (prior to the Company’s IPO) and restricted stock awards (subsequent to the Company’s IPO). Compensation costs associated with these awards are based on the estimated fair value at the date of grant and are recognized over the period in which any related services are provided or when it is probable any related performance condition will be met and distributions are declared. The Company currently does not estimate forfeitures on the restricted stock awards but accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Segments The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) regularly reviews the Company’s results to assess the Company’s performance and allocates resources at a consolidated level. Although the consolidated results include the Company’s three products (i) HSD; (ii) Video; and (iii) Telephony and are used to assess performance by product(s), decisions to allocate resources (including capital) are made to benefit the consolidated Company. The three products are delivered through a unified network and have similar types or classes of customers. Furthermore, the decision to allocate resources to plant maintenance and to upgrade the Company’s service delivery over a unified network to the customer benefits all three product offerings and is not based on any given service product. As such, management has determined that the Company has one reportable segment, broadband services. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (January 1, 2019 for the Company). ASU 2016-02 was subsequently amended by ASU 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842, ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”) and ASU 2018-20, Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. The Company adopted the new guidance on the effective date of January 1, 2019 and used the adoption date as the date of initial application as allowed under ASU 2018-11. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the ‘package of practical expedients’, which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard the Company’s prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs, and the practical expedient pertaining to land easements, which allows the Company to not evaluate under Topic 842 existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under current Topic 840. The Company did not elect the use-of-hindsight transition practical expedient. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 utilizing the effective date method. The new standard resulted in the recording of right-of-use assets and liabilities for the Company’s operating leases of approximately $23.9 million and $25.0 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The difference between the right-of-use assets and liabilities primarily represents the existing accrued rent balance, which was reclassified upon adoption. The adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results from operations and cash flows. The adoption of the new standard will result in additional disclosures around amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases including quantitative and qualitative information including significant judgments in applying the new standard. The new standard also provides practical expedients for the Company’s ongoing accounting. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify, meaning the Company will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for existing and new lease agreements that have a term of less than 12 months. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of its leases, including those for which the Company is a lessee and those for which it is a lessor. ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”), which requires a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to apply the guidance on internal-use software to determine which implementation costs to recognize as an asset and which costs to expense. Costs to develop or obtain internal-use software that cannot be capitalized under Subtopic 350-40, Internal-Use Software, such as training costs and certain data conversion costs, also cannot be capitalized for a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The amendments require a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to determine whether an implementation activity relates to the preliminary project stage, the application development stage, or the post-implementation stage. Costs for implementation activities in the application development stage will be capitalized depending on the nature of the costs, while costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages will be expensed immediately. ASU 2018-15 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of adopting this guidance and the impact of adoption on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity is required to follow five steps which are comprised of (a) identifying the contract(s) with a customer; (b) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (c) determining the transaction price; (d) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (e) recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method and recorded the cumulative effect to the Company’s opening accumulated deficit of $9.1 million, net of tax, representing: (i) the recognition of a contract liability associated with “open” or “non-completed” month-to-month and fixed term service contracts containing fees for installation related activities, (ii) the recognition of an asset for costs of obtaining contracts with customers, associated with “open” or “non-completed” month-to-month and fixed term service contracts, and (iii) the income tax impacts of items (i) and (ii) above. A completed contract is defined in ASC 606 as a contract for which the Company has recognized all or substantially all of the revenue under the previous revenue recognition rules. In addition to applying the new revenue recognition rules under ASC 606 only to open or non-completed contracts, the Company has elected to apply the practical expedient related to contract modifications and have not separately evaluated the effects of contract modifications prior to January 1, 2018 in determining the adjustment to the Company’s opening accumulated deficit. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, the Company recognized revenue related to installation activities upfront to the extent of direct selling costs, which generally resulted in recognition of revenue when the installation related activities had been provided to the customer. Under ASC 606, the majority of the Company’s installation related activities are not considered to be separate performance obligations and non-refundable upfront fees related to installations are assessed to determine whether they provide the customer with a material right. Following the adoption of ASC 606, the Company began recognizing upfront fees for installation related activities as revenue (i) over the period which the customer is expected to benefit from the ability to avoid paying an additional fee upon renewal for month-to-month residential subscription service contracts and (ii) over the term of the contract for business subscription service contracts. In addition, the Company began recognizing an asset for costs associated with obtaining contracts with customers, including sales commissions, and amortizing these costs over the expected period of benefit. The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and statements of operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Consolidated Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2018 Without adoption of As Reported Adjustments Topic 606 (in millions) Assets Current assets: Prepaid expenses and other $ 15.4 $ (6.0) $ 9.4 Total current assets 112.4 (6.0) 106.4 Other noncurrent assets 32.2 (20.3) 11.9 Total assets $ 2,419.6 $ (26.3) $ 2,393.3 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit Current liabilities: Current portion of unearned service revenue $ 60.2 $ (3.3) $ 56.9 Total current liabilities 224.1 (3.3) 220.8 Deferred income taxes, net 201.4 (0.2) 201.2 Other noncurrent liabilities 13.0 (0.6) 12.4 Total liabilities 2,709.9 (4.1) 2,705.8 Accumulated deficit (519.3) (22.2) (541.5) Total stockholders’ deficit (290.3) (22.2) (312.5) Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit $ 2,419.6 $ (26.3) $ 2,393.3 Consolidated Statements of Operations Year ended December 31, 2018 Without adoption of As Reported Adjustments Topic 606 (in millions) Revenue $ 1,153.8 $ 1.8 $ 1,155.6 Costs and expenses: Selling, general and administrative 154.1 14.9 169.0 1,175.4 14.9 1,190.3 Loss from operations (21.6) (13.1) (34.7) Loss before provision for income taxes (152.4) (13.1) (165.5) Net loss $ (90.6) $ (13.1) $ (103.7) ASU 2018-16, List of Benchmark Interest Rates for Hedge Accounting In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-16, List of Benchmark Interest Rates for Hedge Accounting (“ASU 2018-16”), which amends ASC 815 to add the overnight index swap (“OIS”) rate based on the secured overnight financing rate as a fifth U.S. benchmark interest rate. The other four eligible benchmark interest rates under ASC 815 are: (1) interest rates on direct Treasury obligations of the U.S. government, (2) the LIBOR swap rate, (3) the OIS rate based on the Fed Funds effective rate, and (4) the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association municipal swap rate. ASU 2018-16 is effective concurrently with the adoption of ASC 2017-12. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (“ASU 2017-12”), which changes the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. ASU 2017-12 eliminates the concept of separately recognizing periodic hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow and net investment hedges. ASU 2017-12 is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018; however, the Company elected to early adopt this ASU in the second quarter of 2018 in conjunction with entering into an interest rate derivative instrument. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the requirement to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairment. Under the amendments in the new ASU, goodwill impairment testing will be performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impai |