Loans Held-for-Investment, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Held-for-Investment, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses The Company originates and acquires commercial real estate debt and related instruments generally to be held as long-term investments. These assets are classified as “loans held-for-investment” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Loans held-for-investment are reported at cost, net of any unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts, loan fees, origination costs and allowance for credit losses, as applicable. The following tables summarize the Company’s loans held-for-investment by asset type, property type and geographic location as of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Senior Loans (1) B-Notes Total Unpaid principal balance $ 3,091,726 $ 13,636 $ 3,105,362 Unamortized (discount) premium (27) — (27) Unamortized net deferred origination fees (8,835) — (8,835) Allowance for credit losses (129,940) (472) (130,412) Carrying value $ 2,952,924 $ 13,164 $ 2,966,088 Unfunded commitments $ 171,984 $ — $ 171,984 Number of loans 81 1 82 Weighted average coupon 8.1 % 8.0 % 8.1 % Weighted average years to maturity (2) 0.8 3.6 0.8 December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Senior Loans (1) B-Notes Total Unpaid principal balance $ 3,348,242 $ 13,764 $ 3,362,006 Unamortized (discount) premium (48) — (48) Unamortized net deferred origination fees (11,808) — (11,808) Allowance for credit losses (81,768) (567) (82,335) Carrying value $ 3,254,618 $ 13,197 $ 3,267,815 Unfunded commitments $ 229,607 $ — $ 229,607 Number of loans 89 1 90 Weighted average coupon 6.3 % 8.0 % 6.3 % Weighted average years to maturity (2) 1.0 4.1 1.0 ____________________ (1) Loans primarily secured by a first priority lien on commercial real property and related personal property and also includes, when applicable, any companion subordinate loans. (2) Based on contractual maturity date. Certain loans are subject to contractual extension options with such conditions stipulated in the applicable loan documents. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities stated herein as certain borrowers may have the right to prepay with or without paying a prepayment fee. The Company may also extend contractual maturities in connection with certain loan modifications. (dollars in thousands) June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Property Type Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Office $ 1,240,544 41.8 % $ 1,348,205 41.3 % Multifamily 917,566 30.9 % 1,008,177 30.9 % Hotel 258,638 8.7 % 337,264 10.3 % Retail 275,440 9.3 % 303,266 9.3 % Industrial 187,072 6.4 % 185,337 5.6 % Other 86,828 2.9 % 85,566 2.6 % Total $ 2,966,088 100.0 % $ 3,267,815 100.0 % (dollars in thousands) June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Geographic Location Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Northeast $ 727,567 24.5 % $ 834,985 25.5 % Southwest 652,422 22.0 % 675,288 20.7 % West 434,858 14.7 % 519,244 15.9 % Midwest 480,478 16.2 % 546,030 16.7 % Southeast 670,763 22.6 % 692,268 21.2 % Total $ 2,966,088 100.0 % $ 3,267,815 100.0 % At June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, loans held-for-investment with a carrying value, net of allowance for credit losses, of $2.9 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, collateralized the Company’s secured financing agreements and CRE CLOs. See Note 5 - Variable Interest Entities and Securitized Debt Obligations and Note 6 - Secured Financing Agreements. The following table summarizes activity related to loans held-for-investment, net of allowance for credit losses, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, and 2022: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of period $ 3,182,379 $ 3,750,470 $ 3,267,815 3,741,308 Originations, additional fundings, upsizing of loans and capitalized deferred interest 18,975 212,245 37,180 385,110 Repayments (206,173) (120,107) (265,623) (238,490) Loan sales — — — (43,714) Transfers to real estate owned (24,000) — (24,000) — Net discount accretion (premium amortization) 7 7 20 16 Increase in net deferred origination fees (413) (2,318) (1,032) (4,558) Amortization of net deferred origination fees 1,474 2,843 4,005 6,832 Provision for credit losses (6,161) (13,126) (52,277) (16,490) Balance at end of period $ 2,966,088 $ 3,830,014 $ 2,966,088 $ 3,830,014 Allowance for Credit Losses To estimate and recognize an allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment and the related unfunded commitments, the Company continues to use a third-party licensed probability-weighted analytical model. The Company employs quarterly updated macroeconomic forecasts, which reflect expectations for overall economic output, unemployment rates, interest rates, values of real estate properties and other factors, including the lagging effects of the pandemic, geopolitical and banking system instability, the Federal Reserve monetary policy impacts on the U.S. economy, and commercial real estate markets generally. Significant inputs to the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses include loan-specific factors such as debt-service coverage ratio, or DSCR, loan-to-value ratio, or LTV, remaining contractual loan term, property type and others. Additionally, there are a number of significant assumptions and qualitative factors included when determining the Company’s estimates, including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions and general portfolio trends. As part of the quarterly review of the portfolio, the Company assesses the expected repayment date of each loan, which is used to determine the contractual term for purposes of computing the current expected credit loss, or CECL, reserve. In certain instances, for loans with unique risk and credit characteristics, such as collateral-dependent loans, the Company may assess such loans individually and instead elect to employ different methods to estimate an allowance for credit losses. A loan is determined to be collateral dependent if the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, and a loan is expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Such determination requires the use of significant management judgment and can be based on several factors subject to uncertainty. For collateral-dependent loans that are individually assessed, the allowance for credit loss estimate is determined by using the difference between the underlying collateral’s fair value estimate as of the measurement date (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. The collateral’s estimated fair value is determined using broadly accepted and standard real estate valuation techniques (most commonly, a discounted cash flow model and/or real estate sales comparables), which may involve a variety of assumptions and unobservable inputs. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Evaluations of the loan portfolio in future periods, given the prevailing forecasts, credit factors and market conditions, may result in significant changes to the Company's estimate of the allowance for credit losses and provision for credit losses. As of June 30, 2023, the Company recognized an allowance for credit losses related to its loans held-for-investment of $130.4 million, which reflects a provision for credit losses of $6.2 million and $52.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in the Company’s allowance for credit losses during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by recording an increase in the general allowance, which was impacted by the ongoing uncertainty with respect to the macroeconomic outlook, including weakening in credit fundamentals, global market volatility, reduced liquidity in the capital markets especially for certain property types, such as office assets located in underperforming markets, inflationary expectations resulting in meaningfully higher interest rates, and uncertainty with respect to the geopolitical environment. The increase in the Company’s allowance for credit losses during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by recording an increase in the allowance for collateral-dependent loans that were individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13. The collateral properties securing these loans have been significantly affected by the above factors, resulting in slowing of business plan execution and reduced market liquidity impacting the borrowers’ ability to either sell or refinance their properties to repay the Company’s loans. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had four collateral-dependent loans with an aggregate principal balance of $245.6 million, for which the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses of $62.3 million. Three collateral-dependent loans were first mortgage loans secured by office properties and one first mortgage loan was secured by a hotel property, each of which were individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. See Note 9 - Fair Value, for further detail. The remaining increase in the Company’s allowance for credit losses was mainly related to implementing in its analysis of macroeconomic forecasts including more emphasis on recessionary scenarios driven by the factors discussed above. The allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s loans held-for-investment is deducted from the amortized cost basis of related loans, while the allowance for credit losses related to off-balance sheet unfunded commitments on existing loans is recorded as a component of other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $4.2 million in other liabilities related to the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments and recorded a (benefit) from provision for credit losses of $(0.4) million and $(0.1) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, due to a decrease in unfunded commitments. Changes in the provision for credit losses for both loans held-for-investment and their related unfunded commitments are recognized through net (loss) income on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The following table presents the changes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, and 2022 in the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of period $ 128,451 $ 34,154 82,335 $ 40,897 Provision for (benefit from) credit losses 6,161 13,638 52,277 17,002 Write-off (4,200) — (4,200) (10,107) Recoveries of amounts previously written off — (512) — (512) Balance at end of period $ 130,412 $ 47,280 $ 130,412 $ 47,280 Generally, loans held-for-investment are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for more than 90 days or earlier when determined not to be probable of full collection of contractual payments. Interest income recognition is suspended when loans are placed on nonaccrual status. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had four senior loans with a total unpaid principal balance of $245.6 million and carrying value of $183.3 million that are held on nonaccrual status. No other loans were considered past due, and no other loans were held on nonaccrual status as of June 30, 2023. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company transferred a senior loan that had an outstanding principal balance of $28.2 million to real estate owned. The loan had been previously placed on nonaccrual status. The Company recognized a write-off of $(4.2) million in the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment related to the transfer. See Note 4 - Real Estate Owned. The following table presents the carrying value of loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, and 2022: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Nonaccrual loan carrying value at beginning of period $ 207,234 $ 99,527 $ 207,958 $ 145,370 Addition of nonaccrual loan carrying value $ — $ 89,312 $ 23,270 $ 89,323 Reduction of nonaccrual loan carrying value $ (23,971) $ — $ (47,965) $ (45,854) Nonaccrual loan carrying value at end of period $ 183,263 $ 188,839 $ 183,263 $ 188,839 During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the $24.0 million removal of nonaccrual loan carrying value was related to the transfer of one first mortgage loan collateralized by an office property to real estate owned. The following tables summarize the aging analysis of accrued interest past due on the carrying value of the Company’s loans held-for-investment as of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: (in thousands) Days Outstanding as of June 30, 2023 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest Loans held-for-investment: Senior loans $ 2,769,661 $ — $ 183,263 $ 183,263 $ 2,952,924 $ — Subordinated loans 13,164 — — — — 13,164 — Total $ 2,782,825 $ — $ — $ 183,263 $ 183,263 $ 2,966,088 $ — (in thousands) Days Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest Loans held-for-investment: Senior loans $ 3,072,536 $ — $ — $ 182,082 $ 182,082 $ 3,254,618 $ — Subordinated loans 13,197 — — — — 13,197 — Total $ 3,085,733 $ — $ — $ 182,082 $ 182,082 $ 3,267,815 $ — Loan Modifications The Company may amend or modify a loan depending on the loan’s specific facts and circumstances. These loan modifications typically include additional time for the borrower to refinance or sell the collateral property, adjustment or waiver of performance tests that are prerequisite to the extension of a loan’s maturity, and/or deferral of scheduled principal payments. In exchange for a modification, the Company may receive a partial repayment of principal, a short-term accrual of capitalized interest for a portion of interest due, a cash infusion to replenish interest or capital improvement reserves, termination of all or a portion of the remaining unfunded loan commitment, additional call protection, and/or an increase in the loan coupon or fees. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, none of the Company’s loan modifications resulted in a significant modification. Loan Risk Ratings The Company’s primary credit quality indicators are its risk ratings. The Company evaluates the credit quality of each loan at least quarterly by assessing the risk factors of each loan and assigning a risk rating based on a variety of factors. Risk factors include property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, leasing and tenant profile, projected cash flow, loan structure and exit plan, LTV, project sponsorship and other factors deemed necessary. Risk ratings are defined as follows: 1 – Lower Risk 2 – Average Risk 3 – Acceptable Risk 4 – Higher Risk: A loan that has exhibited material deterioration in cash flows and/or other credit factors, which, if negative trends continue, could be indicative of probability of principal loss. 5 – Loss Likely: A loan that has a significantly increased probability of principal loss. The following table presents the number of loans, unpaid principal balance and carrying value by risk rating for loans held-for-investment as of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: (dollars in thousands) June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Risk Rating Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value 1 5 $ 158,427 $ 156,331 8 $ 291,236 $ 287,527 2 43 1,541,383 1,509,823 52 1,857,744 1,824,564 3 24 797,189 775,813 21 697,532 689,196 4 6 362,744 340,858 5 268,236 258,570 5 4 245,619 183,263 4 247,258 207,958 Total 82 $ 3,105,362 $ 2,966,088 90 $ 3,362,006 $ 3,267,815 As of June 30, 2023, the weighted average risk rating of the Company’s loan portfolio was 2.7, versus 2.6 as of March 31, 2023, and 2.5 as of December 31, 2022, weighted by unpaid principal balance. The change in portfolio risk rating as of June 30, 2023 versus December 31, 2022 is mainly a result of changes in portfolio mix from the loan payoffs and paydowns and select loan rating downgrades partially offset by select loan rating upgrades. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, as part of its quarterly risk rating process, the Company downgraded two loans from a risk rating of "3" to "4". The Company downgraded a $37.1 million first mortgage loan collateralized by a mixed- use office and retail property located in Los Angeles, CA. The Company also downgraded a $79.8 million first mortgage loan collateralized by an office property located in Chicago, IL. The risk ratings for both loans were lowered due to the ongoing challenges in the office sector and property specific operating trends. The following table presents the carrying value of loans held-for-investment as of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, by risk rating and year of origination: June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Origination Year Risk Rating 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 21,093 $ 135,238 $ — $ 156,331 2 $ — $ 402,204 $ 419,257 $ 95,492 $ 435,379 $ 157,491 $ 1,509,823 3 $ — $ 25,600 $ 141,796 $ 17,561 $ 209,771 $ 381,085 $ 775,813 4 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 75,201 $ 265,657 $ 340,858 5 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 137,112 $ 46,151 $ 183,263 Total $ — $ 427,804 $ 561,053 $ 134,146 $ 992,701 $ 850,384 $ 2,966,088 Gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (4,200) $ (4,200) December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Origination Year Risk Rating 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total 1 — — 44,141 186,506 56,880 — $ 287,527 2 419,617 512,526 95,560 516,723 193,900 86,238 $ 1,824,564 3 — 95,061 20,154 234,019 99,311 240,651 $ 689,196 4 — — — — 135,782 122,788 $ 258,570 5 — — — 157,111 — 50,847 $ 207,958 Total $ 419,617 $ 607,587 $ 159,855 $ 1,094,359 $ 485,873 $ 500,524 $ 3,267,815 Gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — |