Loans Held-for-Investment, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses | Loans Held-for-Investment, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses The Company originates and acquires commercial real estate debt and related instruments generally to be held as long-term investments. These assets are classified as “loans held-for-investment” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Loans held-for-investment are reported at cost, net of any unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts, loan fees, origination costs and allowance for credit losses, as applicable. The following tables summarize the Company’s loans held-for-investment by asset type, property type and geographic location as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Senior Loans (1) B-Notes Total Unpaid principal balance $ 2,904,156 $ 13,573 $ 2,917,729 Unamortized (discount) premium (24) — (24) Unamortized net deferred origination fees (8,850) — (8,850) Allowance for credit losses (144,867) (430) (145,297) Carrying value $ 2,750,415 $ 13,143 $ 2,763,558 Unfunded commitments $ 142,056 $ — $ 142,056 Number of loans 76 1 77 Weighted average coupon (2) 8.2 % 8.0 % 8.2 % Weighted average years to maturity (3) 0.7 3.3 0.7 December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Senior Loans (1) B-Notes Total Unpaid principal balance $ 3,348,242 $ 13,764 $ 3,362,006 Unamortized (discount) premium (48) — (48) Unamortized net deferred origination fees (11,808) — (11,808) Allowance for credit losses (81,768) (567) (82,335) Carrying value $ 3,254,618 $ 13,197 $ 3,267,815 Unfunded commitments $ 229,607 $ — $ 229,607 Number of loans 89 1 90 Weighted average coupon (2) 6.3 % 8.0 % 6.3 % Weighted average years to maturity (3) 1.0 4.1 1.0 ____________________ (1) Loans primarily secured by a first priority lien on commercial real property and related personal property and also includes, when applicable, any companion subordinate loans. (2) Weighted average coupon inclusive of the impact of nonaccrual loans. (3) Based on contractual maturity date. Certain loans are subject to contractual extension options with such conditions stipulated in the applicable loan documents. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities stated herein as certain borrowers may have the right to prepay with or without paying a prepayment fee. The Company may also extend contractual maturities in connection with certain loan modifications. (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Property Type Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Office $ 1,209,011 43.7 % $ 1,348,205 41.3 % Multifamily 899,530 32.5 % 1,008,177 30.9 % Hotel 181,080 6.6 % 337,264 10.3 % Retail 272,768 9.9 % 303,266 9.3 % Industrial 113,685 4.1 % 185,337 5.6 % Other 87,484 3.2 % 85,566 2.6 % Total $ 2,763,558 100.0 % $ 3,267,815 100.0 % (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Geographic Location Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Carrying Value % of Loan Portfolio Northeast $ 733,757 26.6 % $ 834,985 25.5 % Southwest 581,431 21.0 % 675,288 20.7 % West 345,232 12.5 % 519,244 15.9 % Midwest 440,726 15.9 % 546,030 16.7 % Southeast 662,412 24.0 % 692,268 21.2 % Total $ 2,763,558 100.0 % $ 3,267,815 100.0 % At September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, loans held-for-investment with a carrying value, net of allowance for credit losses, of $2.8 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, collateralized the Company’s secured financing agreements and CRE CLOs. See Note 5 - Variable Interest Entities and Securitized Debt Obligations, and Note 6 - Secured Financing Agreements, for further detail . Loan Portfolio Activity During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company funded $20.7 million and $56.1 million, respectively, of prior commitments and upsizings and did not originate any new mortgage loans. Additionally, the Company received $174.2 million and $396.6 million of full loan repayments, and partial paydowns and amortization of $3.3 million and $46.5 million, for total loan repayments, paydowns and amortization of $177.5 million and $443.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company transferred to a loan to held-for-sale with an unpaid principal balance of $31.9 million, incurring a write-off of $(16.8) million at the time of transfer. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company converted a loan to REO with an unpaid principal balance of $28.2 million, incurring a write-off at the time of conversion of $(4.2) million. The following table summarizes activity related to loans held-for-investment, net of allowance for credit losses, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of period $ 2,966,088 $ 3,830,014 $ 3,267,815 $ 3,741,308 Originations, additional fundings, upsizing of loans and capitalized deferred interest 21,698 72,435 58,878 457,545 Repayments (177,482) (346,737) (443,105) (585,227) Loan sales — — — (43,714) Transfers to loans held-for-sale (14,980) — (14,980) — Transfers to real estate owned — — (24,000) — Net discount accretion (premium amortization) 3 3 23 19 Increase in net deferred origination fees (250) (1,454) (1,282) (6,012) Amortization of net deferred origination fees 116 1,475 4,121 8,307 Provision for credit losses (31,635) (35,331) (83,912) (51,821) Balance at end of period $ 2,763,558 $ 3,520,405 $ 2,763,558 $ 3,520,405 Allowance for Credit Losses To estimate and recognize an allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment and the related unfunded commitments, the Company continues to use a third-party licensed probability-weighted analytical model. The Company employs third-party licensed quarterly updated macroeconomic forecasts, which reflect expectations for overall economic output, unemployment rates, interest rates, values of real estate properties and other factors, including the lagging effects of the pandemic, geopolitical and banking system instability, the Federal Reserve monetary policy impacts on the U.S. economy, and commercial real estate markets generally. Significant inputs to the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses include loan-specific factors such as debt-service coverage ratio, or DSCR, loan-to-value ratio, or LTV, remaining contractual loan term, property type and others. Additionally, there are a number of significant assumptions and qualitative factors included when determining the Company’s estimates, including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions and general portfolio trends. As part of the quarterly review of the portfolio, the Company assesses the expected repayment date of each loan, which is used to determine the contractual term for purposes of computing the current expected credit loss, or CECL, reserve. In certain instances, for loans with unique risk and credit characteristics, such as collateral-dependent loans, the Company may assess such loans individually and instead elect to employ different methods to estimate an allowance for credit losses. A loan is determined to be collateral dependent if the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or a loan is expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Such determination requires the use of significant management judgment and can be based on several factors subject to uncertainty. For collateral-dependent loans that are individually assessed, the allowance for credit losses estimate is determined by using the difference between the underlying collateral’s fair value estimate as of the measurement date (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. The collateral’s estimated fair value is determined using broadly accepted and standard real estate valuation techniques (most commonly, a discounted cash flow model and/or real estate sales comparables), which may involve a variety of assumptions and unobservable inputs that are inherently uncertain and subjective in nature. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Evaluations of the loan portfolio in future periods, given the prevailing forecasts, credit factors and market conditions, may result in significant changes to the Company's estimate of the allowance for credit losses. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an increase of $14.8 million to its allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment bringing the total allowance on loans held-for-investment to $145.3 million as of September 30, 2023. The increase to the Company’s allowance for credit losses was primarily due to an increase of (i) $18.0 million related to three loans: two office properties and one hotel property that had been previously individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13, due to further deterioration of local market fundamentals and various resolution processes related to these loans, (ii) $13.6 million related to a mixed-use office and retail property that was individually assessed during the quarter, partially offset by a decrease of (i) $8.9 million resulting from a $16.8 million write-off on a transfer to held-for- sale of one office loan that had been previously individually assessed, and (ii) $7.9 million resulting from loan repayments and other general factors in calculating the CECL reserve. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an increase of $62.9 million to its allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2023. The increase to the Company’s allowance for credit losses was primarily due to an increase of (i) $22.4 million related to two loans: one hotel property and one mixed-use office and retail property individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, (ii) $34.0 million related to two office properties that had been previously individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13, due to further deterioration of local market fundamentals and various resolution processes related to these loans, (iii) $17.1 million from more adverse macroeconomic forecasts and other loan specific assumptions employed in estimating the general CECL reserve, partially offset by a decrease of (i) $5.9 million resulting from a $16.8 million write-off on a transfer to held-for-sale of one office loan and (ii) a $4.2 million write-off attributable to an office property converted to REO, as described above. The allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s loans held-for-investment is deducted from the amortized cost basis of related loans, while the allowance for credit losses related to off-balance sheet unfunded commitments on existing loans is recorded as a component of other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3.6 million in other liabilities related to the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments, resulting in a total allowance for credit losses of $148.9 million, and recorded a benefit from credit losses of $0.6 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, due to a decrease in unfunded commitments, resulting in a total provision for credit losses of $(31.0) million and $(83.2) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Changes in the provision for credit losses for both loans held-for-investment and their related unfunded commitments are recognized through net (loss) income on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had four collateral-dependent loans with an aggregate principal balance of $250.9 million, for which the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses of $85.1 million. Two collateral-dependent loans were first mortgage loans secured by office properties, one first mortgage loan was secured by a hotel property, and one first mortgage loan was secured by a mixed-use office and retail property, each of which were individually assessed in accordance with ASU 2016-13 during the three months ended September 30, 2023. See Note 9 - Fair Value, for further detail. These four loans were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023. The collateral properties securing these loans have been significantly impacted by an increasingly uncertain macroeconomic and commercial real estate market outlook, which includes weakening in credit fundamentals; capital markets volatility and reduced liquidity, especially for certain property types, such as office assets located in underperforming markets; and meaningfully higher cost of capital driven by significant increases in interest rates. These macroeconomic and market factors have resulted in slowing of business plan execution and reduced market liquidity, thereby impacting the borrowers’ ability to either sell or refinance their properties to repay the Company’s loans. Additionally, as of September 30, 2023, the Company had one collateral-dependent loan with a principal balance of $66.0 million secured by an office property, for which the Company recorded no allowance for credit losses as the collateral’s estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value of the loan and past due interest, and therefore the Company continues to accrue interest. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the loan maturity date of July 9, 2023, passed without extension and the Company determined that the repayment of the loan is expected to be substantially through the borrower’s sale of the collateral property and the borrower is in financial difficulty. Accordingly, the Company individually assessed the loan in accordance with ASU 2016-13. See Note 9 - Fair Value, for further detail. The following table presents the changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022 in the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of period $ 130,412 $ 47,280 $ 82,335 $ 40,897 Provision for (benefit from) credit losses 31,635 35,331 83,912 52,333 Write-off (16,750) — (20,950) (10,107) Recoveries of amounts previously written off — — — (512) Balance at end of period $ 145,297 $ 82,611 $ 145,297 $ 82,611 Nonaccrual Loans Generally, loans held-for-investment are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for more than 90 days or earlier when determined not to be probable of full collection of contractual payments. Interest income recognition is suspended when loans are placed on nonaccrual status. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had four senior loans with a total unpaid principal balance of $250.9 million and carrying value of $165.9 million that were held on nonaccrual status. No other loans were held on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, a first mortgage loan with a principal balance of $37.1 million collateralized by a mixed-use office and retail property located in Los Angeles, CA, was downgraded from a risk rating of “4” to a risk rating of “5” as the collateral property’s operating performance has been adversely affected by the ongoing leasing market challenges related to work from home trends and local submarket dynamics, capital markets volatility and other factors (see “Loan Risk Ratings” below). The Company held this loan on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, a senior loan with an outstanding principal balance of $31.8 million and collateralized by an office property located in Dallas, TX was transferred to loans held-for-sale. The loan had previously been placed on nonaccrual status and had a risk rating of “5”. The Company recognized a write-off of $(16.8) million in the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment related to the transfer, which reflects an incremental $(7.9) million provision for credit losses recorded at the time of transfer during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Subsequent to September 30, 2023, on October 16, 2023, the loan sale was finalized with no additional losses incurred. See Note 16 - Subsequent Events , for further detail . During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company converted a senior loan that had an outstanding principal balance of $28.2 million to real estate owned. The loan had been previously placed on nonaccrual status. The Company recognized a write-off of $(4.2) million in the allowance for credit losses on loans held-for-investment related to the transfer. See Note 4 - Real Estate Owned, Net , for further detail . The following table presents the carrying value of loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Nonaccrual loan carrying value at beginning of period $ 183,263 $ 188,839 $ 207,958 $ 145,370 Addition of nonaccrual loan carrying value $ 23,480 $ 103,076 $ 46,750 $ 192,399 Reduction of nonaccrual loan carrying value $ (40,881) $ (12,656) $ (88,846) $ (58,510) Nonaccrual loan carrying value at end of period $ 165,862 $ 279,259 $ 165,862 $ 279,259 The following tables summarize the aging analysis of accrued interest past due on the carrying value of the Company’s loans held-for-investment as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: (in thousands) Days Outstanding as of September 30, 2023 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest Loans held-for-investment: Senior loans $ 2,518,585 $ 23,480 $ — $ 208,350 $ 231,830 $ 2,750,415 $ 65,968 Subordinated loans 13,143 — — — — 13,143 — Total $ 2,531,728 $ 23,480 $ — $ 208,350 $ 231,830 $ 2,763,558 $ 65,968 (in thousands) Days Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 Current Days: 30-59 Days: 60-89 Days: 90 or more Total loans past due Total loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest Loans held-for-investment: Senior loans $ 3,072,536 $ — $ — $ 182,082 $ 182,082 $ 3,254,618 $ — Subordinated loans 13,197 — — — — 13,197 — Total $ 3,085,733 $ — $ — $ 182,082 $ 182,082 $ 3,267,815 $ — As discussed above, as of September 30, 2023, the Company had one office loan with a principal balance of $66.0 million, whose maturity passed without extension, and for which the Company determined that the loans collateral’s estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value of the loan and past due interest. The Company deemed probable that the repayment of the loan and its past due interest is expected to be substantially satisfied through the borrower’s sale of the collateral property, which was under contract to be sold as of September 30, 2023. The loan remained on accrual status as of September 30, 2023. Given the volatile and uncertain market conditions, there may be no assurances that the borrower’s sale of the collateral property will be completed as currently contemplated under the terms of the purchase and sale agreement. Loan Modifications The Company may amend or modify a loan depending on the loan’s specific facts and circumstances. These loan modifications typically include additional time for the borrower to refinance or sell the collateral property, adjustment or waiver of performance tests that are prerequisite to the extension of a loan’s maturity, and/or deferral of scheduled principal payments. In exchange for a modification, the Company may receive a partial repayment of principal, a short-term accrual of capitalized interest for a portion of interest due, a cash infusion to replenish interest or capital improvement reserves, termination of all or a portion of the remaining unfunded loan commitment, additional call protection, and/or an increase in the loan coupon or fees. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s loan modifications resulted in a significant modification. Loan Risk Ratings The Company’s primary credit quality indicators are its risk ratings. The Company evaluates the credit quality of each loan at least quarterly by assessing the risk factors of each loan and assigning a risk rating based on a variety of factors. Risk factors considered in the assessment include, but are not limited to, property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, leasing and tenant profile, projected cash flow, collateral performance, loan structure and exit plan, origination LTV, project sponsorship and other factors deemed necessary. Loans are rated “1” (less risk) through “5” (greater risk), which ratings are defined as follows: 1 – Lower Risk 2 – Average Risk 3 – Acceptable Risk 4 – Higher Risk: A loan that has exhibited material deterioration in cash flows and/or other credit factors, which, if negative trends continue, could be indicative of probability of principal loss. 5 – Loss Likely: A loan that has a significantly increased probability of principal loss. The following table presents the number of loans, unpaid principal balance and carrying value by risk rating for loans held-for-investment as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022: (dollars in thousands) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Risk Rating Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Balance Carrying Value 1 5 $ 134,655 $ 133,874 8 $ 291,236 $ 287,527 2 40 1,419,862 1,391,937 52 1,857,744 1,824,564 3 23 784,320 767,944 21 697,532 689,196 4 5 328,023 303,941 5 268,236 258,570 5 4 250,869 165,862 4 247,258 207,958 Total 77 $ 2,917,729 $ 2,763,558 90 $ 3,362,006 $ 3,267,815 As of September 30, 2023, the weighted average risk rating of the Company’s loan portfolio was 2.7, versus 2.5 as of December 31, 2022, weighted by unpaid principal balance. The change in portfolio risk rating as of September 30, 2023, versus December 31, 2022, is mainly a result of changes in portfolio mix from loan payoffs and paydowns and select loan rating downgrades, including one loan downgraded to a “5”, partially offset by the transfer of a previously “5” rated loan to loans held-for-sale, as described above. The following table presents the carrying value of loans held-for-investment as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, by risk rating and year of origination: September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Origination Year Risk Rating 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total 1 $ — $ — $ 62,992 $ 21,715 $ 49,167 $ — $ 133,874 2 — 405,438 339,076 21,948 522,000 103,475 1,391,937 3 — 25,584 143,927 22,197 217,849 358,387 767,944 4 — — — — 74,170 229,771 303,941 5 — — — — 123,112 42,750 165,862 Total $ — $ 431,022 $ 545,995 $ 65,860 $ 986,298 $ 734,383 $ 2,763,558 Gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (20,950) $ (20,950) December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Origination Year Risk Rating 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total 1 $ — $ — $ 44,141 $ 186,506 $ 56,880 $ — $ 287,527 2 419,617 512,526 95,560 516,723 193,900 86,238 1,824,564 3 — 95,061 20,154 234,019 99,311 240,651 689,196 4 — — — — 135,782 122,788 258,570 5 — — — 157,111 — 50,847 207,958 Total $ 419,617 $ 607,587 $ 159,855 $ 1,094,359 $ 485,873 $ 500,524 $ 3,267,815 Gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — |