Loans | Loans Loans held-for-investment by portfolio type consist of the following as of: March 31, December 31, Commercial and industrial $ 2,480,078 $ 2,467,688 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 836,515 812,235 Owner occupied 642,930 635,365 Construction and land 326,447 345,430 Multifamily 94,898 103,066 Total commercial real estate 1,900,790 1,896,096 Residential real estate 1,109,676 1,110,610 Public finance 579,991 602,913 Consumer 40,317 36,371 Other 174,016 153,418 Total loans $ 6,284,868 $ 6,267,096 Allowance for credit losses (79,829) (80,398) Loans, net of allowance for credit losses $ 6,205,039 $ 6,186,698 As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had net deferred fees, costs, premiums and discounts of $11,961 and $12,859, respectively, on our loan portfolio. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $33,351 and $34,879 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio type for the three months ended March 31,: Commercial Commercial Residential Public Consumer Other Total 2024 Allowance for credit losses: Balance, beginning of period $ 29,523 $ 27,546 $ 16,345 $ 5,337 $ 717 $ 930 $ 80,398 Provision (benefit) for credit losses 16,066 1,787 (1,364) 441 25 (95) 16,860 Loans charged off (17,366) — — — (140) — (17,506) Recoveries 47 — 8 — 22 — 77 Balance, end of period $ 28,270 $ 29,333 $ 14,989 $ 5,778 $ 624 $ 835 $ 79,829 2023 Allowance for credit losses: Balance, beginning of period $ 40,785 $ 19,754 $ 2,963 $ 1,664 $ 352 $ 399 $ 65,917 Impact of adopting ASC 326 (13,583) 3,867 10,256 3,890 249 577 5,256 Provision for (benefit from) credit losses 1,346 562 946 (5) 129 362 3,340 Loans charged off (59) — — — (64) — (123) Recoveries 56 3 — — 10 — 69 Balance, end of period $ 28,545 $ 24,186 $ 14,165 $ 5,549 $ 676 $ 1,338 $ 74,459 We determine the allowance for credit losses estimate on at least a quarterly basis. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $1,949 and $2,309, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 we recorded a (benefit) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $(360) and $20, respectively. The provision for credit losses, including the benefit for unfunded commitments, totaled $16.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The provision was primarily due to a $17.4 million charge-off on a specific customer in our C&I loan portfolio. The following table presents our loan portfolio aging analysis as of: Loans Loans Loans Loans Greater Nonaccrual Total March 31, 2024 Commercial and industrial $ 2,448,619 $ 2,722 $ 1,451 $ — $ 27,286 $ 2,480,078 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 828,674 2,234 975 — 4,632 836,515 Owner occupied 640,796 767 — — 1,367 642,930 Construction and land 324,684 1,581 — — 182 326,447 Multifamily 94,898 — — — — 94,898 Total commercial real estate 1,889,052 4,582 975 — 6,181 1,900,790 Residential real estate 1,074,124 13,995 45 144 21,368 1,109,676 Public Finance 579,991 — — — — 579,991 Consumer 40,233 77 3 — 4 40,317 Other 171,400 — — — 2,616 174,016 Total loans $ 6,203,419 $ 21,376 $ 2,474 $ 144 $ 57,455 $ 6,284,868 December 31, 2023 Commercial and industrial $ 2,420,775 $ 10,117 $ 3,782 $ 25,010 $ 8,004 $ 2,467,688 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied 796,477 1,063 10,851 — 3,844 812,235 Owner occupied 626,424 8,269 — 638 34 635,365 Construction and land 345,245 — — — 185 345,430 Multifamily 103,066 — — — — 103,066 Total commercial real estate 1,871,212 9,332 10,851 638 4,063 1,896,096 Residential real estate 1,065,438 19,261 3,330 168 22,413 1,110,610 Public Finance 602,913 — — — — 602,913 Consumer 36,357 4 — — 10 36,371 Other 141,794 8,787 — — 2,837 153,418 Total loans $ 6,138,489 $ 47,501 $ 17,963 $ 25,816 $ 37,327 $ 6,267,096 Interest income recorded on nonperforming loans was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Credit risk monitoring and management is a continuous process to manage the quality of the loan portfolio. We segment loans into risk categories based on relevant borrower risk profile information, including the ability of borrowers to service their debt based on current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends among other factors. The risk rating system is used as a tool to analyze and monitor movements in loan portfolio quality. Risk ratings meeting an internally specified exposure threshold are updated annually, or more frequently upon the occurrence of a circumstance that affects the credit risk of the loan. We use the following definitions for risk ratings: Pass – Loans classified as Pass have a well-defined primary source of repayment, an acceptable financial position profile (including capitalization), profitability and minimal operating risk. Pass/Watch – Pass/Watch loans require close attention by bank management and enhanced monitoring due to quantitative or qualitative concerns linked to adverse trends or near-term uncertainty. A covenant default or other type of requirement shortfall may have arisen subsequent to a loan's booking or borrower now shows signs of weakness in the overall base of confirmable financial resources available to repay the loan. However, overall financial capacity & performance are considered sufficient to support an expectation of continued payment performance and / or mitigating factors exist that are expected to limit the risk of near term default and loss. Special Mention – Special Mention loans have identified potential weaknesses that are of sufficient materiality to require management’s (persistent) close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the bank's credit position under normal business operations. Special Mention loans contain greater than acceptable risk to warrant increases in credit exposure and are thus considered “criticized”, non-pass rated credits. They may contain weaknesses (that have arisen due to deteriorating conditions since origination) and / or underwriting exceptions that are not currently offset by mitigating factors. However, these weaknesses, while sufficient to constitute significantly elevated credit risk, are not sufficient to support a conclusion that the liquidation of the debt is in significant jeopardy. Substandard - Accruing – Substandard - Accruing loans are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor(s). Loans classified as Substandard - Accruing possess one or more well-defined weaknesses that are expected to jeopardize their liquidation but the weaknesses have not progressed to a point where recent late payments on the loan have become more than 90 days past due. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain up to a moderate but not significant level of loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Losses for Substandard - Accruing loans are moderated by the lower likelihood of ultimate default and the existence of relatively favorable secondary repayment protection. These loans are considered “nonperforming”. Substandard - Nonaccrual – Substandard - Nonaccrual loans are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as Substandard - Nonaccrual possess material, well-defined weaknesses that are expected to jeopardize their liquidation and have progressed to a point where consistently late payments on the loan have become more than 90 or more days past due. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain a material level of loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Losses for Substandard - Nonaccrual loans are prone to being elevated based on the strong likelihood of the loan remaining in payment default and an undesirable level of secondary repayment protection. These loans are considered “nonperforming”. Doubtful – Loans classified as Doubtful possess all of the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as Substandard - Nonaccrual with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable based on currently existing facts, conditions and values. A high probability of substantial loss or possible total loss exists. Loans rated as doubtful are not rated as loss because certain events may occur that could salvage at least a portion of the debt. These events include injections of capital, additions of pledged collateral or possible mezzanine debt refinancing options. However, without the occurrence of such events, total loss may be possible. No definite repayment schedule exists for these loans. The Doubtful grade is a temporary grade. If a near term recovery of a portion of the loan balance is indeterminable or unlikely to occur, the remaining balance of the loan should be written off and possible future recoveries may partially offset the full write-off of the loan. These loans are considered “nonperforming”. Loss – Loans classified as Loss are defaulted loans with limited or immaterial recovery prospects. No loan that has not yet defaulted should be classified at this grade level. This rating level tends to be very short lived as the full balance of the loan tends to be fully written off nearly immediately after a change to this rating level. These loans are considered “nonperforming”. The following table presents the amortized cost by segment of loans by risk category and origination date as of March 31, 2024 and gross charge-offs by origination date for the three months ended March 31, 2024: 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Commercial and industrial: Pass $ 86,829 $ 369,007 $ 400,128 $ 319,733 $ 126,585 $ 77,534 $ 33,097 $ 824,025 $ 2,236,938 Pass/Watch — 2,265 2,271 13,989 2,935 2,066 17,583 57,970 99,079 Special Mention 5,532 3,776 46,451 7,846 2,195 1,607 2,512 6,234 76,153 Substandard - Accruing — 3,152 10,929 7,178 4,437 4,310 1,443 9,173 40,622 Substandard - Nonaccrual — 627 — 5,755 5,635 2,017 3,431 852 18,317 Doubtful — — — 7,672 469 556 272 — 8,969 Total commercial and industrial $ 92,361 $ 378,827 $ 459,779 $ 362,173 $ 142,256 $ 88,090 $ 58,338 $ 898,254 $ 2,480,078 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ 17,365 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 17,366 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied: Pass $ 6,068 $ 71,424 $ 132,144 $ 139,067 $ 116,584 $ 238,343 $ 21,981 $ 39,542 $ 765,153 Pass/Watch — — — 31,994 2,800 9,427 1,253 — 45,474 Special Mention — 2,715 — — — — 1,555 — 4,270 Substandard - Accruing — — 3,562 — 3,941 9,483 — — 16,986 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — — 4,632 — — 4,632 Total non-owner occupied $ 6,068 $ 74,139 $ 135,706 $ 171,061 $ 123,325 $ 261,885 $ 24,789 $ 39,542 $ 836,515 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Owner occupied: Pass $ 10,526 $ 86,443 $ 82,765 $ 93,618 $ 111,630 $ 184,210 $ 2,846 $ 8,052 $ 580,090 Pass/Watch — 594 896 — 15,355 6,400 — — 23,245 Special Mention — — 491 9,309 303 3,137 — — 13,240 Substandard - Accruing — 2,282 455 3,841 2,998 15,412 — — 24,988 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — 330 1,037 — — 1,367 Total owner occupied $ 10,526 $ 89,319 $ 84,607 $ 106,768 $ 130,616 $ 210,196 $ 2,846 $ 8,052 $ 642,930 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Construction & land: Pass $ 608 $ 35,122 $ 165,702 $ 30,905 $ 16,369 $ 19,501 $ 21,498 $ 5,440 $ 295,145 Pass/Watch — — — — — 20 — — 20 Special Mention — — 23,015 — 1,575 — — — 24,590 Substandard - Accruing — — — — 6,510 — — — 6,510 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — 182 — — — 182 Total construction & land $ 608 $ 35,122 $ 188,717 $ 30,905 $ 24,636 $ 19,521 $ 21,498 $ 5,440 $ 326,447 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Multifamily: Pass $ 4,448 $ 1,355 $ 36,823 $ 33,424 $ 5,087 $ 8,186 $ — $ 5,575 $ 94,898 Total multifamily $ 4,448 $ 1,355 $ 36,823 $ 33,424 $ 5,087 $ 8,186 $ — $ 5,575 $ 94,898 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Total commercial real estate: Pass $ 21,650 $ 194,344 $ 417,434 $ 297,014 $ 249,670 $ 450,240 $ 46,325 $ 58,609 $ 1,735,286 Pass/Watch — 594 896 31,994 18,155 15,847 1,253 — 68,739 Special Mention — 2,715 23,506 9,309 1,878 3,137 1,555 — 42,100 Substandard - Accruing — 2,282 4,017 3,841 13,449 24,895 — — 48,484 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — 512 5,669 — — 6,181 Total commercial real estate: $ 21,650 $ 199,935 $ 445,853 $ 342,158 $ 283,664 $ 499,788 $ 49,133 $ 58,609 $ 1,900,790 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Residential real estate: Pass $ 19,787 $ 153,812 $ 576,551 $ 114,236 $ 36,558 $ 172,167 $ 2,236 $ 7,842 $ 1,083,189 Pass/Watch — 123 179 — — 2,430 41 — 2,773 Special Mention — — 356 — — 1,883 — — 2,239 Substandard - Accruing — — — — — 107 — — 107 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — 7,143 3,741 2,213 8,213 — 33 21,343 Doubtful — — — — — — 25 — 25 Total residential real estate $ 19,787 $ 153,935 $ 584,229 $ 117,977 $ 38,771 $ 184,800 $ 2,302 $ 7,875 $ 1,109,676 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Public Finance: Pass $ — $ 36,983 $ — $ 43,522 $ 155,633 $ 334,213 $ — $ 2,172 $ 572,523 Substandard - Accruing — — — — — 7,468 — — 7,468 Total public finance $ — $ 36,983 $ — $ 43,522 $ 155,633 $ 341,681 $ — $ 2,172 $ 579,991 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Consumer: Pass $ 1,385 $ 2,873 $ 1,950 $ 4,827 $ 8,803 $ 5,582 $ 1 $ 13,995 $ 39,416 Pass/Watch — 9 50 108 191 367 13 64 802 Special Mention — — — 14 58 — — — 72 Substandard - Accruing — — — — — — 23 — 23 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — 4 — — — — 4 Total consumer $ 1,385 $ 2,882 $ 2,000 $ 4,953 $ 9,052 $ 5,949 $ 37 $ 14,059 $ 40,317 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ 4 $ 1 $ 85 $ 1 $ 1 $ 48 $ 140 Other: Pass $ 10 $ 12,272 $ 7,779 $ 12,807 $ 645 $ 8,570 $ 4,902 $ 119,411 $ 166,396 Pass/Watch — — — 5,004 — — — — 5,004 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — — 2,391 225 — 2,616 Total other $ 10 $ 12,272 $ 7,779 $ 17,811 $ 645 $ 10,961 $ 5,127 $ 119,411 $ 174,016 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Total loans: Pass $ 129,661 $ 769,291 $ 1,403,842 $ 792,139 $ 577,894 $ 1,048,306 $ 86,561 $ 1,026,054 $ 5,833,748 Pass/Watch — 2,991 3,396 51,095 21,281 20,710 18,890 58,034 176,397 Special Mention 5,532 6,491 70,313 17,169 4,131 6,627 4,067 6,234 120,564 Substandard - Accruing — 5,434 14,946 11,019 17,886 36,780 1,466 9,173 96,704 Substandard - Nonaccrual — 627 7,143 9,500 8,360 18,290 3,656 885 48,461 Doubtful — — — 7,672 469 556 297 — 8,994 Total loans $ 135,193 $ 784,834 $ 1,499,640 $ 888,594 $ 630,021 $ 1,131,269 $ 114,937 $ 1,100,380 $ 6,284,868 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ 4 $ 17,366 $ 86 $ 1 $ 1 $ 48 $ 17,506 The following table presents the amortized cost by segment of loans by risk category and origination date as of December 31, 2023 and gross charge-offs by origination date for the year ended December 31, 2023: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Commercial and industrial: Pass $ 384,720 $ 432,903 $ 342,394 $ 143,636 $ 41,667 $ 39,972 $ 39,098 $ 786,059 $ 2,210,449 Pass/Watch 4,052 2,543 18,832 4,595 1,603 2,441 1,273 93,951 129,290 Special Mention 3,759 47,071 2,253 2,281 659 731 3,334 6,729 66,817 Substandard - Accruing 2,992 362 33,625 4,316 1,338 3,542 3,044 3,909 53,128 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — 690 4,122 1,110 364 96 248 6,630 Doubtful — — — 490 547 33 304 — 1,374 Total commercial and industrial $ 395,523 $ 482,879 $ 397,794 $ 159,440 $ 46,924 $ 47,083 $ 47,149 $ 890,896 $ 2,467,688 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ 2,786 $ 3,096 $ — $ 368 $ 2,992 $ — $ 9,242 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied: Pass $ 55,581 $ 117,162 $ 136,361 $ 116,402 $ 60,535 $ 176,308 $ 19,256 $ 71,322 $ 752,927 Pass/Watch — — — 3,791 6,342 24,620 1,277 — 36,030 Special Mention 2,717 — — — — — 1,582 — 4,299 Substandard - Accruing — 3,561 — 1,880 — 9,694 — — 15,135 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — — 3,844 — — 3,844 Total non-owner occupied $ 58,298 $ 120,723 $ 136,361 $ 122,073 $ 66,877 $ 214,466 $ 22,115 $ 71,322 $ 812,235 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Owner occupied: Pass $ 87,167 $ 83,308 $ 105,935 $ 102,885 $ 64,134 $ 123,199 $ 2,961 $ 6,103 $ 575,692 Pass/Watch 600 902 — 15,541 2,896 2,520 — 1,615 24,074 Special Mention — 493 5,745 306 1,092 2,834 — — 10,470 Substandard - Accruing 2,295 460 1,204 3,027 2,259 15,850 — — 25,095 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — — 34 — — 34 Total owner occupied $ 90,062 $ 85,163 $ 112,884 $ 121,759 $ 70,381 $ 144,437 $ 2,961 $ 7,718 $ 635,365 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 83 $ — $ — $ 83 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Construction & land: Pass $ 44,496 $ 171,411 $ 32,176 $ 28,221 $ 13,459 $ 8,718 $ 21,600 $ 1,913 $ 321,994 Pass/Watch — — 13,036 6,541 — 15 — — 19,592 Special Mention — — 1,381 2,278 — — — — 3,659 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — 185 — — — — 185 Total construction & land $ 44,496 $ 171,411 $ 46,593 $ 37,225 $ 13,459 $ 8,733 $ 21,600 $ 1,913 $ 345,430 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Multifamily: Pass $ 1,359 $ 36,852 $ 36,537 $ 12,838 $ 2,716 $ 5,885 $ — $ 5,574 $ 101,761 Special Mention — — — — 1,305 — — — 1,305 Total multifamily $ 1,359 $ 36,852 $ 36,537 $ 12,838 $ 4,021 $ 5,885 $ — $ 5,574 $ 103,066 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total commercial real estate: Pass $ 188,603 $ 408,733 $ 311,009 $ 260,346 $ 140,844 $ 314,110 $ 43,817 $ 84,912 $ 1,752,374 Pass/Watch 600 902 13,036 25,873 9,238 27,155 1,277 1,615 79,696 Special Mention 2,717 493 7,126 2,584 2,397 2,834 1,582 — 19,733 Substandard - Accruing 2,295 4,021 1,204 4,907 2,259 25,544 — — 40,230 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — 185 — 3,878 — — 4,063 Total commercial real estate: $ 194,215 $ 414,149 $ 332,375 $ 293,895 $ 154,738 $ 373,521 $ 46,676 $ 86,527 $ 1,896,096 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 83 $ — $ — $ 83 Residential real estate: Pass $ 153,327 $ 573,624 $ 116,695 $ 38,309 $ 38,121 $ 141,216 $ 1,857 $ 13,540 $ 1,076,689 Pass/Watch 155 1,181 28 — 269 4,667 176 — 6,476 Special Mention — — — — 254 1,465 — — 1,719 Substandard - Accruing — 3,199 — — — 114 — — 3,313 Substandard - Nonaccrual — 6,704 3,169 2,214 4,009 6,267 16 34 22,413 Total residential real estate $ 153,482 $ 584,708 $ 119,892 $ 40,523 $ 42,653 $ 153,729 $ 2,049 $ 13,574 $ 1,110,610 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ 13 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 13 Public Finance: Pass $ 37,074 $ — $ 43,512 $ 174,907 $ 201,575 $ 135,326 $ — $ 3,051 $ 595,445 Substandard - Accruing — — — — 7,468 — — — 7,468 Total public finance $ 37,074 $ — $ 43,512 $ 174,907 $ 209,043 $ 135,326 $ — $ 3,051 $ 602,913 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Consumer: Pass $ 3,232 $ 2,183 $ 5,347 $ 9,414 $ 3,482 $ 2,555 $ 2 $ 9,491 $ 35,706 Pass/Watch — 53 108 99 145 153 1 46 605 Special Mention — — 13 7 — — — — 20 Substandard - Accruing — — — — — — 30 — 30 Substandard - Nonaccrual — 4 6 — — — — — 10 Total consumer $ 3,232 $ 2,240 $ 5,474 $ 9,520 $ 3,627 $ 2,708 $ 33 $ 9,537 $ 36,371 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ 11 $ 8 $ 111 $ 32 $ 3 $ 169 $ 334 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Converted to Term Revolving Total Other: Pass $ 5,890 $ 7,802 $ 13,198 $ 806 $ 282 $ 10,227 $ 4,859 $ 100,183 $ 143,247 Pass/Watch — — 7,334 — — — — — 7,334 Substandard - Nonaccrual — — — — 2,391 — 446 — 2,837 Total other $ 5,890 $ 7,802 $ 20,532 $ 806 $ 2,673 $ 10,227 $ 5,305 $ 100,183 $ 153,418 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total loans: Pass $ 772,846 $ 1,425,245 $ 832,155 $ 627,418 $ 425,971 $ 643,406 $ 89,633 $ 997,236 $ 5,813,910 Pass/Watch 4,807 4,679 39,338 30,567 11,255 34,416 2,727 95,612 223,401 Special Mention 6,476 47,564 9,392 4,872 3,310 5,030 4,916 6,729 88,289 Substandard - Accruing 5,287 7,582 34,829 9,223 11,065 29,200 3,074 3,909 104,169 Substandard - Nonaccrual — 6,708 3,865 6,521 7,510 10,509 558 282 35,953 Doubtful — — — 490 547 33 304 — 1,374 Total loans $ 789,416 $ 1,491,778 $ 919,579 $ 679,091 $ 459,658 $ 722,594 $ 101,212 $ 1,103,768 $ 6,267,096 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ 2,797 $ 3,117 $ 111 $ 483 $ 2,995 $ 169 $ 9,672 The following table presents information about collateral dependent loans that were individually evaluated for purposes of determining the ACL as of: Collateral Dependent Loans Collateral Dependent Loans Total Collateral Dependent Loans Amortized Cost Related Allowance Amortized Cost Amortized Cost Related Allowance March 31, 2024 Commercial & industrial $ 13,452 $ 6,326 $ 13,834 $ 27,286 $ 6,326 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied — — 4,632 4,632 — Owner occupied — — 1,367 1,367 — Construction and land — — 182 182 — Total commercial real estate — — 6,181 6,181 — Residential real estate 1,154 56 20,214 21,368 56 Consumer 4 4 — 4 4 Other 2,391 102 225 2,616 102 Total loans $ 17,001 $ 6,488 $ 40,454 $ 57,455 $ 6,488 December 31, 2023 Commercial & industrial $ 5,084 $ 2,328 $ 2,920 $ 8,004 $ 2,328 Commercial real estate: Non-owner occupied — — 3,844 3,844 — Owner occupied — — 34 34 — Construction and land — — 185 185 — Total commercial real estate — — 4,063 4,063 — Residential real estate 1,551 103 20,862 22,413 103 Consumer 10 10 — 10 10 Other 2,391 102 446 2,837 102 Total loans $ 9,036 $ 2,543 $ 28,291 $ 37,327 $ 2,543 The allowance related to collateral dependent loans reported in the tables above includes qualitative adjustments applied to the loan portfolio that consider possible changes in circumstances that could ultimately impact credit losses and might not be reflected in historical data or forecasted data incorporated in the quantitative models. Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty: The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. We use a PD/LGD model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made at the time of a modification. The loan modifications in the table below did not significantly impact our determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, we modify loans by providing principal forgiveness that is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written-off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, we may allow a loan to go interest only for a specified period of time. The following table presents loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the 12 months ended March 31, 2024, segregated by modification type, regardless of whether such modifications resulted in a new loan. Payment Interest Rate Reduction % of Commercial and industrial $ 283 $ — — % Commercial real estate: Owner occupied — 1,777 0.3 % Total loans $ 283 $ 1,777 0.3 % There were no commitments to lend additional funds to these borrowers at March 31, 2024. The financial effects of our loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the 12 months ended March 31, 2024 were not significant. We closely monitor the performance of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that have been modified in the last 12 months: Loans Loans Loans Loans Greater Nonaccrual Total Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 283 $ 283 Commercial real estate: Owner occupied 1,139 — — — 638 1,777 Total loans $ 1,139 $ — $ — $ — $ 921 $ 2,060 |