Same Property—Expenses
Rental property operating expenses—Property operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 primarily includes real estate taxes, utilities and other maintenance expenses associated with our real properties.
General and administrative expenses—General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 primarily includes audit and other professional fees.
Advisory fee due to affiliate—The advisory fee for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 related to amounts owed to the Advisor.
Depreciation and amortization—Depreciation and amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 relates to property, furniture and fixtures, equipment and intangible assets in connection with our real properties.
Net income (loss)—Our net income (loss) for the three ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 amounted to $1.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary needs for liquidity and capital resources are to fund our investments, to make distributions to our stockholders, to repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase plan, to pay our offering and operating fees and expenses and to pay interest on any outstanding indebtedness we may incur. We will obtain the funds required to purchase investments and conduct our operations from the net proceeds of the Offering and any future offerings we may conduct, from secured and unsecured borrowings from banks and other lenders and from any undistributed funds from operations. Generally, cash needs for items other than asset acquisitions are expected to be met from operations, use of proceeds from credit facility, and cash needs for asset acquisitions are funded by the Offering and future offerings we may conduct and debt financings. However, there may be a delay between the sale of our shares and our purchase of assets, which could result in a delay in the benefits to our stockholders, if any, of returns generated from our investment operations. Once we have raised substantial proceeds in the Offering and acquired a broad portfolio of real estate investments, our target leverage ratio will be approximately 30% to 50% of our gross real estate assets (measured using the fair market value of gross real estate assets, including equity in our securities portfolio), including property and entity-level debt, but excluding debt on the securities portfolio, although it may exceed this level during our offering stage. Our leverage ratio calculation will also factor in the leverage ratios of other vehicles and funds established by Nuveen Real Estate in which we may invest, including the International Affiliated Funds. Our charter restricts the amount of indebtedness we may incur to 300% of our net assets, which approximates 75% of the aggregate cost of our investments, but does not restrict the amount of indebtedness we may incur with respect to any single investment. However, we may borrow in excess of this amount if such excess is approved by a majority of our independent directors, and disclosed to stockholders in the next quarterly report, along with justification for such excess.
If we are unable to raise substantial funds in our Offering, we will make fewer investments resulting in less diversification in terms of the type, number and size of investments we make and the value of an investment in us will fluctuate with the performance of the specific assets we acquire. Further, we have certain fixed operating expenses, including certain expenses as a publicly offered REIT, regardless of whether we are able to raise substantial funds. Our inability to raise substantial funds would increase our fixed operating expenses as a percentage of gross income, reducing our net income and limiting our ability to make distributions.
Our operating fees and expenses include, among other things, the advisory fee we pay to the Advisor, legal, audit and valuation expenses, federal and state filing fees, printing expenses, administrative fees, transfer agent fees, marketing and distribution expenses and fees related to acquiring, financing, appraising and managing our
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