Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and in the opinion of management, include all necessary adjustments, consisting of only normal and recurring items, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2020 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. These financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed from this report pursuant to the rules of the SEC. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, and the related notes thereto, that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 as filed with the SEC. The year-end balance sheet was derived from those audited financial statements. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Investments in Real Estate In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, the Company determines whether the acquisition of a property qualifies as a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the property acquired is not a business, the Company accounts for the transaction as an asset acquisition. All property acquisitions to date have been accounted for as asset acquisitions. Whether the acquisition of a property acquired is considered a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company recognizes the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity. In addition, for transactions that will be considered business combinations, the Company will evaluate the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase. The Company would expense acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations as they are incurred. The Company capitalizes acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions. Upon acquisition of a property, the Company assesses the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets (including land, buildings, tenant improvements, above-market and below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities) and allocates the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. The Company assesses and considers fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize discount and/or capitalization rates that it deems appropriate, as well as other available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. The Company also considers an allocation of purchase price of other acquired intangibles, including acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value, including but not limited to the nature and extent of the existing relationship with the tenants, the tenants’ credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. Based on its acquisitions to date, the Company’s allocation to customer relationship intangible assets has not been material. The Company records acquired above-market and below-market leases at their fair values (using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) equal to the difference between (1) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (2) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each corresponding in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on the Company’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Factors to be considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, depending on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. Intangible assets and intangible liabilities are recorded as separate components on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amortization of acquired above-market and below-market leases is recorded as an adjustment to Rental Revenue on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of in-place leases is recorded as an adjustment to Depreciation and Amortization on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of buildings and improvements includes the purchase price of the Company’s properties and any acquisition-related adjustments, along with any subsequent improvements to such properties. The Company’s Investments in Real Estate are stated at cost and are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: Description Depreciable Life Building 40 Building, land and site improvements 15-40 years Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3-7 years Lease intangibles Over lease term Significant improvements to properties are capitalized. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts with the resulting gains or losses reflected in net income or loss for the period. Repairs and maintenance are expensed to operations as incurred and are included in Rental Property Operating on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s management reviews its real estate properties for impairment each quarter or when there is an event or change in circumstances that indicates an impaired value. If the carrying amount of the real estate investment is no longer recoverable and exceeds the fair value of such investment, an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its fair value, or fair value, less cost to sell if classified as held for sale. If the Company’s strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material to the Company’s results. If the Company determines that an impairment has occurred, the affected assets must be reduced to their fair value or fair value, less cost to sell if classified as held for sale. During the period presented, no such impairment occurred. Impact of COVID-19 – Impairment Analysis If the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic cause economic and market conditions to deteriorate or if the Company’s expected holding period for assets changes, subsequent tests for impairment could result in impairment charges in the future. The Company can provide no assurance that material impairment charges with respect to the Company’s investments in real estate will not occur during the remaining quarters in 2020 or future periods. Accordingly, the Company will continue to monitor circumstances and events in future periods to determine whether any impairment charges are warranted. As of September 30, 2020, we had not recorded an impairment on any investments in our real estate portfolio. Despite revisions to future cash flows as a result of the anticipated impacts of COVID-19, as of September 30, 2020, the undiscounted cash flows of our real estate investments exceeded carrying value. Due to the rapidly evolving environment, we will continue to evaluate the feasibility of our cash flow assumptions, which may result in impairments to certain of our investments in future periods. Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities The Company has elected the fair market value option for accounting for real estate-related securities and changes in fair value are recorded in the current period earnings. Dividend income is recorded when declared and the resulting dividend income, along with realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of Realized and Unrealized Income from Real Estate-Related Securities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in International Affiliated Funds The Company reports its investment in European Cities Partnership SCSp (“ECF”) and Asia Pacific Cities Fund (“APCF”), investment funds managed by an affiliate of TIAA (the “International Affiliated Funds”), under the equity method of accounting as it has significant influence over these investments. The equity method income (loss) from the investments in the International Affiliated Funds represents the Company’s allocable share of each fund’s net income or loss, which includes income and expense, realized gains and losses, and unrealized appreciation or depreciation as determined from the financial statements of ECF and APCF (which carry investments at fair value in accordance with the applicable GAAP) and is reported as Income (Loss) from Equity Investment in Unconsolidated International Affiliated Funds on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations. All contributions to or distributions from the investment in the International Affiliated Funds is accrued when notice is received and recorded as a receivable from or payable to the International Affiliated Funds on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investment in Commercial Mortgage Loan at Fair Value The Company originated its first commercial mortgage loan in March 2019 and elected the fair value option. In accordance with the adoption of the fair value option allowed under ASC 825, Financial Instruments, and at the election of the Company, the commercial mortgage loan is stated at fair value and was initially valued at the face amount of the loan funding. Subsequently, the commercial mortgage loan is valued at least quarterly by an independent third-party valuation firm with additional oversight being performed by the Advisor’s internal valuation department. The value is based on market factors, such as market interest rates and spreads for comparable loans, the performance of the underlying collateral (such as the loan-to-value ratio and the cash flow of the underlying collateral), and the credit quality of the borrower. Changes in fair value are recorded in the current period earnings and are a component of Unrealized Gain (Loss) on commercial mortgage loan on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income earned from the commercial mortgage loan represents interest income and origination fee income, which is reported as Income from Commercial Mortgage Loan on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of Unrealized Gain on Commercial Mortgage Loan on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the event of a partial or whole sale of the commercial mortgage loan, the Company derecognizes the corresponding asset and fees paid as part of the partial or whole sale are recognized as expense in General and Administrative expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred Charges The Company's deferred charges include financing and leasing costs. Financing costs include legal, structuring, and other loan costs incurred by the Company for its financing arrangements. Deferred financing costs related to the Credit Facility are recorded as a component of Other Assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the Credit Facility. Unamortized costs are charged to interest expense upon early repayment or significant modification of the Credit Facility and fully amortized deferred financing costs are removed from the books upon the maturity of the Credit Facility. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s mortgage payable are recorded as an offset to the related liability and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the financing instrument. Deferred leasing costs incurred in connection with new leases, which consist primarily of brokerage and legal fees, are recorded as a component of Investments in Real Estate, Net on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the life of the related lease. Fair Value Measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accounting guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1—quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the measurement date. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments. Level 2—quoted prices are available in markets that are not active or model inputs are based on inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date. Level 3—pricing inputs are unobservable and include instances where there is minimal, if any, market activity for the investment. These inputs require significant judgment or estimation by management or third parties when determining fair value and generally represent anything that does not meet the criteria of Levels 1 and 2. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, these values may differ materially from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed. The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and market rates of interest of these instruments. As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s $35.5 million of Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities consisted of shares of common stock of publicly-traded REITs and were classified as Level 1. These investments are recorded at fair value based on the closing price of the common stock as reported by national securities exchanges. As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s $13.7 million Investment in Commercial Mortgage Loan consisted of a mezzanine loan the Company originated and was classified as Level 3. The commercial mortgage loan is carried at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs. The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of September 30, 2020 ($ in thousands): Investment in Commercial Mortgage Loan Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ 12,733 Additional Fundings 935 Balance as of September 30, 2020 $ 13,668 The following table shows quantitative information about unobservable inputs related to the Level 3 fair value measurements comprising the investment in commercial mortgage loan as of September 30, 2020: Type Asset Class Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Inputs Market Equivalent Rate Commercial Mortgage Loan Industrial Cash Equivalency Method Discount Rate LIBOR (1) + 6.00% (1) LIBOR as of September 30, 2020 was 0.1%. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying value of the Company's Credit Facility approximated fair value. The fair value of the Company's mortgage payable was $47.4 million and $48.0 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Fair value of the Company's indebtedness is estimated by modeling the cash flows required by the Company's debt agreements and discounting them back to present value using the appropriate discount rate. Additionally, the Company considers current market rates and conditions by evaluating similar borrowing agreements with comparable loan-to-value ratios and credit profiles. The inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company's indebtedness are considered Level 3. Revenue Recognition The Company’s sources of revenue arising from leasing arrangements and the related revenue recognition policies are as follows: Rental revenue — consists primarily of base rent arising from tenant operating leases at the Company’s office, industrial, multifamily, retail and other properties. Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease, including any rent steps or abatement provisions. The Company begins to recognize revenue when a tenant takes possession of the leased space. The Company includes its tenant reimbursement income in rental revenue which consists of amounts due from tenants for costs related to common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs as defined in lease agreements. Income from Commercial Mortgage Loan — consists of income from interest earned and recognized as operating income based upon the principal amount outstanding and the contracted interest rate along with origination fees. The accrual of interest income on mortgage loans is discontinued when in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due (“nonaccrual mortgage loans”), unless the loan is well-secured and is in the process of collection. Interest income on nonaccrual mortgage loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received until the loans are returned to accrual status. As of September 30, 2020, the Company did not have any mortgage loans on nonaccrual status. Leases The Company derives revenue pursuant to lease agreements. At the inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At the lease inception, the Company determines whether each lease is a sales-type, direct financing or operating lease. Such classification is based on whether: • The lessee gains control of the underlying asset and the lessor therefore relinquishes control to the lessee under certain criteria (sales-type or direct-financing); or • All other leases that do not meet the criteria as sales-type or direct financing leases (operating). The Company's leases are classified as operating leases in accordance with relevant accounting guidelines, and the related revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, cash on hand and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company may have bank balances in excess of federally insured amounts; however, the Company deposits its cash with high credit-quality institutions to minimize credit risk. Restricted Cash As of September 30, 2020, restricted cash consisted of $5.3 million of cash received for subscriptions prior to the date in which the subscriptions are effective, which is held in a bank account controlled by the Company’s transfer agent, but in the name of the Company. Income Taxes The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) commencing with its taxable year ending December 31, 2018 and intends to continue to qualify as a REIT. In qualifying for taxation as a REIT, the Company generally is not subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent it distributes annually at least 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders. REITs are subject to a number of other organizational and operational requirements. Even in qualifying for taxation as a REIT, the Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income. The Company may elect to treat certain of its corporate subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, a TRS may perform additional services for the Company’s tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business other than management or operation of a lodging facility or a health care facility. A domestic TRS is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax. The Cayman Islands TRSs are not subject to federal corporate income tax or Cayman Islands taxes. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had three active TRSs: the Company uses two Cayman Islands TRSs to hold its investments in the International Affiliated Funds and used one domestic TRS to hold the senior portion of the commercial mortgage loan, which has since been sold. Tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. Among other things, the TCJA reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and created new taxes on certain foreign-sourced earnings. Federal legislation intended to ameliorate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), was enacted on March 27, 2020, which, among other things, makes technical corrections to, or modifies on a temporary basis, certain of the provisions of the TCJA. Management has evaluated the effects of TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, and concluded that the TCJA will not materially impact its consolidated financial statements. The Company also estimates that the taxes on foreign-sourced earnings imposed under the TCJA are not likely to apply to its foreign investments. On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the TCJA enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, Income Taxes. Though the Company believes that the impacts of the TCJA will be immaterial to its financial results, the Company continues to analyze certain aspects of the TCJA, therefore its estimates may change as additional information becomes available. Many of the provisions of the TCJA will require guidance through the issuance of Treasury regulations in order to assess their effect. There may be a substantial delay before such regulations are promulgated, increasing the uncertainty as to the ultimate effect of the statutory amendments on the Company. It is also likely that there will be technical corrections legislation proposed with respect to the TCJA this year, the effect of which cannot be predicted and may be adverse to the Company or its stockholders. Organization and Offering Expenses The Advisor advanced organization and offering expenses on behalf of the Company (including legal, accounting, and other expenses attributable to the organization, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the fourth full fiscal quarter after the Company’s acquisition of its first property. The Company will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses it incurred in 60 equal monthly installments commencing on the earlier of the date the Company's NAV reaches $1.0 billion or January 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2020, the Advisor and its affiliates had incurred organization and offering expenses on the Company’s behalf of $4.6 million, consisting of offering costs of $3.5 million and organization costs of $1.1 million. Such costs became the Company’s liability on January 31, 2018, the date on which the Offering was declared effective. These organization and offering costs are recorded as due to affiliates on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Offering costs are currently charged to equity as such amounts are incurred. For the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company charged $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in offering costs to equity. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company charged $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in offering costs to equity. Foreign Currency The financial position and results of operations of ECF is measured using the local currency (Euro) as the functional currency and are translated into U.S. dollars for purposes of recording the related activity under the equity method of accounting. Net income and loss, which includes the Company’s allocable share of the International Affiliated Funds income and expense, realized gains and losses and unrealized appreciation or depreciation, has been translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the rates of exchange on the balance sheet date. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are recorded directly as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income, unless there is a sale or complete liquidation of the underlying foreign investments. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in other comprehensive income (loss) of approximately $1.3 million and $(1.1) million, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in other comprehensive income (loss) of approximately $1.3 million and $(1.2) million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The financial position and results of operations of APCF is measured in U.S. dollars for purposes of recording the related activity under the equity method of accounting. There is no direct foreign currency exposure to the Company for its investment in APCF. Earnings per Share Basic net income/(loss) per share of common stock is determined by dividing net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All classes of common stock are allocated net income/(loss) at the same rate per share. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption: In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, (“ASU 2019-12”). The guidance removes certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC 740 in order to reduce the cost and complexity of its application. The guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Management is assessing the impact of the guidance and does not expect the guidance to materially impact the Company. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Management is assessing the impact and does not expect the guidance to materially impact the Company. Recently Adopted: In August 2018, the (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosures required for fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted ASU 2018-13 and concluded that the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, (“ASU 2016-13”) which changes the impairment model for most financial assets. The new model uses a forward-looking expected loss method, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for losses. The guidance is not applicable to fair-valued receivables or operating lease receivables. The guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and concluded that the adoption did not have a material impact to its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”) which supersedes Topic 840, Leases and applies to all entities that enter into leases. Lessees are required to report assets and liabilities that arise from leases. Lessor accounting has largely remained unchanged; however, certain refinements were made to conform with revenue recognition guidance in ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), specifically related to the allocation and recognition of contract consideration earned from lease and non-lease revenue components. ASU 2016-02 contains certain practical expedients, which the Company has elected. The Company has elected the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard. These practical expedients permit the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification and not to reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. In addition, the Company has elected the practical expedient that allows lessors to avoid separating lease and non-lease components within a contract if certain criteria are met. The lessor’s practical expedient election is limited to circumstances in which (i) the timing and pattern of revenue recognition are the same for the non-lease component and the related lease component and (ii) the combined single lease component would be classified as an operating lease. This practical expedient allows the Company the ability to combine the lease and non-lease components if the underlying asset meets the two criteria above. The Company concluded that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842) Codification Improvements (“ASU 2019-01”). ASU 2019-01 addresses two lessor implementation issues and clarifies an exemption for lessors and lessees from a certain interim disclosure requirement associated with adopting the new lease accounting standard. One exemption applicable to the Company would exempt the Company from having to provide certain interim disclosures in the fiscal year in which a company adopts the new lease accounting standard. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company early adopted ASU 2019-01 and concluded that the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Due to the business disruptions and challenges severely affecting the global economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, many lessors may be required to provide rent deferrals and other lease concessions to lessees. While the lease modification guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842 (“Topic 842”) addresses routine changes to lease terms resulting from negotiations between the lessee and the lessor, this guidance did not contemplate concessions being so rapidly |