| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and in the opinion of management, include all necessary adjustments, consisting of only normal and recurring items, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. These financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed from this report pursuant to the rules of the SEC. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, and the related notes thereto, that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the SEC. The year-end balance sheet was derived from those audited financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Company's subsidiaries and joint ventures in which the Company has a controlling interest. Principles of Consolidation The Company consolidates all entities in which it has a controlling financial interest through majority ownership or voting rights and variable interest entities whereby the Company is the primary beneficiary. In determining whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in a partially owned entity and the requirement to consolidate the accounts of that entity, the Company considers whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and whether it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE when it has (i) the power to direct the most significant activities impacting the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE. Entities that do not qualify as VIEs are generally considered voting interest entities (“VOEs”) and are evaluated for consolidation under the voting interest model. VOEs are consolidated when the Company controls the entity through a majority voting interest or other means. When the requirements for consolidation are not met and the Company has significant influence over the operations of the entity, the investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Equity method investments for which the Company has not elected a fair value option (“FVO”) are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for the Company’s pro-rata share of net income, contributions and distributions. When the Company elects the FVO, the Company records its share of net asset value of the entity and any related unrealized gains and losses. The Company holds interest in a joint venture that is considered to be a VIE. The Company consolidated this entity because it has the ability to direct the most significant activities of the joint venture, including unilateral decision making on the disposition of the investment. For select joint ventures, the non-controlling partner’s share of the assets, liabilities, and operations of each joint venture is included in noncontrolling interests as equity of the Company. The non-controlling partner’s interest is generally computed as the joint venture partner’s ownership percentage. Certain of the joint ventures formed by the Company provide the other partner a profits interest based on certain internal rate of return hurdles being achieved. Any profits interest due to the other partner is reported within redeemable non-controlling interests. As of June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the total assets and liabilities of the Company’s consolidated VIE were $52.2 million and $30.0 million, and $53.5 million and $29.7 million, respectively. Such amounts are included on the Company’ Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has limited contractual rights to obtain the financial records of its consolidated single-family housing and self-storage portfolios from the operating partner. The operating partner does not prepare separate GAAP financial statements; therefore, the Company compiles GAAP financial information for them based on reports prepared by and received from the operating partner. Such reports are not available to the Company until approximately 25 days after the end of any given period. As a result, single-family rental and self-storage activities are generally included in the Company's consolidated financial statements on a one month lag; however, any significant activity that occurs in the final month of the quarter is recorded in that period. Investments in Real Estate In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, the Company determines whether the acquisition of a property qualifies as a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the property acquired is not a business, the Company accounts for the transaction as an asset acquisition. All property acquisitions to date have been accounted for as asset acquisitions. Whether the acquisition of a property acquired is considered a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company recognizes the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity. In addition, for transactions that will be considered business combinations, the Company will evaluate the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase. The Company expenses acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations as they are incurred. The Company capitalizes acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions. Upon acquisition of a property, the Company assesses the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets (including land, buildings, tenant improvements, above-market and below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities) and allocates the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. The Company assesses and considers fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize discount and/or capitalization rates that it deems appropriate, as well as other available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known and anticipated trends and market and economic conditions. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. The Company also considers an allocation of purchase price of other acquired intangibles, including acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value, including but not limited to the nature and extent of the existing relationship with the tenants, the tenants’ credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. Based on its acquisitions to date, the Company’s allocation to customer relationship intangible assets has not been material. The Company records acquired above-market and below-market leases at their fair values (using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) equal to the difference between (1) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (2) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each corresponding in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on the Company’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Factors to be considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, depending on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. Intangible assets and intangible liabilities are recorded as separate components on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amortization of acquired above-market and below-market leases is recorded as an adjustment to Rental Revenue on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of in-place leases is recorded as an adjustment to Depreciation and Amortization on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of buildings and improvements includes the purchase price of the Company’s properties and any acquisition-related adjustments, along with any subsequent improvements to such properties. The Company’s Investments in Real Estate are stated at cost and are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: Description Depreciable Life Building 40 years Building, land and site improvements 15-40 years Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3-7 years Lease intangibles Over lease term Significant improvements to properties are capitalized. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts with the resulting gains or losses reflected in net income or loss for the period. Repairs and maintenance are expensed to operations as incurred and are included in Rental Property Operating on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s management reviews its real estate properties for impairment each quarter or when there is an event or change in circumstances that indicates an impaired value. If the carrying amount of the real estate investment is no longer recoverable and exceeds the fair value of such investment, an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its fair value, or fair value, less cost to sell if classified as held for sale. If the Company’s strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material to the Company’s results. If the Company determines that an impairment has occurred, the affected assets are reduced to their fair value or fair value, less cost to sell if classified as held for sale. During the periods presented, no such impairment occurred. Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities The Company reports its investment in real estate-related securities at fair value and any changes in fair value are recorded in the current period earnings. Dividend income is recorded when declared and the resulting dividend income, along with gains and losses are recorded as a component of Realized and Unrealized Income (Loss) from Real Estate-Related Securities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in Real Estate Debt The Company’s investments in real estate debt consists of commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”). The Company classifies the securities as trading securities and records such investments at fair value. As such, the resulting unrealized gains and losses of such securities are recorded as a component of Realized and Unrealized Loss from Real Estate Debt on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest income from the Company’s investments in CMBS is recognized over the life of each investment and is recorded on the accrual basis on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in International Affiliated Funds The Company reports its investment in European Cities Partnership SCSp (“ECF”) and Asia Pacific Cities Fund (“APCF”), investment funds managed by an affiliate of TIAA (collectively, the “International Affiliated Funds”), under the equity method of accounting as it has significant influence over these investments. The equity method income (loss) from the investments in the International Affiliated Funds represents the Company’s allocable share of each fund’s net income or loss, which includes income and expense, realized gains and losses, and unrealized appreciation or depreciation as determined from the financial statements of ECF and APCF (which carry investments at fair value in accordance with the applicable GAAP) and is reported as Income (Loss) from Equity Investment in Unconsolidated International Affiliated Funds on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. All contributions to or distributions from the investment in the International Affiliated Funds are accrued when notice is received and recorded as a receivable from or payable to the International Affiliated Funds on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investment in Commercial Mortgage Loans The Company has originated multiple commercial mortgage loans and elected the fair value option for each. In accordance with the adoption of the fair value option allowed under ASC 825, Financial Instruments, and at the election of the Company, the commercial mortgage loans were stated at fair value and were initially valued at the face amount of the loan funding. Subsequently, the commercial mortgage loans were valued at least quarterly by an independent third-party valuation firm with additional oversight being performed by the Advisor’s internal valuation department. The value was based on market factors, such as market interest rates and spreads for comparable loans, the performance of the underlying collateral (such as the loan-to-value ratio and the cash flow of the underlying collateral), and the credit quality of the borrower. The income from the commercial mortgage loans represents interest income and origination fee income, which is reported as Income from Commercial Mortgage Loans on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of Unrealized Loss on Commercial Mortgage Loan on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the event of a partial or whole sale of the commercial mortgage loan that qualifies for sale accounting under GAAP, the Company derecognizes the corresponding asset and fees paid as part of the partial or whole sale are recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Senior Loan Participations In certain instances, the Company finances loans through the non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third party. Depending on the particular structure of the syndication, the senior loan interest may remain on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets or, in other cases, the sale will be recognized and the senior loan interest will no longer be included in consolidated financial statements. When these sales do not qualify for sale accounting under GAAP, the Company reflects the transaction by recording a loan participations liability at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, however this gross presentation does not impact Stockholders’ Equity or Net Income. When the sales are recognized, the Consolidated Balance Sheets only includes the remaining subordinate loan and not the non-consolidated senior interest sold. Note Payable The Company finances the acquisition of certain mortgage loans through the use of "note-on-note" transactions in which the Company pledges mortgage loans as collateral to secure a loan which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. These "note-on-note" transactions are recorded in Note Payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are carried at fair value through the adoption of the fair value option allowed under ASC 825. Financing costs related to the Company's note payable are expensed as incurred and recorded in Interest Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred Charges The Company's deferred charges include financing and leasing costs. Financing costs include legal, structuring, and other loan costs incurred by the Company for its financing arrangements. Deferred financing costs related to the Credit Facility (as defined herein) are recorded as a component of Other Assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the Credit Facility, which approximates the effective interest method. Unamortized costs are charged to interest expense upon early repayment or significant modification of the Credit Facility and fully amortized deferred financing costs are removed from the books upon the maturity of the Credit Facility. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s mortgages payable are recorded as an offset to the related liability and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the financing instrument, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred leasing costs incurred in connection with new leases, which consist primarily of brokerage and legal fees, are recorded as a component of Investments in Real Estate, Net on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the life of the related lease. Fair Value Measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accounting guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1—quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the measurement date. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments. Level 2—quoted prices are available in markets that are not active or model inputs are based on inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date. Level 3—pricing inputs are unobservable and include instances where there is minimal, if any, market activity for the investment. These inputs require significant judgment or estimation by management or third parties when determining fair value and generally represent anything that does not meet the criteria of Levels 1 and 2. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, these values may differ materially from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed. Investments in real estate-related securities are recorded at fair value based on the closing price of the common stock as reported by the applicable national securities exchange and were classified as Level 1. The Company’s investments in real estate debt are reported at fair value. As of June 30, 2022, the Company’s investments in real estate debt consisted of CMBS, which are securities backed by one or more mortgage loans secured by real estate assets. The Company generally determines the fair value of its investments in real estate debt by utilizing third-party pricing service providers whenever available and has classified as Level 2. The Company’s investment in commercial mortgage loans consists of floating rate senior and mezzanine loans the Company originated and has classified as Level 3. The commercial mortgage loans are carried at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs. The Company's loan participations and note payable are carried at fair value based on significant observable inputs and have been classified as Level 3. The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and market rates of interest of these instruments. The following table details the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis ($ in thousands): June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Level I Level 2 Level 3 Total Level I Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Investments in real estate-related securities $ 105,173 $ — $ — $ 105,173 $ 93,970 $ — $ — $ 93,970 Investments in real estate debt $ — $ 83,167 $ — $ 83,167 $ — $ 14,183 $ — $ 14,183 Investments in commercial mortgage loans $ — $ — $ 236,088 $ 236,088 $ — $ — $ 140,512 $ 140,512 Total $ 105,173 $ 83,167 $ 236,088 $ 424,428 $ 93,970 $ 14,183 $ 140,512 $ 248,665 Liabilities: Loan participations $ — $ — $ 109,599 $ 109,599 $ — $ — $ — $ — Note payable $ — $ — $ 69,263 $ 69,263 $ — $ — $ — $ — Total $ — $ — $ 178,862 $ 178,862 $ — $ — $ — $ — The following table details the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs ($ in thousands): Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans Loan Participations Note Payable Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ 140,512 $ — $ — Loan Originations 92,350 — — Loan Participations Sold — 105,966 — Additional Fundings 3,698 1,857 — Net Unrealized (Loss) Gain (472) (a) 1,776 — Financing Proceeds — — 69,263 Balance as of June 30, 2022 $ 236,088 $ 109,599 $ 69,263 (a) Includes Unrealized Loss on Commercial Mortgage Loans of $(2.2) million, net of unrealized gains of $1.7 million associated with loan participations. The following table shows the quantitative information about unobservable inputs related to the Level 3 fair value measurements comprising the investments in commercial mortgage loans, loan participations and note payable as of June 30, 2022. Type Asset Class Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Weighted Average Commercial Mortgage Loans Various Cash Equivalency Method Discount Rate LIBOR(1) + 1.75% - LIBOR (1) + 5.75% - 5.97% SOFR (2) + 1.65% Loan Participations Various Cash Equivalency Method Discount Rate LIBOR(1) + 1.75% SOFR (2) + 1.65% Note Payable Various Cash Equivalency Method Discount Rate SOFR (2) + 1.65% (1) LIBOR as of June 30, 2022 was 1.2%. As of June 30, 2022, the carrying value of the Company's Credit Facility approximated fair value. The fair value of the Company's mortgages payable was $98.7 million and $106.3 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Fair value of the Company's indebtedness is estimated by modeling the cash flows required by the Company's debt agreements and discounting them back to present value using the appropriate discount rate. Additionally, the Company considers current market rates and conditions by evaluating similar borrowing agreements with comparable loan-to-value ratios and credit profiles. The inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company's indebtedness are considered Level 3. Revenue Recognition The Company’s sources of revenue and the related revenue recognition policies are as follows: Rental revenue — consists primarily of base rent arising from tenant operating leases at the Company’s office, industrial, self-storage, multifamily, retail, healthcare and single-family housing properties. Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease, including any rent steps or abatement provisions. The Company begins to recognize revenue when a tenant takes possession of the leased space. The Company includes its tenant reimbursement income in rental revenue that consists of amounts due from tenants for costs related to common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs as defined in lease agreements. Income from Commercial Mortgage Loan — consists of income from interest earned and recognized as operating income based upon the principal amount outstanding and the contracted interest rate along with origination fees. The accrual of interest income on mortgage loans is discontinued when in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due (“nonaccrual mortgage loans”), unless the loan is well-secured and is in the process of collection. Interest income on nonaccrual mortgage loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received until the loans are returned to accrual status. As of June 30, 2022, the Company did not have any mortgage loans on nonaccrual status. Leases The Company derives revenue pursuant to lease agreements. At the inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At the lease inception, the Company determines whether each lease is a sales-type, direct financing or operating lease. Such classification is based on whether: • The lessee gains control of the underlying asset and the lessor therefore relinquishes control to the lessee under certain criteria (sales-type or direct-financing); or • All other leases that do not meet the criteria as sales-type or direct financing leases (operating). The Company's leases are classified as operating leases in accordance with relevant accounting guidelines, and the related revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis. Upon the termination or vacation of a tenant lease, the associated straight-line rent receivable is written off. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, cash on hand and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company may have bank balances in excess of federally insured amounts; however, the Company deposits its cash with high credit-quality institutions to minimize credit risk. Restricted Cash As of June 30, 2022, the Company had $87.7 million of restricted cash. The restricted cash consisted of $0.8 million of tenant security deposits and $86.9 million of cash received for subscriptions prior to the date in which the subscriptions are effective, which is held in a bank account controlled by the Company’s transfer agent, but in the name of the Company. Income Taxes The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) commencing with its taxable year ending December 31, 2018 and intends to operate in a manner that will allow it to continue to qualify as a REIT. In qualifying for taxation as a REIT, the Company generally is not subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent it distributes annually at least 90% of its taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains) to its shareholders. A REIT is subject to U.S. federal income tax on undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gains, and may be subject to 21% corporate income tax and a 4% excise tax. REITs are subject to a number of other organizational and operational requirements. Even in qualifying for taxation as a REIT, the Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income. The Company may elect to treat certain of its corporate subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, a TRS may perform additional services for the Company’s tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business other than management or operation of a lodging facility or a health care facility. A domestic TRS is subject to US corporate federal income tax. The Cayman Islands TRSs are not subject to US corporate federal income tax or Cayman Islands taxes. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had four active TRSs: the Company uses two Cayman Islands TRSs to hold its investments in the International Affiliated Funds, uses one domestic TRS to hold the senior portions of the commercial mortgage loans, and one domestic TRS for self-storage, nonrental-related business. The Company accrues liabilities when it believes that it is more likely than not that it will not realize the benefits of tax positions that it has taken in its tax returns or for the amount of any tax benefit that exceeds the cumulative probability threshold in accordance with ASC 740-10, Uncertain Tax Positions. Tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. Among other things, the TCJA reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and created new taxes on certain foreign-sourced earnings. Federal legislation intended to ameliorate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), was enacted on March 27, 2020, which, among other things, made technical corrections to, or modifies on a temporary basis, certain of the provisions of the TCJA. Management has evaluated the effects of TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, and concluded that the TCJA will not materially impact its consolidated financial statements. The Company also estimates that the taxes on foreign-sourced earnings imposed under the TCJA are not likely to apply to its foreign investments. Organization and Offering Expenses The Advisor advanced organization and offering expenses on behalf of the Company (including legal, accounting, and other expenses attributable to the organization, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the fourth full fiscal quarter after the Company’s acquisition of its first property. The Company agreed to reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses it incurred in 60 equal monthly installments commencing on the earlier of the date the Company’s NAV reaches $1.0 billion or January 31, 2023. The Company's NAV reached $1.0 billion in October 2021 and as of June 30, 2022, had reimbursed the Advisor $0.6 million for such costs. The Advisor and its affiliates have incurred organization and offering expenses on the Company’s behalf for the Initial Public Offering of $4.6 million, consisting of offering costs of $3.5 million and organization costs of $1.1 million, of which $4.0 million and $4.6 million remain outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These organization and offering costs are recorded as Due to Affiliates on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Offering costs are currently charged to equity as such amounts are incurred. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company charged $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in offering costs to equity. Foreign Currency The financial position and results of operations of ECF is measured using the local currency (Euro) as the functional currency and are translated into U.S. dollars for purposes of recording the related activity under the equity method of accounting. Net income (loss), which includes the Company’s allocable share of ECF's income and expense, realized gains and losses and unrealized appreciation or depreciation, has been translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the rates of exchange on the balance sheet date. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are recorded directly as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), unless there is a sale or complete liquidation of the underlying foreign investments. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in other comprehensive losses of approximately $(4.5) million and $(6.4) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in other comprehensive gains (losses) of approximately $0.3 million and $(0.9) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. The financial position and results of operations of APCF is measured in U.S. dollars for purposes of recording the related activity under the equity method of accounting. There is no direct foreign currency exposure to the Company for its investment in APCF. Earnings per Share Basic net income/(loss) per share of common |
