| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and in the opinion of management, include all necessary adjustments, consisting of only normal and recurring items, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. These financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, and the related notes thereto, that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the SEC. The year-end balance sheet was derived from those audited financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Company's subsidiaries and joint ventures in which the Company has a controlling interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumption that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Principles of Consolidation The Company consolidates all entities in which it has a controlling financial interest through majority ownership or voting rights and variable interest entities whereby the Company is the primary beneficiary. In determining whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in a partially owned entity and the requirement to consolidate the accounts of that entity, the Company considers whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and whether it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE when it has (i) the power to direct the most significant activities impacting the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE. Entities that do not qualify as VIEs are generally considered voting interest entities (“VOEs”) and are evaluated for consolidation under the voting interest model. VOEs are consolidated when the Company controls the entity through a majority voting interest or other means. When the requirements for consolidation are not met and the Company has significant influence over the operations of the entity, the investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Equity method investments for which the Company has not elected a fair value option (“FVO”) are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for the Company’s pro-rata share of net income, contributions and distributions. When the Company elects the FVO, the Company records its share of net asset value of the entity and any related unrealized gains and losses. Each of the Company’s joint ventures are considered to be a VIE or VOE. The Company consolidates these entities because it has the ability to direct the most significant activities of the joint ventures, including unilateral decision making on the disposition of the investments. For select joint ventures, the non-controlling partner’s share of the assets, liabilities and operations of each joint venture is included in noncontrolling interests as equity of the Company. The non-controlling partner’s interest is generally computed as the joint venture partner’s ownership percentage. Certain strategic partnerships of the Company provide the other partner a profits interest based on certain internal rate of return hurdles being achieved. Any profits interest due to the other partner is reported within redeemable non-controlling interests. As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the total assets and liabilities of the Company’s consolidated VIEs were $49.6 million and $30.2 million, and $51.2 million and $30.2 million, respectively. Such amounts are included on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has limited contractual rights to obtain the financial records of certain of its consolidated single-family housing, retail, student housing, self-storage and direct international portfolios from the operating partner. The operating partner does not prepare separate GAAP financial statements; therefore, the Company compiles GAAP financial information for them based on reports prepared by and received from the operating partner. Such reports are not available to the Company until approximately 25 days after the end of any given period. As a result, these activities are generally included in the Company's consolidated financial statements on a one-month lag; however, any significant activity that occurs in the final month of the quarter is recorded in that period. Investments in Real Estate In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, the Company determines whether the acquisition of a property qualifies as a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the property acquired is not a business, the Company accounts for the transaction as an asset acquisition. All property acquisitions to date have been accounted for as asset acquisitions. Whether the acquisition of a property acquired is considered a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company recognizes the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity. In addition, for transactions that will be considered business combinations, the Company will evaluate the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase. The Company expenses acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations as they are incurred. The Company capitalizes acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions. Upon acquisition of a property, the Company assesses the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets (including land, buildings, tenant improvements, above-market and below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities) and allocates the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. The Company assesses and considers fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize discount and/or capitalization rates that it deems appropriate, as well as other available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known and anticipated trends and market and economic conditions. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. The Company also considers an allocation of purchase price of other acquired intangibles, including acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value, including but not limited to the nature and extent of the existing relationship with the tenants, the tenants’ credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. Based on its acquisitions to date, the Company’s allocation to customer relationship intangible assets has not been material. The Company records acquired above-market and below-market leases at their fair values (using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) equal to the difference between (1) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (2) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each corresponding in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on the Company’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Factors to be considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, depending on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. Intangible assets and intangible liabilities are recorded as separate components on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amortization of acquired above-market and below-market leases is recorded as an adjustment to Rental Revenue on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of in-place leases is recorded as an adjustment to Depreciation and Amortization on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of buildings and improvements includes the purchase price of the Company’s properties and any acquisition-related adjustments, along with any subsequent improvements to such properties. The Company’s Investments in Real Estate are stated at cost and are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: Description Depreciable Life Building 40 years Building, land and site improvements 15-40 years Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3-7 years Lease intangibles Over lease term Significant improvements to properties are capitalized. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts with the resulting gains or losses reflected in net income or loss for the period. Repairs and maintenance are expensed to operations as incurred and are included in Rental Property Operating on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s management reviews its real estate properties for impairment each quarter or when there is an event or change in circumstances that indicates an impaired value. If the carrying amount of the real estate investment is no longer recoverable and exceeds the fair value of such investment, an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its fair value, or fair value, less cost to sell if classified as held for sale. If the Company’s strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material to the Company’s results. During the periods presented, no such impairment occurred. Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities The Company reports its investment in real estate-related securities at fair value and any changes in fair value are recorded in the current period earnings. Dividend income is recorded when declared and the resulting dividend income, along with gains and losses are recorded as a component of Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) from Real Estate-Related Securities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in Real Estate Debt The Company’s investments in real estate debt consist of commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), which are securities backed by one or more mortgage loans secured by real estate assets. The Company classifies its CMBS as trading securities and records such investments at fair value. As such, the resulting unrealized gains and losses of its CMBS are recorded as a component of Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) from Real Estate Debt on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest income from the Company’s investments in CMBS is recognized over the life of each investment and is recorded on the accrual basis on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in International Affiliated Funds The Company reports its investment in European Cities Partnership SCSp (“ECF”) and Asia Pacific Cities Fund (“APCF”), investment funds managed by an affiliate of TIAA (collectively, the “International Affiliated Funds”), under the equity method of accounting. The equity method income (loss) from the investments in the International Affiliated Funds represents the Company’s allocable share of each fund’s net income or loss, which includes income and expense, realized gains and losses, and unrealized appreciation or depreciation as determined from the financial statements of ECF and APCF (which carry investments at fair value in accordance with the applicable GAAP) and is reported as Income (Loss) from Equity Investment in Unconsolidated International Affiliated Funds on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. All contributions to or distributions from the investment in the International Affiliated Funds are accrued when notice is received and recorded as a receivable from or payable to the International Affiliated Funds on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company uses the cumulative earnings approach to classify its distribution received from equity method investments. Under the cumulative earnings approach, distributions received are considered returns on investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities, unless the investor’s cumulative distributions received less distributions received in prior periods that were determined to be returns on investment exceed cumulative equity in earnings recognized by the investor. When such an excess occurs, the current-period distribution up to this excess is considered a return of investment and classified as cash inflows from investing activities. Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans The Company originates commercial mortgage loans and elects the fair value option for each loan. In accordance with the adoption of the fair value option allowed under ASC 825, Financial Instruments, and at the election of the Company, the commercial mortgage loans are stated at fair value and initially valued at the face amount of the loan funding. Subsequently, the commercial mortgage loans are valued at least quarterly by an independent third-party valuation firm with additional oversight being performed by the Advisor’s internal valuation department. The value is based on market factors, such as market interest rates and spreads for comparable loans, the performance of the underlying collateral (such as the loan-to-value ratio and the cash flow of the underlying collateral), and the credit quality of the borrower. The income from the commercial mortgage loans represents interest income and origination fee income, which is reported as Income from Commercial Mortgage Loans on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Commercial Mortgage Loans on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the event of a partial or whole sale of the commercial mortgage loan that qualifies for sale accounting under GAAP, the Company derecognizes the corresponding asset and fees paid as part of the partial or whole sale are recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Senior Loan Participations In certain instances, the Company finances loans through the non-recourse syndication of a senior loan interest to a third party. Depending on the particular structure of the syndication, the senior loan interest may remain on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets or, in other cases, the sale will be recognized and the senior loan interest will no longer be included in its consolidated financial statements. When these sales do not qualify for sale accounting under GAAP, the Company reflects the transaction by recording a loan participations liability at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, however this gross presentation does not impact Stockholders’ Equity or Net Income. When the sales are recognized, the Consolidated Balance Sheets only includes the remaining subordinate loan. Note Payable The Company finances the acquisition of certain mortgage loans through the use of "note-on-note" transactions in which the Company pledges mortgage loans as collateral to secure a loan which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. These "note-on-note" transactions are recorded in Note Payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are carried at fair value through the adoption of the fair value option allowed under ASC 825. Financing costs related to the Company's note payable are expensed as incurred and recorded in Interest Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred Charges The Company's deferred charges include financing and leasing costs. Financing costs include legal, structuring and other loan costs incurred by the Company for its financing arrangements. Deferred financing costs related to the Credit Facility (as defined herein) are recorded as a component of Other Assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the Credit Facility, which approximates the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are charged to interest expense upon early repayment or significant modification of the Credit Facility and fully amortized deferred financing costs are removed from the books upon the maturity of the Credit Facility. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s mortgages payable are recorded as an offset to the related liability and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the financing instrument, which approximates the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Company's mortgages payable are charged to interest expense upon early repayment or significant modification of the mortgages payable and fully amortized deferred financing costs are removed from the books upon maturity. Deferred leasing costs incurred in connection with new leases, which consist primarily of brokerage and legal fees, are recorded as a component of Intangible Assets, Net on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the life of the related lease. Unamortized deferred leasing costs are charged to amortization expense upon early termination or significant modification of the leases and fully amortized deferred leasing costs are removed from the books upon lease expiration. Fair Value Measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accounting guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1—quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the measurement date. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments. Level 2—quoted prices are available in markets that are not active or model inputs are based on inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date. Level 3—pricing inputs are unobservable and include instances where there is minimal, if any, market activity for the investment. These inputs require significant judgment or estimation by management or third parties when determining fair value and generally represent anything that does not meet the criteria of Levels 1 and 2. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, these values may differ materially from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed. The Company's investments in real estate-related securities are recorded at fair value based on the closing price of the common stock as reported by the applicable national securities exchange and have been classified as Level 1. The Company’s investments in real estate debt, which consists of CMBS, are reported at fair value. The Company generally determines the fair value of its investments in real estate debt by utilizing third-party pricing service providers whenever available and such investments have been classified as Level 2. The Company's derivative financial instruments, consisting of interest rate swaps, are reported at fair value. The fair values of the Company's interest rate contracts were estimated using advice from a third-party valuation service provider based on contractual cash flows and interest calculations using the appropriate discount rates and such investments have been classified as Level 2. The Company’s investments in commercial mortgage loans consists of floating rate senior and mezzanine loans the Company originated and have been classified as Level 3. The commercial mortgage loans are carried at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs. The Company's loan participations and note payable are carried at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs and have been classified as Level 3. The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and market rates of interest of these instruments. The following table details the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis ($ in thousands): June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Investments in real estate-related securities $ 128,557 $ — $ — $ 128,557 $ 116,164 $ — $ — $ 116,164 Investments in real estate debt — 111,741 — 111,741 — 98,252 — 98,252 Investments in commercial mortgage loans — — 349,744 349,744 — — 343,970 343,970 Total $ 128,557 $ 111,741 $ 349,744 $ 590,042 $ 116,164 $ 98,252 $ 343,970 $ 558,386 Liabilities: Loan participations $ — $ — $ 179,355 $ 179,355 $ — $ — $ 175,830 $ 175,830 Note payable — — 69,140 69,140 — — 69,030 69,030 Interest rate derivatives (1) — 112 — 112 — — — — Total $ — $ 112 $ 248,495 $ 248,607 $ — $ — $ 244,860 $ 244,860 (1) Included in Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, and Other Liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets The following table details the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs ($ in thousands): Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans Loan Participations Note Payable Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 343,970 $ 175,830 $ 69,030 Additional fundings 8,298 4,352 — Net unrealized loss on assets (2,524) (a) — — Net unrealized (gain) loss on liabilities — (827) (a) 110 Balance as of June 30, 2023 $ 349,744 $ 179,355 $ 69,140 (a) Unrealized Loss on Commercial Mortgage Loans of $1.7 million reported on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 includes unrealized losses of $2.5 million associated with commercial mortgage loans, net of unrealized gains of $0.8 million associated with loan participations. The following table shows the quantitative information about unobservable inputs related to the Level 3 fair value measurements comprising the investments in commercial mortgage loans, loan participations and note payable as of June 30, 2023. Type Asset Class Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) Commercial Mortgage Loans Various Discounted Cash Flow Method Equivalency Rate LIBOR (1) + 3.50% - 8.55% (4.76%) SOFR (2) + 2.00% - 7.92% (3.77%) Loan Participations Various Discounted Cash Flow Method Equivalency Rate LIBOR (1) + 3.50% (3.50%) SOFR (2) + 2.00% - 2.15% (2.07%) Note Payable Multifamily Discounted Cash Flow Method Equivalency Rate SOFR (2) + 1.75% (1.75%) (1) LIBOR as of June 30, 2023 was 5.8%. As of June 30, 2023, the carrying value of the Company's credit facility approximated fair value. The fair value of the Company's mortgages payable was $177.6 million and $178.6 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Fair value of the Company's indebtedness is estimated by modeling the cash flows required by the Company's debt agreements and discounting them back to present value using the appropriate discount rate. Additionally, the Company considers current market rates and conditions by evaluating similar borrowing agreements with comparable loan-to-value ratios and credit profiles. The inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company's indebtedness are considered Level 3. Revenue Recognition The Company’s sources of revenue and the related revenue recognition policies are as follows: Rental Revenue — consists primarily of base rent arising from tenant operating leases at the Company’s properties. Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease, including any rent steps or abatement provisions. The Company begins to recognize revenue when a tenant takes possession of the leased space. The Company includes its tenant reimbursement income in rental revenue that consists of amounts due from tenants for costs related to common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs as defined in lease agreements. The Company evaluates the collectability of receivables related to rental revenue on an individual lease basis. Management exercises judgment in assessing collectability and considers the length of time a receivable has been outstanding, tenant credit-worthiness, payment history, available information about the financial condition of the tenant, and current economic trends, among other factors. Tenant receivables that are deemed uncollectible are recognized as a reduction to rental revenue. Income from Commercial Mortgage Loans — consists of income from interest earned and recognized as operating income based upon the principal amount outstanding and the contracted interest rate along with origination fees. The accrual of interest income on mortgage loans is discontinued when in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due (“nonaccrual mortgage loans”), unless the loan is well-secured and is in the process of collection. Interest income on nonaccrual mortgage loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received until the loans are returned to accrual status. As of June 30, 2023, the Company did not have any mortgage loans on nonaccrual status. Leases The Company derives revenue pursuant to lease agreements. At the inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At the lease inception, the Company determines whether each lease is a sales-type, direct financing or operating lease. Such classification is based on whether: • The lessee gains control of the underlying asset and the lessor therefore relinquishes control to the lessee under certain criteria (sales-type or direct-financing); or • All other leases that do not meet the criteria as sales-type or direct financing leases (operating). The Company's leases are classified as operating leases in accordance with relevant accounting guidelines, and the related revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis. Upon the termination or vacation of a tenant lease, the associated straight-line rent receivable is written off. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, cash on hand and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company may have bank balances in excess of federally insured amounts; however, the Company deposits its cash with high credit-quality institutions to minimize credit risk. Restricted Cash As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $26.5 million of restricted cash. The restricted cash consisted of $1.0 million of tenant security deposits and $25.5 million of cash received for subscriptions prior to the date in which the subscriptions are effective, which is held in a bank account controlled by the Company’s transfer agent, but in the name of the Company. Income Taxes The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2018, and intends to operate in a manner that will allow it to continue to qualify as a REIT. In qualifying for taxation as a REIT, the Company is subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent it distributes less than 100% of its REIT taxable income (including for this purpose its net capital gain) to its shareholders. The Company will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions it pays in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of its ordinary income, 95% of its net capital gains, and 100% of its undistributed income from prior years. The Company is also subject to a number of other organizational and operational requirements. The Company may elect to treat certain of its corporate subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, a TRS may perform additional services for the Company’s tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business other than management or operation of a lodging facility or a health care facility. The Company’s dealings with the TRSs must be arm’s length in nature or be permitted under the Code. Otherwise, the Company may be subject to 100% penalty tax, or its TRSs may be denied deductions. A domestic TRS is subject to US corporate federal income tax and state income or franchise tax. The Cayman Islands TRSs are not subject to US corporate federal income tax or Cayman Islands taxes. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had five active TRSs: the Company uses two Cayman Islands TRSs to hold its investments in the International Affiliated Funds, one Luxembourg TRS to hold minority interests in direct European investments, one domestic TRS to hold the senior portions of the commercial mortgage loans, and one domestic TRS for self-storage, nonrental-related business. The asset tests that apply to REITs limit the Company's ownership of the securities of its TRSs to no more than 20% of the value of the Company's total assets. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company incurred federal income tax expense related to the TRSs of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The Company accrues liabilities when it believes that it is more likely than not that it will not realize the benefits of tax positions that it has taken in its tax returns or for the amount of any tax benefit that exceeds the cumulative probability threshold in accordance with ASC 740-10, Uncertain Tax Positions. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions are included in income tax expense, and no amount has been accrued. Income tax returns for tax years 2018 through 2022 remain subject to governmental examination. Deferred Taxes As of June 30, 2023, the Company had a deferred tax liability of $2.4 million that is recorded in Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The deferred tax liability is a value-based tax, calculated on the difference between acquisition cost and current tax basis, and was assumed during the acquisition of the multifamily portfolio in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organization and Offering Expenses The Advisor advanced organization and offering expenses on behalf of the Company (including legal, accounting and other expenses attributable to the organization, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the fourth full fiscal quarter after the Company’s acquisition of its first property. The Company agreed to reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses it incurred in 60 equal monthly installments commencing on the earlier of the date the Company’s |
