Stock-Based Compensation | 18. Stock-Based Compensation On March 15, 2019, the Company’s board of directors approved the Plan, under which 4,000,000 of the Company’s shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to future grants of share awards. The expiration date of the Plan, on and after which date no awards may be granted, is March 15, 2029. On March 4, 2020, the Compensation Committee adopted a new form of Executive Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (the “Stock Option Agreement”) and a new form of Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (the “RSU Agreement” and together with the Stock Option Agreement, the “Award Agreements”) with respect to the granting of nonqualified stock options and restricted stock units, respectively, granted under the Plan. The new Award Agreements will be used for all awards to executive officers made on or after March 4, 2020. The Award Agreements have material terms that are substantially similar to those in the forms of award agreements last approved by the Compensation Committee and disclosed by the Company, except for the following: under the new Award Agreements, if the participant’s employment or service terminates due to Retirement (as defined in the Plan), and the participant has been continuously employed by the Company for at least twelve months following the grant date, then any portion of the participant’s awarded securities scheduled to become vested within twelve months after the participant’s termination date shall be vested on his or her termination date. On February 25, 2021, the Compensation Committee adopted a new form Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (the “RSU Agreement”) and a form Executive Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement (the “SAR Agreement” and together with the RSU Agreement, the “RSU and SAR Agreements”) with respect to the granting of restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights, respectively, under the Plan. The new RSU and SAR Agreements will be used for all awards to executive officers made on or after February 25, 2021. The RSU Agreement has material terms that are substantially similar to those in the form Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement last approved by the Compensation Committee and previously disclosed by the Company, except for the following: (x) 50% of the restricted stock units (each an “RSU”) will vest on the second grant date anniversary and 50% of the RSUs will vest on the third grant date anniversary and (y) if the participant’s employment or service terminates due to Retirement (as defined in the Plan), and the participant has been continuously employed by the Company for at least twelve months following the grant date, then a pro-rata portion of the participant’s RSUs scheduled to vest on the next following vesting date shall vest on his or her termination date based on completed calendar months since either (a) the grant date or (b) the initial vesting date, as applicable. The SAR Agreement has material terms that are substantially similar to those in the form Executive Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement last approved by the Compensation Committee and previously disclosed by the Company, except for the following: (x) the change in the equity instrument to a stock appreciation right (“SAR”), which may be settled in shares or cash, (y) 50% of the SARs will vest on the second grant date anniversary and 50% of the SARs will vest on the third grant date anniversary, and (z) if the participant’s employment or service terminates due to Retirement (as defined in the Plan), then (a) if the participant has been continuously employed by the Company for at least twelve months following the grant date, then a pro-rata portion of the SARs scheduled to become vested on the next vesting date shall be vested on the participant’s termination date based on completed calendar months since either (i) the grant date or (ii) the initial vesting date, as applicable; (b) following the application of clause (a), the unvested portion of the SARs shall expire upon such termination of employment or service and (c) the participant may exercise the vested portion of the SARs, but only within such period of time ending on the earlier of (i) two years following such termination of employment or service, or (ii) the Expiration Date (as defined in the SAR Agreement). On February 24, 2022, the Compensation Committee adopted a new form Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (the “RSU Agreement”) and a new form Executive Performance Stock Unit Agreement (the “PSU Agreement” and together with the RSU Agreement, the “RSU and PSU Agreements”) with respect to the granting of RSUs and performance restricted stock units (“PSUs”), respectively, under the Plan. The new RSU and PSU Agreements will be used for all awards to executive officers made on or after February 24, 2022. The RSU Agreement has material terms that are substantially similar to those in the form Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement last approved by the Compensation Committee and previously disclosed by the Company, except for the following: (x) the RSUs will vest in four equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date and (y) if approval by the Company’s shareholders of the proposed increase in the number of shares available for issuance under the Plan at the 2022 annual meeting of the Company’s shareholders was not received, then all payments under the RSU Agreement would have been made in cash. However, such approval to increase the number of shares available for issuance under the Plan was received at the 2022 annual meeting as noted below. Each PSU awarded under the PSU Agreement represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s Common Stock, or, at the Compensation Committee’s sole discretion, cash or part cash and part common stock with the cash amount equal to the fair market value of the common stock as of the date on which the restricted period ends. PSUs vest and become unrestricted on the third anniversary of the grant date. The number of PSUs that vest range from 0% to 150% of the Target Level (as defined in the PSU Agreement) depending upon the achievement of specified three-year cumulative operating cash flow amounts as determined based on the net cash flow from operations disclosed in the Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the period from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024. Vesting of PSUs is contingent upon the executive’s continued employment through the vesting date, unless the executive’s employment is terminated by reason of death, without Cause, for Good Reason, or in the event of a Change in Control (each term as defined in the Plan). On May 19, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Plan to increase the number of shares authorized under the plan by 4,000,000 shares. As a result of this, the Company reclassified all of the outstanding liability-based RSUs and PSUs from accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities to additional paid-in capital based on the change in the ability to settle these awards in shares upon vesting as a result of the additional shares added to the Plan. The reclassified amount of these awards at the date of this change was approximately $2.4 million and is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2022. On May 24, 2022 and July 12, 2022, the Compensation Committee adopted another form of PSU Award Agreement with respect to awarding PSUs. The award agreement is substantially similar to the PSU agreement adopted on February 24, 2022 except for the number of PSUs that vest are determined based upon the achievement of specified share prices over the period between the grant date and June 30, 2025. Participants will earn a corresponding number of PSUs upon the achievement of specified share price thresholds, the first of which is $12.50 per share. If all Performance Goals (as defined in the Agreement) are met during the performance period then the participant will be entitled to receive a maximum number of PSUs awarded. Restricted Stock Units On May 21, 2019, the Compensation Committee granted time-based RSUs to certain of the Company’s executive officers, other employees, and directors. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive, upon vesting, one share of the Company’s Common Stock or its cash equivalent, as determined by the Company. The number of RSUs granted to certain named executive officers and certain other employees totaled 212,621. These RSU awards granted vest in four equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, on May 21, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. On September 3, 2019, our Chief Financial Officer received a grant of 81,434 RSUs and 48,860 RSUs, which vested on March 15, 2020 and on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, respectively. The number of RSUs granted to non-executive directors of the board amounted to 81,967 and were also granted on May 21, 2019. The RSU awards granted to non-executive directors of the board vest over one year on the anniversary of the date of grant or the date of the first annual meeting of the stockholders following the grant date, whichever is sooner. Additionally, on May 21, 2019, the Compensation Committee approved the election by Mr. Archer, the CEO, pursuant to his employment agreement dated January 29, 2019, to receive his annual base salary for the period July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 in the form of 30,000 RSUs. These RSUs vested in six equal installments on the first of each month, beginning on July 1, 2019 through December 1, 2019. On January 2, 2020, the Compensation Committee approved the election by Mr. Archer, the CEO, pursuant to his employment agreement dated January 29, 2019, to receive his annual base salary for the period January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 in the form of 124,741 RSUs. These RSUs vested in twelve equal installments on the first of each month, except for one twelfth Further, on March 4, 2020, the Compensation Committee granted time-based RSUs to certain of the Company’s executive officers and other employees. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive, upon vesting, one share of the Company’s Common Stock or its cash equivalent, as determined by the Company. The number of RSUs granted to certain named executive officers and certain other employees totaled 503,757. These RSU awards granted vest in four equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, on March 4, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024. On May 20, 2020, the Company awarded 482,723 restricted stock units to each of our non-employee directors. As a result of the volatility in the global financial and commodity markets created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company implemented measures to reduce the Company’s ongoing cash expenses. Consistent with that goal, the Compensation Committee approved the Salary Reduction Equity Award Program (the “Salary Program”), effective April 1, 2020. Pursuant to the Salary Program, the Company reduced the base salary amounts paid to certain executive officers and other employees by up to 20% for the period between April 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. On April 1, 2020 and as contemplated by the Salary Program, the Company awarded a total of 201,988 RSUs pursuant to the Plan to participants in the Salary Program. The RSUs ratably vest on the first of every month through December 2020. Shares received upon settlement of RSUs granted under the Salary Program are not subject to any sale restrictions that would otherwise apply under the Company’s ownership guidelines; however, the provisions of the Company’s Securities Trading Policy continue to apply to such shares. Concurrent with the approval of the Salary Program, the Compensation Committee approved the Director Retainer Reduction Equity Award Program (the “Director Retainer Program”), effective April 1, 2020. Pursuant to the Director Retainer Program, the Company reduced the cash retainer paid to non-employee directors by 20%. During the year ended December 31, 2020 and as contemplated by the Director Retainer Program, the Company awarded a total of 66,070 RSUs pursuant to the Plan to the participants in the Director Retainer Program. The RSUs ratably vest on June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2020. Shares received upon settlement of RSUs granted under the Director Retainer Program are not subject to any sale restrictions that would otherwise apply under the Company’s ownership guidelines; however, the provisions of the Company’s Securities Trading Policy continue to apply to such shares. On October 1, 2020, both the Salary Program and the Director Retainer Program were terminated. Pursuant to the termination of the Salary Program, the Company recommenced payment of 100% of the base salary of the participating executive officers and other employees, on October 1, 2020, and each participating executive officer and employee agreed to forfeit RSUs awarded to him or her pursuant to the Salary Program scheduled to vest on or after October 1, 2020. Pursuant to the termination of the Director Retainer Program, the Company recommenced payment of 100% of the director fees of each non-employee director, on October 1, 2020, and each non-employee director agreed to forfeit RSUs awarded to him or her pursuant to the Director Retainer Program scheduled to vest on or after October 1, 2020. On February 25, 2021, the Compensation Committee granted time-based RSUs to certain of the Company’s executive officers and other employees. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive, upon vesting, one share of the Company’s Common Stock or its cash equivalent, as determined by the Company. The number of RSUs granted to certain named executive officers and certain other employees totaled 1,134,524. Also, in August 2021, 30,899 of additional time-based RSUs were granted to certain of the Company’s other employees. Additionally, on May 18, 2021, the Company awarded an aggregate of 326,926 time-based RSUs to each of the Company’s non-employee directors, which vest on the first grant date anniversary or, if earlier, the date of the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Stockholders. Also, on August 4, 2021 and September 20, 2021, the Company awarded 22,087 and 17,351 time-based RSUs, respectively, to two new non-employee directors, which have the same vesting schedule as those issued on May 18, 2021. Accelerated Vesting of Restricted Stock Unit Grants Due to certain non-employee resignations and as permitted by the Plan, effective December 31, 2021, the Board approved the accelerated vesting of 115,386 RSUs granted on May 18, 2021. On January 3, 2022, the Compensation Committee awarded 10,861 time-based RSUs to one of the Company’s non-employee directors, which vested in full during the six months ended June 30, 2022. On February 24, 2022, the Compensation Committee awarded an aggregate of 1,085,548 time-based RSUs to certain of the Company’s executive officers and other employees, which vest ratably over a four-year period. On May 19, 2022, the Compensation Committee awarded an aggregate of 159,766 time-based RSUs to the Company’s non-employee directors, which vest in full on May 19, 2023 or, if earlier, the date of the first Annual Meeting of the Stockholders of the Company following the Grant Date. On September 6, 2022, the Compensation Committee awarded 4,969 time-based RSUs to an employee of the Company, which vests ratably over a four-year period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, as approved by the Compensation Committee, 116,837 of the employee related vested RSUs shown in the table below were paid in cash in the amount of $0.4 million based on the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the vesting date. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, certain of the Company's employees surrendered RSUs owned by them to satisfy their statutory minimum federal and state tax obligations associated with the vesting of RSUs issued under the Plan. The table below represents the changes in RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022: Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share Balance at December 31, 2021 1,862,590 $ 3.00 Granted 1,261,129 3.40 Vested (432,787) 4.09 Forfeited (32,351) 4.51 Balance at December 31, 2022 2,658,581 $ 2.98 The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $2.0 million, $2.1 million, and $1.0 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value per RSU of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $3.40 , $2.10 , and $3.07 , respectively. RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, were 1,261,129 ; 1,531,787 ; and 1,374,085 ; respectively. Stock-based compensation expense for these RSUs recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $5.4 million, with an associated tax benefit of approximately $1.4 million. Stock-based compensation expense for these RSUs recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2021 was approximately $3.1 million, with an associated tax benefit of approximately $0.7 million. Stock-based compensation expense for these RSUs recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately $3.0 million, with an associated tax benefit of approximately $0.7 million. At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs totaled approximately $7.9 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining term of approximately 2.45 years. Under the authoritative guidance for stock-based compensation, 537,047 of the RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2021 were considered liability-based awards due to an insufficient number of shares available under the plan to service these awards upon vesting. As such, the Company recognized a liability associated with these RSUs of approximately $0.8 million as of December 31, 2021, of which approximately $0.5 million is included in accrued liabilities and approximately $0.3 million is included in other non-current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021. The estimated fair value of these liability-based awards was $3.56/RSU as of December 31, 2021. As noted above, all such liability-based RSUs were reclassified to additional paid-in-capital, a component of total stockholders’ equity, during the year ended December 31, 2022, and are no longer included in liabilities as of December 31, 2022. Performance Stock Units On February 24, 2022, the Company awarded an aggregate of 245,017 time and performance-based PSUs to certain of the Company’s executive officers and management, which vest upon satisfaction of continued service with the Company until the third anniversary of the Grant Date and attainment of Company cash flow performance criteria as previously defined. On May 24, 2022, the Company and the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, James B. Archer, entered into the Executive Performance Stock Unit Agreement (the “Archer PSU Agreement”) in connection with Mr. Archer’s previously disclosed intention to continue to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Each PSU awarded under the Agreement represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. The PSUs awarded pursuant to the Archer PSU Agreement vest and become unrestricted on June 30, 2025. The number of PSUs that vest are determined based upon the achievement of specified share prices over the period between the grant date and June 30, 2025 (the “Performance Period”). Mr. Archer will earn a corresponding number of PSUs upon the achievement of specified share price thresholds, the first of which is $12.50 per share. If all Performance Goals (as defined in the Archer PSU Agreement) are met during the Performance Period, Mr. Archer will be entitled to receive a maximum of 500,000 PSUs. Vesting is contingent upon Mr. Archer’s continued employment through the vesting date, unless Mr. Archer’s employment is terminated by reason of death or Disability, without Cause, for Good Reason, or in the event of a Qualifying Termination in connection with a Change in Control (each term as defined in the Plan, as amended, or Mr. Archer’s employment agreement with the Company, as amended). These PSUs were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions on the grant date: the expected volatility was approximately 53.82%, the term was 3.10 years, the dividend rate was 0.0% and the risk-free interest rate was approximately 2.65%, which resulted in a calculated fair value of approximately $2.21 per PSU as of the grant date. On July 12, 2022, the Compensation Committee granted 750,000 PSUs aimed at retaining, motivating and incentivizing certain of the Company’s executive officers, including its named executive officers (“NEOs”), under and pursuant to the Plan. The form of agreement with respect to the granting of the PSUs has material terms that are substantially similar to those in the Archer PSU Agreement. Such PSUs represent the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. PSUs vest and become unrestricted on June 30, 2025. The number of PSUs that vest is determined based upon the achievement of specified share prices over the Performance Period. The executives will each earn a corresponding number of PSUs upon the achievement of specified share price thresholds, the first of which is $12.50 per share. If all Performance Goals (as defined in the applicable award agreement) are met during the Performance Period, the executives will be entitled to receive the maximum PSUs granted to them. Vesting is contingent upon the applicable executive’s continued employment through the vesting date, unless the applicable executive’s employment is terminated by reason of death or Disability, without Cause, for Good Reason, or in the event of a Qualifying Termination in connection with a Change in Control (each term as defined in the Plan, or each executive’s employment agreement, as amended, with the Company). These PSUs were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions on the grant date: the expected volatility was approximately 55.76%, the term was 2.97 years, the dividend rate was 0.0% and the risk-free interest rate was approximately 3.05%, which resulted in a calculated fair value of approximately $6.96 per PSU as of the grant date. The table below represents the changes in PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022: Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share Balance at December 31, 2021 — $ — Granted 1,495,017 4.72 Balance at December 31, 2022 1,495,017 $ 4.72 Stock-based compensation expense for these PSUs recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $1.5 million with an associated tax benefit of $0.3 million. At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to PSUs totaled approximately $6.4 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining term of approximately 2.42 years. Stock Option Awards On May 21, 2019, the Compensation Committee granted 482,792 time-based stock option awards to certain employees. On September 3, 2019 the Compensation Committee made an additional grant of 171,429 time-based stock options to our newly appointed Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, on March 4, 2020 the Compensation Committee granted 1,140,873 time-based stock option awards to certain employees. Each option represents the right upon vesting, to buy one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for $4.51 to $10.83 per share. The stock options vest in four equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date and expire ten years from the grant date. The table below represents the changes in stock options for the year ended December 31, 2022: Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted Average Contractual Life (Years) Intrinsic Value Outstanding Options at December 31, 2021 1,643,135 $ 6.11 7.95 $ - Forfeited (20,494) 6.24 - - Exercised (111,980) 5.78 - 1,055 Outstanding Options at December 31, 2022 1,510,661 $ 6.13 6.86 $ 13,615 842,267 shares were exercisable at December 31, 2022 with a weighted average exercise price per share of $6.65 and an intrinsic value of $7.15 million. The total fair value of stock option awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0.8 million, $0.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense for these stock option awards recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $0.8 million with an associated tax benefit of approximately $0.2 million. Stock-based compensation expense for these stock option awards recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2021 was approximately $0.8 million with an associated tax benefit of approximately $0.2 million. Stock-based compensation expense for these stock option awards recognized in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately $0.8 million with an associated tax benefit of approximately $0.2 million. At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options totaled $0.6 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining term of approximately 1 year. The fair value of each option award at the grant date was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: Assumptions Weighted average expected stock volatility (range) % 25.94 - 30.90 Expected dividend yield % 0.00 Expected term (years) 6.25 Risk-free interest rate (range) % 0.82 - 2.26 Exercise price (range) $ 4.51 - 10.83 The weighted-average grant date fair value per option of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0, $0, and $1.42, respectively. Options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, were 0; 0; and 1,140,875; respectively. The volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is based on peer group volatility as the Company does not have a sufficient trading history as a stand-alone public company to calculate volatility. Additionally, due to an insufficient history with respect to stock option activity and post vesting cancellations, the expected term assumption is based on the simplified method permitted under SEC rules, whereby, the simple average of the vesting period for each tranche of award and its contractual term is aggregated to arrive at a weighted average expected term for the award. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model is based on the implied US Treasury bill yield curve at the date of grant with a remaining term equal to the Company’s expected term assumption. The Company has never declared or paid a dividend on its shares of common stock. Stock-based payments are subject to service based vesting requirements and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Stock Appreciation Right Awards On February 25, 2021, the Compensation Committee granted SARs to certain of the Company’s executive officers and other employees. Each SAR represents a contingent right to receive, upon vesting, payment in cash or the Company’s Common Stock, as determined by the Compensation Committee, in an amount equal to the difference between (a) the fair market value of a Common Share on the date of exercise, over (b) the grant date price. The number of SARs granted to certain named executive officers and certain other employees totaled 1,578,537 (including 26,906 granted on August 5, 2021). The following table summarizes SARs outstanding at December 31, 2022: Number of Units Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Outstanding SARs at December 31, 2021 1,578,537 $ 1.82 9.17 Forfeited (40,761) 1.79 - Outstanding SARs at December 31, 2022 1,537,776 $ 1.82 8.17 Under the authoritative guidance for stock-based compensation, these SARs are considered liability-based awards. The Company recognized a liability, associated with its SARs of approximately $12.6 million as of December 31, 2022, of which approximately $6.3 million is included in accrued liabilities and approximately $6.3 million is included in other non-current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The liability associated with these SAR awards recognized as of December 31, 2021 was approximately $1.2 million, all of which was included in other non-current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021. These SARs were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions on the grant date: the expected volatility was approximately 43.5%, the term was 6.25 years, the dividend rate was 0.0% and the risk-free interest rate was approximately 1.07%, which resulted in a calculated fair value of approximately $0.78 per SAR as of the grant date. The fair value of these liability awards will be remeasured at each reporting period until the date of settlement. At December 31, 2022, these SARs were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions for awards granted on February 25, 2021 and August 5, 2021, respectively: the expected volatility was approximately 46.86% and 47.27%, the term was 0.65 years and 1.10 years, the dividend rate was 0.0% and 0.0%, the risk-free interest rate was approximately 4.70% and 4.65%, and the exercise price was $1.79 and $3.54, which resulted in a calculated fair value of approximately $13.40 and $11.78 per SAR, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2021, these SARs were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions for awards granted on February 25, 2021 and August 5, 2021, respectively: the expected volatility was approximately 25.94% and 25.94%, the term was 6.25 years and 6.25 years, the dividend rate was 0.0% and 0.0%, the risk-free interest rate was approximately 1.33% and 1.33%, and the exercise price was $1.79 and $3.54, which resulted in a calculated fair value of approximately $2.72 and $1.03 per SAR, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. The estimated weighted-average fair value of each SAR as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $13.61 and $2.69, respectively. Increases and decreases in stock-based compensation expense are recognized over the vesting period, or immediately for vested awards. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized compensation expense related to these awards of approximately $11.4 million in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized compensation expense related to these awards of approximately $1.2 million in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to SARs totaled approximately $7.9 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining term of approximately 1.16 years. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the intrinsic value of the SARs was $20.5 million and $2.7 million, respectively. The volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is based on peer group volatility as the Company does not have a sufficient trading history as a stand-alone public company to calculate volatility. |