If GS Holdings does not have taxable income, GreenSky, Inc. generally is not required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for that taxable year because no benefit actually will have been realized. Nevertheless, any tax benefits that do not result in realized benefits in a given tax year likely will generate tax attributes that may be utilized to generate benefits in previous or future tax years and the utilization of such tax attributes will result in payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We expect that the payments that we may make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. There may be a material negative effect on our liquidity if, as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise, (a) the payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement exceed the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement and/or (b) distributions to GreenSky, Inc. by GS Holdings are not sufficient to permit GreenSky, Inc. to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement after it has paid its taxes and other obligations. Further, it is possible that there could be tax legislation in later years that would change the relevant tax law, and therefore alter this analysis in material ways. We are not able to predict with certainty the specific effect of such future tax legislation on these estimates. GreenSky, Inc.’s obligations pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement will rank pari passu with its other general trade credit obligations. The payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are not conditioned upon any recipient’s continued ownership of us or GS Holdings, and the right to receive payments can be assigned.
The effects of the Tax Receivable Agreement on our consolidated balance sheet upon each purchase or exchange of Holdco Units generally are as follows:
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine in accordance with the Tax Receivable Agreement. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are significantly in excess of the benefits that we actually realize in respect of (a) the increases in tax basis resulting from our purchases or exchanges of Holdco Units, (b) any incremental tax basis adjustments attributable to payments made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, (c) any actual or deemed interest deductions arising from our payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and (d) the tax attributes that we receive in connection with the Former Corporate Investors. Decisions made by GreenSky, Inc. in the course of running our business, such as with respect to mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes in control, may influence the timing and amount of payments that we are required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement. For example, the earlier disposition of assets following an exchange or acquisition transaction generally will accelerate payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and increase the present value of such payments, and the disposition of assets before an exchange or acquisition transaction will increase the tax liability without giving rise to any obligations to make
payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Payments generally are due under the Tax Receivable Agreement within a specified period of time following the filing of our tax return for the taxable year with respect to which the payment obligation arises, although interest on such payments will begin to accrue at a rate of plus basis points from the due date (without extensions) of such tax return.
Additionally, the Tax Receivable Agreement will provide that (1) in the event that we materially breach any of our material obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, whether as a result of failure to make any payment, failure to honor any other material obligation required thereunder or by operation of law as a result of the rejection of the agreements in a bankruptcy or otherwise, (2) if, at any time, we elect an early termination of the agreement or (3) upon certain changes of control of the Company our (or our successor’s) obligations under the agreements (with respect to all Holdco Units, whether or not such units have been exchanged or acquired before or after such transaction) would accelerate and become payable in accordance with the Tax Receivable Agreement. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity. There is no assurance that we will be able to fund or finance our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Additionally, the obligation to make a lump-sum payment upon a change of control may deter potential acquirors, which could negatively affect our stockholders’ potential returns. If we were to elect to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement immediately after this offering and the use of proceeds to us therefrom, based on an initial public offering price of $ per share of our Class A common stock, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, we estimate that we would be required to pay approximately $ million in the aggregate under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
Other Related Party Transactions
We lease approximately 71,000 square feet of office space located at 1797 NE Expressway, Atlanta, Georgia from a company owned by David Zalik, our Chief Executive Officer. As of December 31, 2017, the base rental rate is $22.17 per square foot, subject to annual increases of 3% at the beginning of each new lease year. The current lease term is through April 30, 2023. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, our total rent expenses for such lease were approximately $1.5 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Prior to December 31, 2017, we serviced certain loan receivables that Robert Sheft (a director of our Company) and certain of his affiliates had purchased from certain Bank Partners. The underlying loans generally had consumer credit scores and/or other attributes that did not satisfy the long-term investment criteria of our Bank Partners and were approved in error. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we received aggregate amounts of $132,743, $42,892 and $122,982, respectively, in servicing fees for those loan receivables. The foregoing arrangement was terminated as of June 29, 2017, when Mr. Sheft sold those loan receivables to one of our Bank Partners.
In November 2016, we sold approximately $20 million of loan receivables to Mr. Sheft and his affiliate and an affiliate of David Zalik (our Chief Executive Officer), and entered into a related servicing agreement pursuant to which we receive servicing fees as consideration for servicing those loan receivables. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we received aggregate amounts of $26,453 and $4,443, respectively, in servicing fees for those loan receivables. We do not currently anticipate similar transactions in the future.
We have obtained certain website support and marketing services from affiliates of Joel Babbit, a director of our Company. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we paid $0 and $105,700, respectively, to MNN Holdings, LLC, an affiliate of Mr. Babbit, for those services. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we paid $134,445 and $124,390, respectively, to Babbit Bodner Inc., a public relations firm controlled by Mr. Babbit’s daughter, for public relations services.
On January 1, 2014, we awarded QED Fund II, LP, an affiliate of Nigel Morris, a director of our Company, warrants to purchase 130,464 Class A units at an exercise price of $10.81 per unit. Those warrants vest at the rate of 20% per year with a remaining vesting date of January 1, 2019. In
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December 2017, those warrants were capped at $114.18 per unit and Mr. Morris was awarded 130,464 companion profits interests with a threshold value of $114.18. Additionally, on October 29, 2015, we awarded QED Fund II, LP, an affiliate of Mr. Morris, warrants to purchase 10,000 Class A units at an exercise price of $0.01 per unit, which warrants have since been exercised. All of such warrants were awarded in exchange for consulting services. In August 2017, Mr. Morris earned fees of approximately $2.6 million in connection with finalizing our August 2017 term loan transaction. These costs were not directly attributable to the term loan and, therefore, were expensed as incurred, rather than deferred against the term loan balance. Of that amount, $1,509,575 was paid during 2017, and the remaining $1,102,807 was set aside for subsequent payment, to QED Fund II, LP.
In April 2018, we entered into a client services agreement with LF Search, LLC, pursuant to which we receive certain executive search and recruiting services. To date in 2018, we have paid approximately $58,000 to LF Search, LLC for those services. Nigel Morris, a director of our Company, is the managing partner of QED Venture Build Partners, LLC, which manages QED Venture Build Fund I, LP, the majority unit holder of LF Search, LLC.
In September 2016, we extended a new-hire inducement loan to Chris Forshay, an executive officer of our Company, in the principal amount of $125,000. The loan was non-interest bearing and the outstanding balance was scheduled to be forgiven ratably over 30 months, subject to continued employment with our Company. As of December 31, 2017, the loan had an outstanding principal balance of $60,417. The remaining balance of $47,917 was forgiven in April 2018.
In November 2014, we extended a new-hire inducement loan to Robert Partlow, an executive officer of our Company, in the principal amount of $150,000. The loan was non-interest bearing and the outstanding balance was forgiven in four installments over 24 months, subject to continued employment with our Company. The loan was forgiven in full prior to 2017.
In November 2016, we extended a new-hire inducement loan to Steven Fox, an executive officer of our Company, in the principal amount of $150,000. The loan was non-interest bearing and the outstanding balance was scheduled to be forgiven ratably over 6 quarters, subject to continued employment with our Company. The remaining balance of $25,000 was forgiven in April of 2018.
See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of GS Holdings included in this prospectus.
At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to % of the Class A Shares offered by this prospectus for the sale to directors, officers, employees and other individuals associated with us. See “Underwriting” for additional information regarding the directed share program.
Indemnification Agreements
We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements will require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law against liabilities that may arise by reason of their service to us, and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. We also intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our future directors and executive officers.
Policies and Procedures With Respect to Related Party Transactions
Upon the consummation of this offering, we intend to adopt policies and procedures whereby our audit committee will be responsible for reviewing and approving “related party transactions,” which are transactions between us and related persons in which the aggregate amount involved exceeds or may be expected to exceed $120,000 and in which a related person has or will have a direct or indirect material interest. In addition, our code of ethics will require that all of our employees and directors inform our Company of any material transaction or relationship that comes to their attention that could reasonably be expected to create a conflict of interest. Further, at least annually, each director and executive officer will complete a detailed questionnaire that asks questions about any business relationship that may give rise to a conflict of interest and all transactions in which we are involved and in which the executive officer, a director or a related person has a direct or indirect material interest.
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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The table below sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock as of March 31, 2018 after giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions for:
| • | | each beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities; |
| • | | each of our named executive officers; |
| • | | each of our directors; and |
| • | | all of our executive officers and directors as a group. |
The following table does not reflect any shares of our Class A common stock that our directors and officers or 5% holders may purchase in this offering pursuant to our directed share program.
The beneficial ownership information is presented on the following bases:
| • | | after giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions (as described under “Organizational Structure”), but before this offering; |
| • | | after giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions described above, plus (i) the sale of shares of Class A common stock by us in this offering and (ii) the related purchase of Holdco Units from the Exchanging Members, and redemption of shares of our Class A common stock from equity holders of the Former Corporate Investors, with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering; and |
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| • | | after giving effect to the issuance and purchases described above, plus (i) the sale of additional shares of Class A common stock by us in connection with the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares in this offering and (ii) the related purchase of additional Holdco Units (with cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) from the Exchanging Members with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering. |
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Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to such securities or have the right to acquire such voting power or investment power within 60 days. Except as otherwise indicated, all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. Except as otherwise indicated, the address for each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o GreenSky, Inc., 5565 Glenridge Connector, Suite 700, Atlanta, Georgia 30342.
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Name of Beneficial Owner | | Class A common stock(1)(2) | | Class B common stock(1)(2) |
| No. of Shares Before Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power Before Offering | | No. of Shares After Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power After Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power After Offering, Including Full Option Exercise | | No. of Shares Before Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power Before Offering | | No. of Shares After Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power After Offering | | % of Combined Voting Power After Offering, Including Full Option Exercise |
5% Stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
David Zalik(3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Robert Sheft and Jeffrey Gold(4) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pacific Investment Management Company LLC(5) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
TPG Growth II Advisors, Inc.(6) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P.(6) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Named Executive Officers and Directors (other than those already listed above): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Joel Babbit(7) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gerry Benjamin(8) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Tim Kaliban(9) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
John Flynn(10) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gregg Freishtat(11) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nigel Morris(12) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Executive officers and directors as a group (16 persons)(13) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * | | Represents less than 1%. |
| (1) | | Our Class A common stock entitles holders thereof to one vote per share, and our Class B common stock initially entitles holders thereof to ten votes per share, voting together as a single class. See “Description of Capital Stock—Common Stock.” |
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| (2) | | Subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, Holdco Units are exchangeable (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications, or for cash (based on the market price of the shares of Class A common stock), at our option (such determination to be made by the disinterested members of our board of directors). See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Exchange Agreement.” Beneficial ownership of Holdco Units is not reflected in this table; however, information concerning ownership of Holdco Units is included in the footnotes below, where applicable. |
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| (3) | | Following this offering, Mr. Zalik will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by Founders Technology Investors, LLC; and (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by Financial Technology Investors, LLC. Mr. Zalik is the sole manager of each of Founders Technology Investors, LLC and Financial Technology Investors, LLC. |
| (4) | | Following this offering, Mr. Sheft will beneficially own Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by GS Investment Holdings, LLC. Mr. Sheft’s wife and brother are the members of RS Management Advisors, LLC, which is the Trustee of the Robert Sheft 2012 Trust and the Robert Sheft Dynasty Trust. Those trusts together own 99%, and Mr. Sheft owns 1%, of GS Investment Holdings, LLC. As such, Mr. Sheft has shared investment power over these shares. Pursuant to an agreement between RS Management Advisors, LLC and Jeffrey Gold, Mr. Gold has the right to vote these shares but otherwise has no economic interest in these shares. |
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| (5) | | Following this offering, Pacific Investment Management Company LLC will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by TOBI XXXII LLC; (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by TOBI III SPE IX LLC; and (iii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by OC II AIV III LP. The address of the beneficial owner is 650 Newport Center Drive, Newport Beach, CA 92660. |
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| (6) | | Following this offering, TPG Growth II Advisors, Inc. will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P.; and (ii) shares of Class A common stock held by . The general partner of TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P. and the ultimate owner of is TPG Growth II Advisors, Inc. David Bonderman and James G. Coulter are sole shareholders of TPG Growth II Advisors, Inc. and therefore may be deemed to beneficially own the securities held by TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P. and . Messrs. Bonderman and Coulter disclaim beneficial ownership of the securities held by TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P. and except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein. The address of the beneficial owner is c/o TPG Global, LLC, 301 Commerce Street, Suite 3300, Fort Worth, Texas 76102. |
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| (7) | | Following this offering, Mr. Babbit will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock; and (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Babbit with an exercise price of $ per unit. |
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| (8) | | Following this offering, Mr. Benjamin will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock; and (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options with an exercise price of $ per unit. |
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| (9) | | Following this offering, Mr. Kaliban will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock; (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by Kaliban 2014, LLC; and (iii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Kaliban with an exercise price of $ per unit. Mr. Kaliban is the sole manager of Kaliban 2014, LLC. |
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| (10) | | John Flynn is a Principal at TPG Capital and has no voting or investment power over, and disclaims beneficial ownership of, the securities held by TPG Georgia Holdings, L.P. The address of Mr. Flynn is c/o TPG Global, LLC, 301 Commerce Street, Suite 3300, Fort Worth, Texas 76102. |
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| (11) | | Following this offering, Mr. Freishtat will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock; and (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options with an exercise price of $ per unit. |
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| (12) | | Following this offering, Mr. Morris will beneficially own (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock held by QED Fund II, LP; (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants held by QED Fund II, LP with an exercise price of $ per unit; and (iii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants held by QED Fund II, LP with an exercise price of $ per unit. QED Fund II, LP is managed by QED Partners II, LLC, of which Mr. Morris is the managing partner. |
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| (13) | | Includes (i) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock; (ii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options; and (iii) Holdco Units and shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants. |
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a description of certain material terms of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will be in effect upon consummation of this offering. This description is only a summary and does not contain all the information that may be important to you. For a complete description, you should refer to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. As used in this “Description of Capital Stock,” the terms “GreenSky, Inc.,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to GreenSky, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and do not, unless otherwise specified, include the subsidiaries of this Delaware corporation.
Authorized Capitalization
Upon consummation of this offering and after giving effect to the use of proceeds to us therefrom, our authorized capital stock will consist of shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of which shares will be issued and outstanding, shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of which shares will be issued and outstanding, and shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, none of which will be issued and outstanding.
Unless our board of directors determines otherwise, we will issue all shares of our capital stock in uncertificated form.
Common Stock
We have two classes of common stock: Class A, which has one vote per share, and Class B, which initially has ten votes per share. The Class A common stock and Class B common stock will generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, except as otherwise required by applicable law. The holders of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to vote separately as different classes upon any amendment to our certificate of incorporation that would increase or decrease the par value of the shares of such class or alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of such class so as to affect them adversely.
Class A Common Stock
Voting Rights
Holders of shares of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. The holders of Class A common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.
Dividend Rights
Subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be outstanding and any contractual or statutory restrictions, holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to receive equally and ratably, share for share, dividends as may be declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available to pay dividends. Dividends upon our Class A common stock may be declared by our board of directors at any regular or special meeting, and may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of capital stock. Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any of our funds available for dividends, such sums as the board of directors deems proper as reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any of our property, or for any proper purpose, and the board of directors may modify or abolish any such reserve.
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Liquidation Rights
Upon liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or other winding up, the holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive ratably the assets available for distribution to the stockholders after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding shares of preferred stock.
Other Matters
The shares of Class A common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessment by us. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A common stock. All outstanding shares of our Class A common stock, including the Class A common stock offered in this offering, are fully paid and non-assessable.
Class B Common Stock
Voting Rights
Holders of shares of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Holders of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law. The holders of Class B common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.
Our certificate of incorporation will provide that once the collective holdings of the Continuing LLC Members in the aggregate is less than 15% of the combined economic interest in us, each share of Class B common stock will entitle its holder to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by stockholders.
No Dividend or Liquidation Rights
Holders of our Class B common stock do not have any right to receive dividends or to receive a distribution upon a liquidation or winding up of GreenSky, Inc.
Exchange for Class A Common Stock
Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the Continuing LLC Members, and any other Exchange Agreement parties, may from time to time (subject to the conditions therein), exchange Holdco Units (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications, or for cash (based on the market price of the shares of Class A common stock), at our option (such determination to be made by the disinterested members of our board of directors). Any shares of Class B common stock corresponding to Holdco Units that are exchanged will be cancelled. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Exchange Agreement.”
Other Matters
The shares of Class B common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessment by us. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class B common stock. All outstanding shares of our Class B common stock are fully paid and non-assessable.
Following the Reorganization Transactions, Holdco Units (and shares of Class B common stock) will be subject to the same vesting and/or forfeiture conditions as the previously held securities in GS Holdings, as applicable. For example, Holdco Units (and shares of Class B common stock) issued in the Reorganization Transactions to an Original Profits Interests Holder who is an executive officer would be forfeited if such individual is no longer employed by our Company.
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Preferred Stock
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to establish one or more series of preferred stock and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred stock, the terms and rights of that series, including:
| • | | the designation of the series; |
| • | | the number of shares of the series which our board of directors may, except where otherwise provided in the preferred stock designation, increase or decrease, but not below the number of shares then outstanding; |
| • | | whether dividends, if any, will be cumulative or non-cumulative and the dividend rate of the series; |
| • | | the dates at which dividends, if any, will be payable; |
| • | | the redemption rights and price or prices, if any, for shares of the series; |
| • | | the terms and amounts of any sinking fund provided for the purchase or redemption of shares of the series; |
| • | | the amounts payable on shares of the series in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of our Company, or upon any distribution of assets of our Company; |
| • | | whether the shares of the series will be convertible into shares of any other class or series, or any other security, of our Company or any other corporation and, if so, the specification of the other class or series or other security, the conversion price or prices or rate or rates, any rate adjustments, the date or dates as of which the shares will be convertible and all other terms and conditions upon which the conversion may be made; |
| • | | the preferences and special rights, if any, of the series and the qualifications and restrictions, if any, of the series; |
| • | | the voting rights, if any, of the holders of the series; and |
| • | | such other rights, powers and preferences with respect to the series as our board of directors may deem advisable. |
Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock
Delaware law does not require stockholder approval for any issuance of authorized shares. However, the listing requirements of the , which would apply if and for so long as our Class A common stock is listed on the , require stockholder approval of certain issuances. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings, to raise additional capital or to facilitate acquisitions. One of the effects of the existence of unissued and unreserved Class A common stock may be to enable our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, which issuance could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of our Company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and thereby protect the continuity of our management and possibly deprive the stockholders of opportunities to sell their shares of Class A common stock at prices higher than prevailing market prices.
Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Delaware Law and Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, which are summarized in the following paragraphs, may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by stockholders.
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Undesignated Preferred Stock
The ability to authorize undesignated preferred stock will make it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with super voting, special approval, dividend or other rights or preferences on a discriminatory basis that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us or otherwise effect a change in control of us. These and other provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers, or changes in control or management of our Company.
No Cumulative Voting
The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless our certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting.
Stockholder Action by Written Consent and Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders
Our certificate of incorporation will provide that stockholder action can be taken only at an annual or special meeting of stockholders and cannot be taken by written consent in lieu of a meeting. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will also provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders can be called only by the Chairman of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer or pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of directors that we would have if there were no vacancies. Except as described above, stockholders will not be permitted to call a special meeting or to require the board of directors to call a special meeting.
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations
Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors. In order for any matter to be “properly brought” before a meeting, a stockholder will have to comply with advance notice requirements and provide us with certain information. Our bylaws allow the presiding officer at a meeting of the stockholders to adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of meetings which may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the rules and regulations are not followed.
These provisions may defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our Company.
Classified Board of Directors
Our certificate of incorporation will provide that our board of directors will be divided into three classes of directors, with the classes as nearly equal in number as possible. As a result, approximately one-third of our board of directors will be elected each year. The classification of directors will have the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors.
Removal of Directors; Vacancies
Our certificate of incorporation will provide that directors may be removed from office only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of at least 662/3% of the voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock entitled to vote in the election of directors. In addition, any newly-created directorship on the board of directors that results from an increase in the number of directors and any vacancy occurring on the board of directors shall be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director.
Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
The DGCL provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote on amendments to a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws is required to approve such amendment, unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the
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case may be, requires a greater percentage. Our bylaws may be amended, altered, changed or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors. In addition to any other vote otherwise required by law, any amendment, alteration, change, or repeal of our bylaws by our stockholders will require the affirmative vote of at least 662/3% of the voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock, voting as a single class. Additionally, the affirmative vote of at least 662/3% of the voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock, voting as a single class, will be required to amend or repeal certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation or to adopt any provision inconsistent with specified provisions of our certificate of incorporation. This requirement of a supermajority vote to approve amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could enable a minority of our stockholders to exercise veto power over any such amendments.
Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute
Section 203 of the DGCL provides that if a person acquires 15% or more of the voting stock of a Delaware corporation, such person becomes an “interested stockholder” and may not engage in certain “business combinations” with the corporation for a period of three years from the time such person acquired 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock, unless (1) the board of directors approves the acquisition of stock or the merger transaction before the time that the person becomes an interested stockholder, (2) the interested stockholder owns at least 85% of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at the time the merger transaction commences (excluding voting stock owned by directors who are also officers and certain employee stock plans), or (3) the merger transaction is approved by the board of directors and by the affirmative vote at a meeting, not by written consent, of stockholders of two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder. A Delaware corporation may elect in its certificate of incorporation or bylaws not to be governed by this particular Delaware law.
Under our certificate of incorporation, we will opt into Section 203 of the DGCL, and will therefore be subject to Section 203. Under certain circumstances, this provision will make it more difficult for a person who would be an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with a corporation for a three-year period. This provision may encourage companies interested in acquiring our Company to negotiate in advance with our board of directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. These provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in our board of directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Our board of directors also will approve the acquisition, whether as part of the Reorganization Transactions or pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, of Class A common stock and Class B common stock by the Original GS Equity Owners and their affiliates.
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide indemnification for our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. In addition, as permitted by Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation includes provisions that eliminate the personal liability of our directors for monetary damages resulting from breaches of certain fiduciary duties as a director. The effect of this provision is to restrict our rights and the rights of stockholders in derivative suits to recover monetary damages against a director for breach of fiduciary duties as a director, except:
| • | | for breach of duty of loyalty; |
| • | | for acts or omissions not in good faith or involving intentional misconduct or knowing violation of law; |
| • | | under Section 174 of the DGCL (unlawful dividends); or |
| • | | for transactions from which the director derived improper personal benefit. |
We are also expressly authorized to, and do, carry directors’ and officers’ insurance providing coverage for our directors, officers and certain employees for some liabilities. We believe that these
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indemnification provisions and insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers.
The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.
We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers providing for additional indemnification protection beyond that provided by the directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy. In the indemnification agreements, we will agree, subject to certain exceptions, to indemnify and hold harmless the director or officer to the maximum extent then authorized or permitted by the provisions of our certificate of incorporation, the DGCL, or by any amendment(s) thereto.
There is currently no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers or employees for which indemnification is sought.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Choice of Forum
Our certificate of incorporation will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim against the company or any director or officer of our Company arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim against our Company or any director or officer of our Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law for the specified types of actions and proceedings, the provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against us or our directors and officers. The exclusive forum provision does not apply to any actions under United States federal securities laws.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our Class A common stock will be Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. The transfer agent’s address is 1 State Street, 30th Floor, New York, New York 10004-1561.
Listing
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A common stock. We intend to apply to list our Class A common stock on the under the symbol “GSKY.”
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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A common stock. No prediction is made as to the effect, if any, future sales of shares, or the availability for future sales of shares, will have on the market price of our Class A common stock prevailing from time to time. The sale of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock.
Upon consummation of this offering and after giving effect to the use of proceeds to us therefrom, we will have outstanding shares of Class A common stock (or shares of Class A common stock if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full) and shares of Class B common stock. The shares of Class A common stock sold in this offering (other than any shares sold pursuant to our directed share program that are subject to “lock-up” restrictions as described under “Underwriting”) will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except for any Class A common stock held by our “affiliates,” as defined in Rule 144, which would be subject to the limitations and restrictions described below.
In addition, pursuant to certain provisions of the Exchange Agreement, the Continuing LLC Members, and any other Exchange Agreement parties, can from time to time, exchange their Holdco Units (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications, or for cash (based upon the market price of the shares of Class A common stock), at our option (such determination to be made by the disinterested members of our board of directors). Upon consummation of this offering and after giving effect to the use of proceeds to us therefrom, the Continuing LLC Members will hold Holdco Units (or Holdco Units if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full), all of which will be exchangeable (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock or cash (based on the market price of the shares of Class A common stock), at our option (such determination to be made by the disinterested members of our board of directors). Any shares of Class A common stock we issue upon such exchanges would be “restricted securities,” as defined in Rule 144, unless we register such issuances.
Registration Statement on Form S-8
In addition, shares of our Class A common stock may be granted under our 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (including any LTIP Units, which may be granted thereunder), which amount may be subject to annual adjustment. See “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit Plans—2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan.” We intend to file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register (i) Class A common stock issued or reserved for issuance under our 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan and (ii) shares of Class A common stock that may be issued upon exchange of Holdco Units (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock), which may be issued upon exercise of options. Any such Form S-8 registration statement will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statement will be available for sale in the open market, subject to any vesting restrictions or the lock-up restrictions and Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates described below.
Registration Rights
Effective upon consummation of this offering, we will enter into a registration rights agreement whereby, following the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period related to this offering, we may be required to register under the Securities Act the sale of shares of our Class A common stock (i) issuable to certain of the Continuing LLC Members upon exchange of their Holdco Units (with automatic cancellation of an equal number of shares of Class B common stock) and (ii) issued to equity holders of the Former Corporate Investors in connection with the Reorganization
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Transactions. Securities registered under any registration statement will be available for sale in the open market unless restrictions apply. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Registration Rights Agreement.”
Lock-Up of Our Class A Common Stock
We, all of our directors and officers, and substantially all of our equity holders, have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Class A common stock (including any shares acquired pursuant to our directed share program) or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock; (ii) file any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any shares of Class A common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Class A common stock; or (iii) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Class A common stock, whether owned directly by such member (including holding as a custodian) or with respect to which such member has beneficial ownership within the rules and regulations of the SEC, during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. Currently, the underwriters have no current intention to release the aforementioned holders of our Class A common stock from the lock-up restrictions described above.
Our lock-up agreement will provide for certain exceptions. See “Underwriting.”
Rule 144
The shares of Class A common stock to be issued upon exchange of the Holdco Units and other shares of Class A common stock not sold in this offering will be, when issued, “restricted” securities under the meaning of Rule 144, and may not be sold in the absence of registration under the Securities Act unless an exemption from registration is available, including the exemption provided by Rule 144.
In general, under Rule 144, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who is not deemed to have been an “affiliate” of ours at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has held restricted securities (within the meaning of Rule 144) for at least six months (including any period of consecutive ownership of preceding non-affiliated holders) would be entitled to sell those securities, subject only to the availability of current public information about us. As defined in Rule 144, an “affiliate” of an issuer is a person that directly, or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is under common control with the issuer. A non-affiliated person who has held restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 for at least one year would be entitled to sell those securities without regard to the provisions of Rule 144.
A person (or persons whose securities are aggregated) who is deemed to be an affiliate of ours and who has held restricted securities (within the meaning of Rule 144) for at least six months would be entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of one percent of the then outstanding shares of securities of such class or the average weekly trading volume of securities of such class during the four calendar weeks preceding such sale. Such sales are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us (which requires that we are current in our periodic reports under the Exchange Act).
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UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS
The following is a summary of United States federal income tax consequences to non-U.S. holders, as defined below, of the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of our Class A common stock. This summary applies only to non-U.S. holders of shares of our Class A common stock that purchase the shares in this offering and will hold such shares as capital assets (generally, property held for investment) within the meaning of section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code.
For purposes of this discussion, a “non-U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of shares of our Class A common stock that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is not a partnership and is not any of the following:
| • | | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | | a corporation (or any other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| • | | an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| • | | a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person for United States federal income tax purposes. |
This summary is based upon provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code, rulings and other administrative pronouncements, and judicial decisions, all as in effect on the date hereof. These authorities are subject to different interpretations and may be changed, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in United States federal income tax consequences different from those summarized below. No assurance is given that a change in law, possibly with retroactive application, will not significantly alter the tax considerations described in this summary.
This summary does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation and does not address non-U.S., state, local, alternative minimum, gift and estate, or other tax considerations, including the Medicare tax on certain investment income, that may be relevant to non-U.S. holders in light of their particular circumstances. In addition, this summary does not describe the United States federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under United States federal income tax laws, including, but not limited to:
| • | | former citizens or residents of the United States; |
| • | | financial institutions; |
| • | | insurance companies; |
| • | | an entity treated as a partnership or other pass-through entity for United States federal income tax purposes (or a partner in a partnership or a beneficial owner of a pass-through entity that holds our Class A common stock); |
| • | | a person who acquired shares of our Class A common stock as compensation or otherwise in connection with the performance of services; |
| • | | brokers, dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies; |
| • | | traders that elect to mark—to—market their securities; |
| • | | persons who hold our Class A common stock as a position in a “straddle,” “hedge”, “conversion transaction” or other risk reduction transaction; |
| • | | regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts; |
| • | | controlled foreign corporations or passive foreign investment companies; and |
| • | | tax-exempt organizations. |
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We have not sought and do not plan to seek any rulings from the IRS regarding the statements made and the conclusions reached in this summary. There is no assurance that the IRS or a court will not successfully assert positions concerning the tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of shares of our Class A common stock that differ from those discussed in this summary.
This summary is for general information only and is not intended to constitute a complete description of all United States federal income tax consequences for non-U.S. holders relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of our Class A common stock. If you are considering the purchase of shares of our Class A common stock, you should consult your tax advisors concerning the particular United States federal income tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of our Class A common stock, as well as the consequences to you arising under U.S. tax laws other than the federal income tax law discussed in this summary or under the laws of any other applicable taxing jurisdiction in light of your particular circumstances.
Dividends
As discussed under the section entitled “Dividend Policy” above, we do not currently anticipate paying cash dividends. In the event that we do make distributions of cash or property (other than certain stock distributions) with respect to our Class A common stock (or that we engage in certain redemptions that are treated as distributions with respect to Class A common stock), any such distributions generally will constitute dividends for United States federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. To the extent any such distributions exceed both our current and our accumulated earnings and profits, such excess amount will be allocated ratably among each share of common stock with respect to which the distribution is paid and will first be treated as a tax-free return of capital reducing your adjusted tax basis in our Class A common stock, but not below zero, and thereafter will be treated as gain from the sale or other taxable disposition of such stock, the treatment of which is discussed under “—Gain on Disposition of Shares of Class A Common Stock.” Your adjusted tax basis in a share of our Class A common stock generally is equal to your purchase price for such share, reduced by the amount of any such prior tax-free returns of capital (but not below zero).
Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to a U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. A non-U.S. holder of shares of our Class A common stock who wishes to claim the benefit of an applicable treaty rate and avoid backup withholding, as discussed below, for dividends generally will be required (a) to properly complete IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or other applicable form) and certify under penalty of perjury that such holder is not a U.S. person as defined under the Internal Revenue Code and is eligible for treaty benefits, or (b) if such holder’s shares of our Class A common stock are held through certain foreign intermediaries or foreign partnerships, satisfy the relevant certification requirements of applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. This certification must be provided to us or our paying agent prior to the payment to a non-U.S. holder of any dividends and must be updated periodically, including upon a change in circumstances that makes any information on such certificate incorrect.
Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder that are effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States by such non-U.S. holder (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment) generally will not be subject to the aforementioned withholding tax, provided certain certification and disclosure requirements are satisfied (including providing a properly completed IRS Form W-8ECI or other applicable IRS Form W-8). Instead, such dividends generally will be subject to United States federal income tax on a net income basis at applicable graduated individual or corporate rates in generally the same manner as if the non-U.S. holder were a U.S. person as defined under the Internal Revenue Code, unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise. A non-U.S. holder that is treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes may be subject to an additional
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���branch profits tax” at a 30% rate (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on earnings and profits attributable to dividends that are effectively connected with its conduct of a U.S. trade or business (and, if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to its U.S. permanent establishment), subject to adjustments.
A non-U.S. holder of shares of our Class A common stock eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax pursuant to an income tax treaty may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.
A non-U.S. holder (including for this purpose, a partnership) that is not an individual may be subject to a 30% withholding under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (the “FATCA”) even if it is eligible to claim the benefits of a tax treaty if certain information reporting rules are not complied with, as discussed below under “—Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act.”
Gain on Disposition of Shares of Class A Common Stock
Subject to the discussion below of backup withholding tax and FATCA, any gain realized by a non-U.S. holder on the sale or other disposition of shares of our Class A common stock generally will not be subject to United States federal income tax unless:
| • | | the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business of the non-U.S. holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment); |
| • | | the non-U.S. holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of such sale or other disposition, and certain other conditions are met; or |
| • | | we are or have been a U.S. real property holding corporation for United States federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the disposition or the period that the non-U.S. holder held shares of our common stock, and certain other conditions are met. |
In the case of a non-U.S. holder described in the first bullet point above, any net gain derived from the disposition generally will be subject to United States federal income tax under graduated United States federal income tax rates on a net income basis in generally the same manner as if the non-U.S. holder were a U.S. person as defined under the Internal Revenue Code, unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise. Additionally, a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may be subject to a branch profits tax equal to 30% of its effectively connected earnings and profits attributable to such gain (or, if an income tax treaty applies, at such lower rate as may be specified by the treaty on its gains attributable to its U.S. permanent establishment), subject to adjustments. Except as otherwise provided by an applicable income tax treaty, an individual non-U.S. holder described in the second bullet point above will be subject to a 30% tax on any gain derived from the disposition, which may be offset by certain U.S. source capital losses, provided that the non-U.S. holder has timely filed United States federal income tax returns with respect to such losses, even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States under the Internal Revenue Code. With respect to the third bullet point above, we believe we are not and, although no assurance is given, do not anticipate becoming a U.S. real property holding corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. If we are, or become, a U.S. real property holding corporation, then, as long as our Class A common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market, a non-U.S. holder will generally not be subject to United States federal income tax on the disposition of our common stock so long as the non-U.S. holder has not held more than 5% (actually or constructively) of our total outstanding common stock at any time during the shorter of the five-year period preceding the date of such disposition or such non-U.S. holder’s holding period. You should consult your own tax advisor about the consequences that could result if we are, or become, a U.S. real property holding corporation.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Any dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder must be reported annually to the IRS and to the non-U.S. holder. Copies of these information returns may be made available to the tax authorities in the
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country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established. Payments of dividends to a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to backup withholding if the non-U.S. holder establishes an exemption by properly certifying its non-U.S. status on an IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable or successor form).
Payments of the proceeds from a sale or other disposition by a non-U.S. holder of our Class A common stock effected by or through a U.S. office of a broker generally will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding (at the applicable rate) unless the non-U.S. holder establishes an exemption by properly certifying its non-U.S. status on an IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable or successor form) and certain other conditions are met. Information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to any payment of the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our Class A common stock effected outside the United States by a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, unless such broker has documentary evidence in its records that the non-U.S. holder is not a United States person and certain other conditions are met, or the non-U.S. holder otherwise establishes an exemption, information reporting will apply to a payment of the proceeds of the disposition of our Class A common stock effected outside the United States by such a broker if it has certain relationships within the United States.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the United States income tax liability (if any) of persons subject to backup withholding will be reduced by the amount of tax withheld. If backup withholding results in an overpayment of taxes, a refund may be obtained, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Legislation and administrative guidance, commonly known as “FATCA,” generally imposes a withholding tax of 30% on any dividends on our Class A common stock paid to certain “foreign financial institutions,” as specifically defined under such rules (and including where such entity is acting as an intermediary), and generally including a non-U.S. investment vehicle, unless such institution enters into an agreement with the United States government to, among other things, collect and provide to the United States tax authorities substantial information regarding U.S. account holders of such institution (which includes certain equity and debt holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders that are foreign entities with U.S. owners) or another exception applies. Absent any applicable exception, FATCA generally will also impose a withholding tax of 30% on any dividends on our Class A common stock paid to a foreign entity that is not a foreign financial institution unless such entity provides the withholding agent with either a certification that such entity does not have any substantial U.S. owners or a certification identifying the substantial U.S. owners of the entity, which generally includes any U.S. person who directly or indirectly owns more than 10% of the entity, and meets certain other specified requirements. Finally, beginning on January 1, 2019, withholding of 30% generally will also apply to the gross proceeds of a disposition of our Class A common stock paid to a foreign financial institution or to a non-financial foreign entity unless the reporting and certification requirements described above have been met or another exception applies. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements. Under certain circumstances, a non-U.S. holder of our Class A common stock may be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes, and a non-U.S. holder might be required to file a United States federal income tax return to claim such refunds or credits. Investors are encouraged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of FATCA on their investment in our Class A common stock.
THE SUMMARY OF UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS ABOVE IS INCLUDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY. POTENTIAL PURCHASERS OF OUR CLASS A COMMON STOCK ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS TO DETERMINE THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX AND TAX TREATY CONSIDERATIONS OF PURCHASING, OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR CLASS A COMMON STOCK.
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UNDERWRITING
We and the underwriters named below have entered into an underwriting agreement with respect to the shares being offered. Subject to certain conditions, each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase the number of shares indicated in the following table. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC are the representatives of the underwriters.
| | |
Underwriters | | Number of shares |
Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC | | | | | |
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC | | | | | |
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC | | |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. | | |
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC | | |
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated | | |
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. | | |
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. | | |
Sandler O’Neill & Partners, L.P. | | |
Fifth Third Securities, Inc. | | |
Guggenheim Securities, LLC | | |
Total | | | | | |
| | |
The underwriters are committed to take and pay for all of the shares being offered, if any are taken, other than the shares covered by the option described below unless and until this option is exercised.
The underwriters have an option to buy up to an additional shares from us to cover sales by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than the total number set forth in the table above. They may exercise that option for 30 days following the date of the underwriting agreement. If any shares are purchased pursuant to this option, the underwriters will severally purchase shares in approximately the same proportion as set forth in the table above.
At our request, the underwriters have reserved for sale, at the initial public offering price, up to % of the shares offered by this prospectus for sale to the directors, officers, certain employees and other individuals associated with us through a directed share program. If these persons purchase reserved shares, this will reduce the number of shares available for sale to the general public. Any reserved shares that are not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same terms as the other shares offered by this prospectus.
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid to the underwriters by us. Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.
Paid by the Company
| | | | |
| | No Exercise | | Full Exercise |
Per Share | | | $ | | | | | | $ | | | |
Total | | | $ | | | | $ | |
Shares sold by the underwriters to the public will initially be offered at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. Any shares sold by the underwriters to securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up to $ per share from the initial public offering price. After the initial offering of the shares, the representatives may change the offering price and the other selling terms. The offering of the shares by the underwriters is subject to receipt and acceptance of the shares and subject to the underwriters’ right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject any order in whole or in part.
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We estimate that our share of the total expenses of the offering, excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $ . We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for the fees and expenses of their legal counsel in an amount not to exceed $ related to the clearance of this offering with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
We have agreed to indemnify the several underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
Prior to the offering, there has been no public market for the Class A common stock. The initial public offering price has been negotiated by us and the representatives. Among the factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price of the Class A common stock, in addition to prevailing market conditions, will be our historical performance, estimates of our business potential and earnings prospects, an assessment of our management, and the consideration of the above factors in relation to market valuation of companies in related businesses.
The underwriters have informed us that they do not intend sales to discretionary accounts to exceed 5% of the total number of shares of common stock offered by them.
We intend to apply to list our Class A common stock on the under the trading symbol “GSKY.”
We, each of our officers and directors and substantially all of our equity holders have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Class A common stock during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. This agreement does not apply to any existing employee benefit plans. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for a discussion of certain transfer restrictions.
In connection with the offering, the underwriters may purchase and sell shares of Class A common stock in the open market. These transactions may include short sales, stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than they are required to purchase in the offering, and a short position represents the amount of such sales that have not been covered by subsequent purchases. A “covered short position” is a short position that is not greater than the amount of additional shares for which the underwriters’ option described above may be exercised. The underwriters may cover any covered short position by either exercising their option to purchase additional shares or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to cover the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase additional shares pursuant to the option described above. “Naked” short sales are any short sales that create a short position greater than the amount of additional shares for which the option described above may be exercised. The underwriters must cover any such naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of various bids for or purchases of common stock made by the underwriters in the open market prior to the completion of the offering.
The underwriters may also impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of the underwriting discount received by it because the representatives have repurchased shares sold by or for the account of such underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.
Purchases to cover a short position and stabilizing transactions, as well as other purchases by the underwriters for their own accounts, may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Company’s stock, and, together with the imposition of the penalty bid, may stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the common stock. As a result, the price of the common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market.
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The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time. These transactions may be effected on the , in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
We may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. In connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by our Company or borrowed from our Company or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of stock, and may use securities received from our Company in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of stock. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter or will be identified in a post-effective amendment.
The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include sales and trading, commercial and investment banking, advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, market making, brokerage and other financial and non-financial activities and services. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, a variety of these services to the issuer and to persons and entities with relationships with the issuer, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses. Certain of the underwriters or their respective affiliates are lenders under our term loan and revolving loan facility. Additionally, affiliates of Fifth Third Securities, Inc. and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. are our Bank Partners and originate the loans made under the GreenSky program.
In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates, officers, directors and employees may purchase, sell or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps and other financial instruments for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and trading activities may involve or relate to assets, securities and/or instruments of the issuer (directly, as collateral securing other obligations or otherwise) and/or persons and entities with relationships with the issuer. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such assets, securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they should acquire, long and/or short positions in such assets, securities and instruments.
We have retained FTP Securities LLC (“FT Partners”), a FINRA member, to provide certain financial advisory services in connection with this offering. FT Partners is not engaged in, nor affiliated with any entity that is engaged in, the solicitation or distribution of the offering and is an independent financial advisor for purposes of FINRA Rule 5110.
European Economic Area
In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of our shares of Class A common stock may not be made in that Relevant Member State, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of our Class A common stock may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive:
| • | | To any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive; |
| • | | To fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives of the underwriters for any such offer; or |
| • | | In any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive; |
provided that no such offer of shares of our Class A common stock shall result in a requirement for the publication of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.
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For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to our Class A common stock in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and our common shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase shares of our Class A common stock, as the same may be varied in that Relevant Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Relevant Member State, the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (as amended, including by Directive 2010/73/EU7) and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State.
This European Economic Area selling restriction is in addition to any other selling restrictions set out below.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, this prospectus is only addressed to and directed as qualified investors who are (i) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the Order); or (ii) high net worth entities and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). Any investment or investment activity to which this prospectus relates is available only to relevant persons and will only be engaged with relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or relay on this prospectus or any of its contents.
Canada
The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions, and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption form, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.
Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this offering memorandum (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.
Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.
Switzerland
The shares may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (“SIX”) or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document does not constitute a prospectus within the meaning of, and has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, the Company, the shares have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of shares will not be supervised by,
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the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA (FINMA), and the offer of shares has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes (“CISA”). The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of shares.
Dubai International Financial Centre (“DIFC”)
This document relates to an Exempt Offer in accordance with the Markets Rules 2012 of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (“DFSA”). This document is intended for distribution only to persons of a type specified in the Markets Rules 2012 of the DFSA. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. The DFSA has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The DFSA has not approved this prospectus supplement nor taken steps to verify the information set forth herein and has no responsibility for this document. The securities to which this document relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered should conduct their own due diligence on the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this document you should consult an authorized financial advisor.
In relation to its use in the DIFC, this document is strictly private and confidential and is being distributed to a limited number of investors and must not be provided to any person other than the original recipient, and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose. The interests in the securities may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the DIFC.
United Arab Emirates
The shares have not been, and are not being, publicly offered, sold, promoted or advertised in the United Arab Emirates (including the Dubai International Financial Centre) other than in compliance with the laws of the United Arab Emirates (and the Dubai International Financial Centre) governing the issue, offering and sale of securities. Further, this prospectus does not constitute a public offer of securities in the United Arab Emirates (including the Dubai International Financial Centre) and is not intended to be a public offer. This prospectus has not been approved by or filed with the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Securities and Commodities Authority or the Dubai Financial Services Authority.
Australia
This document:
|
| • | | does not constitute a product disclosure document or a prospectus under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (the “Corporations Act”); |
| • | | has not been, and will not be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”), as a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act; |
| • | | does not constitute or involve a recommendation to acquire, an offer or invitation for issue or sale, an offer or invitation to arrange the issue or sale, or an issue or sale, of interests to a “retail client” (as defined in section 761G of the Corporations Act and applicable regulations) in Australia; and |
| • | | may only be provided in Australia to select investors who are able to demonstrate that they fall within one or more of the categories of investors, or Exempt Investors, available under section 708 of the Corporations Act. |
The shares may not be directly or indirectly offered for subscription or purchased or sold, and no invitations to subscribe for or buy the shares may be issued, and no draft or definitive offering memorandum, advertisement or other offering material relating to any shares may be distributed in Australia, except where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D of the Corporations
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Act or is otherwise in compliance with all applicable Australian laws and regulations. By submitting an application for the shares, you represent and warrant to us that you are an Exempt Investor.
As any offer of shares under this document will be made without disclosure in Australia under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act, the offer of those securities for resale in Australia within 12 months may, under section 707 of the Corporations Act, require disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D.2 if none of the exemptions in section 708 applies to that resale. By applying for the shares you undertake to us that you will not, for a period of 12 months from the date of issue of the shares, offer, transfer, assign or otherwise alienate those securities to investors in Australia except in circumstances where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act or where a compliant disclosure document is prepared and lodged with ASIC.
Hong Kong
The shares may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (“Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance”) or which do not constitute an invitation to the public within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (“Securities and Futures Ordinance”), or (ii) to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance, and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” in Hong Kong as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made thereunder.
Singapore
This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor (as defined under Section 4A of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the “SFA”)) under Section 274 of the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person (as defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA) pursuant to Section 275(1) of the SFA, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA, in each case subject to conditions set forth in the SFA.
Where the shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor, the securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation shall not be transferable for 6 months after that corporation has acquired the shares under Section 275 of the SFA except: (1) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the SFA or to a relevant person (as defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA), (2) where such transfer arises from an offer in that corporation’s securities pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA, (3) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer, (4) where the transfer is by operation of law, (5) as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA, or (6) as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore (“Regulation 32”).
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Where the shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an accredited investor, the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferable for 6 months after that trust has acquired the shares under Section 275 of the SFA except: (1) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the SFA or to a relevant person (as defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA), (2) where such transfer arises from an offer that is made on terms that such rights or interest are acquired at a consideration of not less than S$200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction (whether such amount is to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets), (3) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer, (4) where the transfer is by operation of law, (5) as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA, or (6) as specified in Regulation 32.
Japan
The securities have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act of Japan (Act No. 25 of 1948, as amended), or the FIEA. The securities may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of any resident of Japan (including any person resident in Japan or any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan) or to others for reoffering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of any resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the FIEA and otherwise in compliance with any relevant laws and regulations of Japan.
Bermuda
Shares may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Business Act of 2003 of Bermuda which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. Additionally, non-Bermudian persons (including companies) may not carry on or engage in any trade or business in Bermuda unless such persons are permitted to do so under applicable Bermuda legislation.
Saudi Arabia
This document may not be distributed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except to such persons as are permitted under the Offers of Securities Regulations as issued by the board of the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority (“CMA”) pursuant to resolution number 2-11-2004 dated 4 October 2004 as amended by resolution number 1-28-2008, as amended (the “CMA Regulations”). The CMA does not make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of this document and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss arising from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of this document. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered hereby should conduct their own due diligence on the accuracy of the information relating to the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this document, you should consult an authorised financial adviser.
British Virgin Islands
The shares are not being, and may not be offered to the public or to any person in the British Virgin Islands for purchase or subscription by or on behalf of us. The shares may be offered to companies incorporated under the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (British Virgin Islands), “BVI Companies”), but only where the offer will be made to, and received by, the relevant BVI Company entirely outside of the British Virgin Islands.
This prospectus has not been, and will not be, registered with the Financial Services Commission of the British Virgin Islands. No registered prospectus has been or will be prepared in respect of the shares for the purposes of the Securities and Investment Business Act, 2010 (“SIBA”) or the Public Issuers Code of the British Virgin Islands.
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China
This document does not constitute a public offer of shares, whether by sale or subscription, in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”). The shares are not being offered or sold directly or indirectly in the PRC to or for the benefit of, legal or natural persons of the PRC.
Further, no legal or natural persons of the PRC may directly or indirectly purchase any of the shares or any beneficial interest therein without obtaining all prior PRC’s governmental approvals that are required, whether statutorily or otherwise. Persons who come into possession of this document are required by the issuer and its representatives to observe these restrictions.
Korea
The shares have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Investments Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder (the “FSCMA”), and the shares have been and will be offered in Korea as a private placement under the FSCMA. None of the shares may be offered, sold or delivered directly or indirectly, or offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea except pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea, including the FSCMA and the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law of Korea and the decrees and regulations thereunder (the “FETL”). Furthermore, the purchaser of the shares shall comply with all applicable regulatory requirements (including but not limited to requirements under the FETL) in connection with the purchase of the shares. By the purchase of the shares, the relevant holder thereof will be deemed to represent and warrant that if it is in Korea or is a resident of Korea, it purchased the shares pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea.
Malaysia
No prospectus or other offering material or document in connection with the offer and sale of the shares has been or will be registered with the Securities Commission of Malaysia (“Commission”) for the Commission’s approval pursuant to the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Malaysia other than (i) a closed end fund approved by the Commission; (ii) a holder of a Capital Markets Services Licence; (iii) a person who acquires the shares, as principal, if the offer is on terms that the shares may only be acquired at a consideration of not less than RM250,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) for each transaction; (iv) an individual whose total net personal assets or total net joint assets with his or her spouse exceeds RM3 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), excluding the value of the primary residence of the individual; (v) an individual who has a gross annual income exceeding RM300,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vi) an individual who, jointly with his or her spouse, has a gross annual income of RM400,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vii) a corporation with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currencies) based on the last audited accounts; (viii) a partnership with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies); (ix) a bank licensee or insurance licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; (x) an Islamic bank licensee or takaful licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; and (xi) any other person as may be specified by the Commission; provided that, in the each of the preceding categories (i) to (xi), the distribution of the shares is made by a holder of a Capital Markets Services Licence who carries on the business of dealing in securities. The distribution in Malaysia of this prospectus is subject to Malaysian laws. This prospectus does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of public offering or an issue, offer for subscription or purchase, invitation to subscribe for or purchase any securities requiring the registration of a prospectus with the Commission under the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007.
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Taiwan
The shares have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan that requires a registration or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the shares in Taiwan.
South Africa
Due to restrictions under the securities laws of South Africa, the shares are not offered, and the offer shall not be transferred, sold, renounced or delivered, in South Africa or to a person with an address in South Africa, unless one or other of the following exemptions applies:
|
| i | | the offer, transfer, sale, renunciation or delivery is to: |
| (a) | | persons whose ordinary business is to deal in securities, as principal or agent; |
| (b) | | the South African Public Investment Corporation; |
| (c) | | persons or entities regulated by the Reserve Bank of South Africa; |
| (d) | | authorised financial service providers under South African law; |
| (e) | | financial institutions recognised as such under South African law; |
| (f) | | a wholly-owned subsidiary of any person or entity contemplated in (c), (d) or (e), acting as agent in the capacity of an authorised portfolio manager for a pension fund or collective investment scheme (in each case duly registered as such under South African law); or |
| (g) | | any combination of the person in (a) to (f); or |
| ii | | the total contemplated acquisition cost of the securities, for any single addressee acting as principal is equal to or greater than ZAR1,000,000. |
No “offer to the public” (as such term is defined in the South African Companies Act, No. 71 of 2008 (as amended or re-enacted) (the “South African Companies Act”)) in South Africa is being made in connection with the issue of the shares. Accordingly, this document does not, nor is it intended to, constitute a “registered prospectus” (as that term is defined in the South African Companies Act) prepared and registered under the South African Companies Act and has not been approved by, and/or filed with, the South African Companies and Intellectual Property Commission or any other regulatory authority in South Africa. Any issue or offering of the shares in South Africa constitutes an offer of the shares in South Africa for subscription or sale in South Africa only to persons who fall within the exemption from “offers to the public” set out in section 96(1)(a) of the South African Companies Act. Accordingly, this document must not be acted on or relied on by persons in South Africa who do not fall within section 96(1)(a) of the South African Companies Act (such persons being referred to as “SA Relevant Persons”). Any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is available in South Africa only to SA Relevant Persons and will be engaged in South Africa only with SA relevant persons.
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LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering, including the validity of the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby, will be passed upon for us by Troutman Sanders LLP. The underwriters are represented by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP.
EXPERTS
The balance sheet of GreenSky, Inc. as of December 31, 2017 included in this prospectus has been so included in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The consolidated financial statements of GreenSky Holdings, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules filed therewith. For further information about us and our Class A common stock offered hereby, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed thereto. Statements contained in this prospectus regarding the contents of any contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Upon consummation of this offering, we will be required to file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act. You may read and copy this information at the Public Reference Room of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference rooms by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site iswww.sec.gov.
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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| | |
| | Page |
Audited Financial Statement of GreenSky, Inc. | | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | | F-2 | |
Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 | | | | F-3 | |
Notes to Balance Sheet | | | | F-4 | |
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements of GreenSky Holdings, LLC (“GS Holdings”) | | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | | F-5 | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | | | | F-6 | |
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | | | | F-7 | |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | | | | F-8 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | | | | F-9 | |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | | | | F-10 | |
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and shareholder:
Opinion on the Financial Statement—Balance Sheet
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of GreenSky, Inc. as of December 31, 2017, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statement”). In our opinion, the financial statement presents fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
The financial statement is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statement based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of this financial statement in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statement is free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statement, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statement. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statement. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Atlanta, GA
March 27, 2018
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.
F-2
GreenSky, Inc.
BALANCE SHEET
| | |
| | December 31, 2017 |
Assets | | |
Cash | | | $ | | 10 | |
| | |
Total assets | | | $ | | 10 | |
| | |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 4) | | |
Stockholders’ Equity | | |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 100 shares authorized, 100 shares issued and outstanding | | | $ | | 1 | |
Additional paid-in capital | | | | 9 | |
| | |
Total stockholders’ equity | | | $ | | 10 | |
| | |
See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
F-3
GreenSky, Inc.
NOTES TO BALANCE SHEET
1. Organization
GreenSky, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on July 12, 2017 and was a wholly owned subsidiary of GreenSky, LLC (“GSLLC”) as of December 31, 2017. Pursuant to a reorganization into a holding company structure, the Company will be a holding company and its sole material asset will be a controlling equity interest in GreenSky Holdings, LLC (“GS Holdings”), which holds all of the equity interest in GSLLC. As the managing member of GS Holdings, the Company will operate and control all of the business and affairs of GS Holdings, and through GS Holdings and its subsidiaries, conduct its business.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The balance sheet was prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Separate statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows have not been presented because the Company has not engaged in any business or other activities except in connection with its formation and initial capitalization.
3. Stockholders’ Equity
The Company is authorized to issue 100 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, all of which were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017.
On July 20, 2017, the Company issued 100 shares of common stock to GSLLC for $10.00, of which $9.00 was recorded as additional paid-in capital.
4. Commitments and Contingencies
We did not have any commitments or contingencies as of December 31, 2017.
5. Subsequent Events
The Company performed an evaluation of subsequent events through March 27, 2018, which is the date the balance sheet was issued.
F-4
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Managers
of GreenSky Holdings, LLC and unitholders:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of GreenSky Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidatedfinancial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Atlanta, GA
March 27, 2018
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.
F-5
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands)
| | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Assets | | | | |
Cash | | | $ | | 224,614 | | | | $ | | 185,243 | |
Restricted cash | | | | 129,224 | | | | | 42,871 | |
Loan receivables held for sale, net | | | | 73,606 | | | | | 41,268 | |
Accounts receivable, net | | | | 18,358 | | | | | 16,762 | |
Related party receivables | | | | 218 | | | | | 1,435 | |
Property, equipment and software, net | | | | 7,848 | | | | | 7,018 | |
Other assets | | | | 9,021 | | | | | 7,608 | |
| | | | |
Total assets | | | $ | | 462,889 | | | | $ | | 302,205 | |
| | | | |
Liabilities, Temporary and Permanent Equity (Deficit) | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | |
Accounts payable | | | $ | | 6,845 | | | | $ | | 2,680 | |
Accrued compensation and benefits | | | | 7,677 | | | | | 5,915 | |
Other accrued expenses | | | | 1,606 | | | | | 3,238 | |
Finance charge reversal liability | | | | 94,148 | | | | | 68,064 | |
Term loan | | | | 338,263 | | | | | — | |
Related party liabilities | | | | 1,548 | | | | | 1,054 | |
Other liabilities | | | | 38,841 | | | | | 9,044 | |
| | | | |
Total liabilities | | | | 488,928 | | | | | 89,995 | |
| | | | |
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (Note 11) | | | | |
Temporary Equity (Note 14) | | | | |
Redeemable Class B preferred units, no par value, 3,032,635 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | | | | |
Preference outstanding of $215.8 million at December 31, 2017 and $300.0 million at December 31, 2016 | | | | |
Redeemable Class C preferred units, no par value, 1,262,749 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 252,550 units at 2016 | | | | |
Preference outstanding of $234.4 million at December 31, 2017 and $50.0 million at December 31, 2016 | | | | |
Redeemable preferred units | | | | 430,348 | | | | | 335,720 | |
Permanent Equity (Deficit) | | | | |
Class A units, no par value, 13,339,345 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017, and 13,329,965 units at December 31, 2016 | | | | |
Paid-in capital | | | | (554,906 | ) | | | | | (283,529 | ) | |
Retained earnings | | | | 98,519 | | | | | 160,019 | |
| | | | |
Total permanent equity (deficit) | | | | (456,387 | ) | | | | | (123,510 | ) | |
| | | | |
Total liabilities, temporary and permanent equity (deficit) | | | $ | | 462,889 | | | | $ | | 302,205 | |
| | | | |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-6
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data)
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Revenue | | | | | | |
Transaction fees | | | $ | | 278,958 | | | | $ | | 228,446 | | | | $ | | 152,678 | |
Servicing and other | | | | 46,929 | | | | | 35,419 | | | | | 20,779 | |
| | | | | | |
Total revenue | | | | 325,887 | | | | | 263,865 | | | | | 173,457 | |
Costs and expenses | | | | | | |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) | | | | 89,708 | | | | | 79,145 | | | | | 36,506 | |
Compensation and benefits | | | | 54,650 | | | | | 39,836 | | | | | 27,738 | |
Sales and marketing | | | | 2,198 | | | | | 1,085 | | | | | 861 | |
Property, office and technology | | | | 10,062 | | | | | 8,000 | | | | | 4,283 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | | 3,983 | | | | | 3,708 | | | | | 2,356 | |
General and administrative | | | | 14,876 | | | | | 10,602 | | | | | 7,071 | |
Related party expenses | | | | 4,811 | | | | | 1,678 | | | | | 1,536 | |
| | | | | | |
Total costs and expenses | | | | 180,288 | | | | | 144,054 | | | | | 80,351 | |
| | | | | | |
Operating profit | | | | 145,599 | | | | | 119,811 | | | | | 93,106 | |
Other income/(expense), net | | | | | | |
Interest income | | | | 5,180 | | | | | 7,302 | | | | | 1,912 | |
Interest expense | | | | (7,536 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Other gains/(losses) | | | | (4,575 | ) | | | | | (2,649 | ) | | | | | (1,199 | ) | |
| | | | | | |
Total other income/(expense), net | | | | (6,931 | ) | | | | | 4,653 | | | | | 713 | |
| | | | | | |
Net income | | | $ | | 138,668 | | | | $ | | 124,464 | | | | $ | | 93,819 | |
| | | | | | |
Net income attributable to participating interests | | | | 35,449 | | | | | 25,233 | | | | | 17,594 | |
| | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Class A unit holders | | | $ | | 103,219 | | | | $ | | 99,231 | | | | $ | | 76,225 | |
| | | | | | |
Earnings per unit attributable to Class A unit holders: | | | | | | |
Basic | | | $ | | 7.74 | | | | $ | | 7.44 | | | | $ | | 5.72 | |
| | | | | | |
Diluted | | | $ | | 7.49 | | | | $ | | 7.19 | | | | $ | | 5.54 | |
| | | | | | |
Pro forma net income attributable to Class A unit holders (unaudited): | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Class A unit holders | | | $ | | 103,219 | | | | $ | | 99,231 | | | | $ | | 76,225 | |
Pro forma income tax expense attributable to Class A unit holders | | | | 39,643 | | | | | 38,347 | | | | | 28,327 | |
| | | | | | |
Pro forma net income attributable to Class A unit holders | | | $ | | 63,576 | | | | $ | | 60,884 | | | | $ | | 47,898 | |
| | | | | | |
Pro forma earnings per unit attributable to Class A unit holders (unaudited): | | | | | | |
Basic | | | $ | | 4.77 | | | | $ | | 4.57 | | | | $ | | 3.59 | |
| | | | | | |
Diluted | | | $ | | 4.62 | | | | $ | | 4.41 | | | | $ | | 3.48 | |
| | | | | | |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-7
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Permanent Equity Units | | Paid-in Capital | | Retained Earnings | | Total Permanent Equity (Deficit) | | Temporary Equity |
| Class A |
Balance at December 31, 2014 | | | | 13,330,958 | | | | $ | | (285,386 | ) | | | | $ | | 26,074 | | | | $ | | (259,312 | ) | | | | $ | | 287,566 | |
Net income | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | 93,819 | | | | | 93,819 | | | | | — | |
Issuances | | | | 105,263 | | | | | 10,000 | | | | | — | | | | | 10,000 | | | | | — | |
Redemptions | | | | (118,546 | ) | | | | | (11,050 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | (11,050 | ) | | | | | — | |
Distributions | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (37,433 | ) | | | | | (37,433 | ) | | | | | — | |
Unit Option exercises | | | | 14,918 | | | | | 64 | | | | | — | | | | | 64 | | | | | — | |
Share-based compensation | | | | — | | | | | 999 | | | | | — | | | | | 999 | | | | | — | |
Equity-based payments to non-employees | | | | — | | | | | 95 | | | | | — | | | | | 95 | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2015 | | | | 13,332,593 | | | | $ | | (285,278 | ) | | | | $ | | 82,460 | | | | $ | | (202,818 | ) | | | | $ | | 287,566 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | 124,464 | | | | | 124,464 | | | | | — | |
Issuances | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | 48,154 | |
Redemptions | | | | (7,628 | ) | | | | | (539 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | (539 | ) | | | | | — | |
Distributions | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (46,905 | ) | | | | | (46,905 | ) | | | | | — | |
Unit Option exercises | | | | 5,000 | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Share-based compensation | | | | — | | | | | 1,897 | | | | | — | | | | | 1,897 | | | | | — | |
Equity-based payments to non-employees | | | | — | | | | | 391 | | | | | — | | | | | 391 | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | | | | 13,329,965 | | | | $ | | (283,529 | ) | | | | $ | | 160,019 | | | | $ | | (123,510 | ) | | | | | 335,720 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | 138,668 | | | | | 138,668 | | | | | — | |
Issuances | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | 194,387 | |
Redemptions | | | | (20,820 | ) | | | | | (447 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | (447 | ) | | | | | — | |
Distributions | | | | — | | | | | (275,197 | ) | | | | | (200,168 | ) | | | | | (475,365 | ) | | | | | (99,759 | ) | |
Unit Option and warrant exercises | | | | 30,200 | | | | | 15 | | | | | — | | | | | 15 | | | | | — | |
Share-based compensation | | | | — | | | | | 3,951 | | | | | — | | | | | 3,951 | | | | | — | |
Equity-based payments to non-employees | | | | — | | | | | 301 | | | | | — | | | | | 301 | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | | | | 13,339,345 | | | | $ | | (554,906 | ) | | | | $ | | 98,519 | | | | $ | | (456,387 | ) | | | | $ | | 430,348 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-8
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | |
Net income | | | $ | | 138,668 | | | | $ | | 124,464 | | | | $ | | 93,819 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | | 3,983 | | | | | 3,708 | | | | | 2,356 | |
Provision for bad debt expense | | | | 817 | | | | | 322 | | | | | 61 | |
Share-based compensation expense | | | | 3,951 | | | | | 1,897 | | | | | 999 | |
Equity-based payments to non-employees | | | | 301 | | | | | 391 | | | | | 95 | |
Impairment losses | | | | 78 | | | | | 107 | | | | | 115 | |
Losses on abandonment | | | | — | | | | | 44 | | | | | 94 | |
Non-cash rent expense | | | | (308 | ) | | | | | (278 | ) | | | | | — | |
Amortization of debt related costs | | | | 687 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | | | | 254 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Fair value change in assets and liabilities | | | | 2,071 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Original issuance discount on term loan payment | | | | (9 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Other losses | | | | — | | | | | 36 | | | | | — | |
Changes in assets and liabilities: | | | | | | |
(Increase)/decrease in loan receivables held for sale | | | | (32,338 | ) | | | | | (39,425 | ) | | | | | 3,394 | |
(Increase)/decrease in accounts receivable | | | | (2,412 | ) | | | | | (4,100 | ) | | | | | (1,597 | ) | |
(Increase)/decrease in related party receivables | | | | 1,217 | | | | | (1,360 | ) | | | | | 75 | |
(Increase)/decrease in deposits | | | | — | | | | | 5,837 | | | | | (1,073 | ) | |
(Increase)/decrease in other assets | | | | (823 | ) | | | | | 1,266 | | | | | (5,609 | ) | |
Increase/(decrease) in accounts payable | | | | 3,222 | | | | | 440 | | | | | (687 | ) | |
Increase/(decrease) in finance charge reversal liability | | | | 26,084 | | | | | 18,605 | | | | | 21,553 | |
Increase/(decrease) in related party liabilities | | | | 494 | | | | | 1,035 | | | | | (89 | ) | |
Increase/(decrease) in other liabilities | | | | 14,457 | | | | | 8,954 | | | | | 4,667 | |
| | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | | | 160,394 | | | | | 121,943 | | | | | 118,173 | |
| | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | |
Purchases of property, equipment and software | | | | (4,135 | ) | | | | | (4,666 | ) | | | | | (3,251 | ) | |
| | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | | (4,135 | ) | | | | | (4,666 | ) | | | | | (3,251 | ) | |
| | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | |
Issuances of units | | | | 200,000 | | | | | 50,000 | | | | | 10,000 | |
Redemptions of units | | | | (447 | ) | | | | | (539 | ) | | | | | (10,970 | ) | |
Proceeds from term loan | | | | 346,500 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Repayments of term loan | | | | (866 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Distributions to unit holders | | | | (561,935 | ) | | | | | (46,905 | ) | | | | | (39,485 | ) | |
Unit Option and warrant exercises | | | | 15 | | | | | — | | | | | 64 | |
Payment of equity transaction expenses | | | | (5,500 | ) | | | | | (1,831 | ) | | | | | (96 | ) | |
Payment of debt issuance costs | | | | (8,302 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | |
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities | | | | (30,535 | ) | | | | | 725 | | | | | (40,487 | ) | |
| | | | | | |
Net increase in cash and restricted cash | | | | 125,724 | | | | | 118,002 | | | | | 74,435 | |
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period | | | | 228,114 | | | | | 110,112 | | | | | 35,677 | |
| | | | | | |
Cash and restricted cash at end of period | | | $ | | 353,838 | | | | $ | | 228,114 | | | | $ | | 110,112 | |
| | | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow information | | | | | | |
Interest paid | | | $ | | 6,475 | | | | $ | | — | | | | $ | | — | |
Income taxes paid | | | | 254 | | | | | 306 | | | | | 88 | |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities | | | | | | |
Equity transaction costs accrued but not paid | | | $ | | 114 | | | | $ | | 15 | | | | $ | | — | |
Property, equipment and software acquired but not paid | | | | 756 | | | | | — | | | | | 1,298 | |
Distributions accrued but not paid | | | | 13,189 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-9
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
GreenSky Holdings, LLC (“GS Holdings”) is a limited liability company that was organized in Georgia in August 2017 as the holding company of GreenSky, LLC (“GSLLC”), the operating company. As further explained in Note 9 and Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, effective August 24, 2017 following the formation of GS Holdings, the equity holders of GSLLC exchanged their equity interests in GSLLC for equity interests in GS Holdings in proportion to their existing ownership interests. As a result, GSLLC became a wholly owned subsidiary of GS Holdings. The transaction was accounted for as a common control transaction in accordance with ASC 805,Business Combinations.As such, GS Holdings accounted for the equity at its carrying amount on the date of transfer. No gain or loss was recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
As the common control transaction resulted in a change in the reporting entity and the entities were always under common control, the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 were presented, and the comparative consolidated financial statements were retrospectively adjusted, as if the transaction had occurred as of the earliest period presented. As GS Holdings had no operations prior to the equity exchange, the comparative consolidated financial statements reflect the same basis as consolidated GSLLC, while the current period consolidated financial statements reflect the combined activities of GSLLC and GS Holdings as if they operated as one entity since the inception of common control.
GSLLC is a limited liability company that was organized in Georgia in 2006 and was formerly known as GreenSky Trade Credit, LLC until December 2015. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” or “GreenSky” mean consolidated GS Holdings and its subsidiaries, including GSLLC. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, we design and manage credit programs for wholesalers, retailers and banks, earning a transaction fee from merchants for each loan a bank partner or other financial entity (collectively, “Bank Partner”) originates and a servicing fee from the Bank Partner for servicing the loan. We assist with origination activities and service consumer loan portfolios for Bank Partners by delivering end-to-end solutions for marketing, origination, credit underwriting, credit processing, payment processing, statement production, customer service, collections and fraud management.
Members of the Company are not liable for the liabilities, debts or obligations of the Company. Members are indemnified by the Company against any losses, judgments, liabilities or expenses arising out of any action or course of conduct of such members in their capacity as members.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period and the related disclosures in the accompanying notes. Such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, those that relate to fair value measurements and share-based compensation. In developing estimates and assumptions, management uses all available information; however, actual results could materially differ because of uncertainties associated with estimating the amounts, timing and likelihood of possible outcomes.
All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.
F-10
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Cash and Restricted Cash
Cash includes non-interest and interest-bearing demand deposits with various financial institutions. At times, cash balances may exceed federally insured amounts and potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk. The Company believes that no significant concentration of credit risk exists with respect to these cash balances based on its assessment of the creditworthiness and financial viability of these financial institutions.
Restricted cash primarily consists of interest-bearing escrow accounts with our Bank Partners that are required under the terms of the contracts with our Bank Partners. Restricted cash is comprised of three components: (i) amounts we have escrowed with Bank Partners as limited protection to the Bank Partners in the event of excess Bank Partner portfolio credit losses; (ii) additional amounts we maintain for certain Bank Partners related to our FCR liability; and (iii) certain custodial in-transit loan funding and consumer borrower payments that we are restricted from using for our operations. As it relates to our restricted cash escrowed with Bank Partners, we record a liability for the amount of restricted cash we expect to be payable to our Bank Partners, which is accounted for as a financial guarantee. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.
For certain Bank Partners, we maintain an additional restricted cash balance based on a contractual percentage of the total interest billed on outstanding deferred interest loans that are within the promotional period less previous finance charge reversals (“FCR”) on such outstanding loans. Restricted cash also includes certain custodial in-transit loan funding and customer payments. We are restricted in our ability to use these custodial funds for our operations. These custodial balances are not considered in our evaluation of restricted cash usage.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total included within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of the periods indicated.
| | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Cash | | | $ | | 224,614 | | | | $ | | 185,243 | |
Restricted cash | | | | 129,224 | | | | | 42,871 | |
| | | | |
Cash and restricted cash in Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | | | $ | | 353,838 | | | | $ | | 228,114 | |
| | | | |
Loan Receivables Held For Sale
Loan receivables held for sale represent a 100% participating interest in the loan products that our Bank Partners originate and the Company subsequently purchases the receivable with the intent to sell to a third party at carrying value. Loan receivables held for sale are recorded at fair value at the time a loan receivable is purchased and are subsequently measured at the lower of cost or fair value on an aggregate homogeneous portfolio basis, which is further discussed in “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” below. We earn interest income on such loan receivables. Interest, calculated as a percentage of average outstanding principal balance in accordance with the contractual provisions of the loan arrangements, is accrued on a daily basis and collected directly from the account holder on a monthly basis. Accrued interest receivable and origination costs are deferred in the basis of the loan receivables. When the loan receivables are sold, any previously unrecognized deferred costs are recognized as part of realized gains and losses on sale. Gains and losses from the sale of loan receivables held for sale are included within other income/(expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The entire balance of a loan receivable held for sale is considered contractually delinquent if the minimum required payment is not received by the first statement cycle date equal to or
F-11
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
following the due date specified on the customer’s billing statement. Loan receivables held for sale and accrued interest are marked down to zero and written off when the principal or interest is delinquent for greater than 90 days, with the related expenses recorded as reductions of other gains/(losses) and interest income, respectively, which are included within other income/(expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Valuation adjustments are also taken if loans delinquent less than 90 days are expected to charge off in the future and are recorded to other gains/(losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Recoveries of principal and finance charges and fees on previously written off loan receivables held for sale are recognized on a collected basis as other gains and interest income, respectively.
At times, we transfer our rights to previously charged-off loan receivables (“Charged-Off Receivables”) and receive commensurate proceeds based on the expected recovery rate of such loan receivables. We have no continuing involvement with these Charged-Off Receivables other than performing reasonable servicing and collection efforts on behalf of the third parties and Bank Partners that paid for the rights to the Charged-Off Receivables. The proceeds from the transfers of Charged-Off Receivables attributable to loan receivables held for sale are recognized on a collected basis as other gains/(losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” below for additional information on our Charged-Off Receivables transactions.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at their original invoice amounts, which are reduced by any allowance for uncollectible amounts. We establish an allowance for uncollectible amounts when management determines that collectability is uncertain. Accounts receivable are written off once delinquency exceeds 90 days. Recoveries of previously written off accounts receivable are recognized on a collected basis as a reduction to the provision for bad debt expense, which is included within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Property, Equipment, Software, Depreciation and Amortization
Property, equipment and software includes furniture, leasehold improvements, computer hardware and software and is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization and any previously recorded impairment. We capitalize qualified costs incurred to develop internal-use software, which primarily include internal and external labor expenses. We also capitalize costs for replacements and major enhancements when it is probable that the expenditures will result in additional functionality or will extend the useful life of existing functionality. Costs for minor replacements, enhancements, maintenance and repairs of internal-use software are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:
| | |
Asset Category | | Estimated Useful Lives |
Computer hardware and software | | 3 years |
Furniture | | 5 years |
Leasehold improvements | | Shorter of life of asset or remaining lease term |
Upon a sale or retirement, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and any related gain or loss is included within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We evaluate the carrying amounts of property, equipment and software for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are included within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
F-12
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Servicing Assets and Liabilities
The Company assumes a right, obligation, or neither a right nor obligation to service consumer loans each time a loan is originated by a Bank Partner. In accordance with ASC 860,Transfers and Servicing, when we determine that the compensation we receive to service loans is more than adequate or less than adequate, we assess the fair value of a servicing asset or liability using a discounted cash flow model and subsequently measure the servicing asset or liability at fair value. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the fair values of this class of servicing assets and liabilities were immaterial.
The Company services Charged-Off Receivables to which we transferred our rights to third parties and Bank Partners. As we do not charge a servicing fee in our arrangement with this select group of third parties and Bank Partners, this arrangement gives rise to servicing liabilities. Servicing liabilities related to the Charged-Off Receivables are initially recognized at fair value, using a discounted cash flow model, and are recorded within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We elected to adopt the fair value method to measure these servicing liabilities subsequent to initial recognition, as we believe that fair value is a more meaningful measure of our expected obligation with respect to this class of servicing liabilities. This election is irrevocable for this class of servicing liabilities. Refer to “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” below for additional information on the measurement of these liabilities.
Refer to Note 3 and Note 8 for additional information on our servicing liabilities.
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
We have financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurement, which include our loan receivables held for sale, FCR liability and servicing liabilities associated with Charged-Off Receivables. Refer to Note 3 for additional fair value disclosures.
ASC 820,Fair Value Measurement, defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In valuing this asset or liability, we utilize market data or reasonable assumptions that market participants would use, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. The guidance provides a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or a liability as of the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels are defined as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
An asset’s or a liability’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
We apply the market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities, to value our loan receivables held for sale and the income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount, to value our FCR liability and servicing liabilities.
F-13
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Loan receivables held for sale
Loan receivables held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value and are, therefore, measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. For our loan receivables held for sale, fair value approximates par value, as we have consistently sold loans for the full current balance in historical transactions with our Bank Partners. Loan receivables held for sale are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, as the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of loan receivables with similar terms and characteristics sold to our Bank Partners. We have the ability to access this market, and it is the market into which these loan receivables are typically sold.
Finance charge reversals
We offer certain loan products that have a feature whereby the account holder is provided a promotional period to repay the loan principal balance in full without incurring a finance charge. For these loan products, we bill interest each month throughout the promotional period and, under the terms of the contracts with our Bank Partners, we are obligated to return this billed interest to the Bank Partners if an account holder pays off the loan balance in full within the promotional period. Therefore, the monthly process of billing interest on deferred loan products triggers a potential future FCR liability for the Company. The FCR component of our Bank Partner contracts qualifies as an embedded derivative.
The FCR liability is carried at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and is estimated based on historical experience and management’s expectation of future FCR. The FCR liability is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the primary component of the fair value is obtained from unobservable inputs based on the Company’s data, reasonably adjusted for assumptions that would be used by market participants.
The FCR liability is not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes and, as such, changes in its fair value are recorded within cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In 2017, we transferred our rights to Charged-Off Receivables in exchange for a cash payment based on the expected recovery rate of such loan receivables, which consisted primarily of previously charged-off Bank Partner loans. We have no continuing involvement with these Charged-Off Receivables other than performing reasonable servicing and collection efforts on behalf of the third parties and Bank Partners that purchased the Charged-Off Receivables. The proceeds from transfers of Charged-Off Receivables attributable to Bank Partner loans are recognized on a collected basis as reductions to cost of revenue, which reduces the fair value adjustment to the FCR liability in the period of transfer. The following table presents details of Charged-Off Receivable transfers during 2017.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year ended December 31, | | Aggregate Unpaid Balance | | Proceeds |
| Bank Partner loans | | Loan receivables held for sale | | Total(1) | | Bank Partner loans | | Loan receivables held for sale | | Total |
2017 | | | $ | | 197,114 | | | | $ | | 4,165 | | | | $ | | 201,279 | | | | $ | | 18,968 | | | | $ | | 406 | | | | $ | | 19,374 | |
| (1) | | Through December 31, 2017, $2,966 of the aggregate unpaid balance on transferred Charged-Off Receivables was recovered through our servicing efforts on behalf of our third party and Bank Partner investors. |
Servicing liabilities
Based on our election to adopt the fair value method, our servicing liabilities are carried at fair value on a recurring basis within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are
F-14
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
estimated using a discounted cash flow model. Servicing liabilities are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the primary component of the fair value is obtained from unobservable inputs based on peer market data, reasonably adjusted for assumptions that would be used by market participants to service our transferred Charged-Off Receivables portfolios, for which market data is not available. Changes in the fair value of our servicing liabilities are recorded within other gains/(losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Financial guarantee
Under the terms of the contracts with our Bank Partners, we provide limited protection in the event of excessive Bank Partner portfolio credit losses and record a financial guarantee liability at fair value based on historical experience and the amount of current customer delinquencies expected to convert into Bank Partner portfolio credit losses. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.
Revenue Recognition
On January 1, 2017, we elected to early adopt the requirements of ASU 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as well as subsequent related amendments. As such, our revenue recognition policy is in accordance with ASC Topic 606. See “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” below for additional information on the new standard and the impacts on our consolidated financial statements.
In each of our revenue arrangements outlined below, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
Transaction revenue
Transaction fees
We earn a specified transaction fee in connection with purchases made by borrowers that are financed by our Bank Partners. The transaction fee is a one-time fee payable by the merchant that includes a merchant fee component and an interchange fee component. In our merchant arrangements, our single performance obligation is to facilitate financing to the merchant’s qualified customers who comply with our Bank Partners’ mandatory underwriting criteria and credit policies. As it relates to our merchant arrangements, we act in the capacity of an agent, as our platform facilitates the arrangement between the merchant and customer (for contracted services) and the arrangement between the Bank Partner and customer (for loan financing) and we do not control either the merchant services or the financing prior to them being transferred to the customer.
The merchant fee is calculated by multiplying a set fee percentage (as outlined in a schedule provided to the merchants) by the dollar amount of a loan at the point of origination. As merchant fees are billed to, and collected directly from, the merchant at least monthly, the transaction volume is known and there is no unresolved variable consideration as of the end of a quarterly reporting period. We recognize revenue at the point of sale by applying the expected value method, wherein we assign 100% probability to the transaction price as calculated using actual transaction volume. While merchant fee reversals are contractually possible, and would constrain our estimate of variable consideration, they have been historically immaterial. Therefore, we have not recognized a refund liability for these reversals. Our expected value is further adjusted during the month for rebates or price concessions (collectively, “price concessions”), as discussed below.
Gross contractual merchant fees may be reduced by volume-based or non-volume-based price concessions to certain merchants and Sponsors, which are offered to generate transaction volume
F-15
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
on the GreenSky platform. As an agent, we recognize merchant fees net of consideration paid to merchants or Sponsors in the form of price concessions, which represents our expected consideration. The price concessions give rise to additional variable consideration at contract inception, which we estimate at the individual merchant level using the expected value method. For merchants and Sponsors receiving monthly or quarterly price concessions, which constitutes the vast majority of our arrangements, it is not probable that a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized would occur, as the uncertainty is resolved by the end of a quarterly reporting period. Therefore, we assign 100% probability to the transaction price as calculated using actual transaction volume net of actual merchant and Sponsor price concessions. In the limited instances in which we issue annual price concessions, which are based on an annual volume target, we determine the expected value based on current quarterly progress and expected future progress (using historical experience) toward achieving the annual volume target. Volume-based rebates paid to merchants and Sponsors that were netted against the gross transaction price were $6,930, $8,241 and $5,423 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Interchange fees are calculated by multiplying a set fee percentage (as stipulated by the credit card payment network) by the transaction volume processed through such network. Transaction volume and related fees payable to us are reported to us on a daily basis. Therefore, there is no unresolved variable consideration within a quarterly reporting period. Using the expected value method, we assign 100% probability to the transaction price as calculated using actual transaction volume.
We satisfy our performance obligation to facilitate financing to our merchants’ qualified customers continuously throughout our contractual terms with our Bank Partners. Our merchants receive and consume the benefits of such performance simultaneously as we perform, which is reflected through the consummation of a purchase by the end customer who obtained financing through the GreenSky platform. Therefore, this performance obligation is satisfied over time. Our performance obligation is completely satisfied once a customer’s application has been approved, a credit decision has been reached and a loan has been funded and processed, indicating that a sale has been completed by a merchant on our platform. We measure our progress toward complete satisfaction of this performance obligation using the output method, with transaction volume representing the direct measure that faithfully depicts a completed sale by a merchant on our platform. The value of our service transferred to the merchants is represented by the merchant fee rate, as agreed upon at contract inception, and the interchange fee rate, as stipulated by the credit card payment network. Therefore, we recognize revenue on at least a monthly basis for merchant fees and on a daily basis for interchange fees.
We apply the practical expedient related to incremental costs of obtaining a contract. Although certain of our commission costs qualify for capitalization under ASC 340-40,Contracts with customers, their amortization period is less than one year. Therefore, utilizing the practical expedient, we expense these costs as incurred.
Servicing and other
Servicing fees
Servicing fees are contractual fees specified in our servicing agreements with our Bank Partners that are earned from providing professional services to manage loan portfolios on behalf of our Bank Partners, which represents the single performance obligation in this contractual arrangement. The servicing fee is calculated on a monthly basis by multiplying a set fee percentage (as outlined in the contracts with our Bank Partners) by the average outstanding Bank Partner loan portfolio balance. As the average outstanding loan portfolio balance is not known at contract inception, this arrangement contains variable consideration. However, as servicing fees are settled
F-16
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
monthly with our Bank Partners, the average outstanding loan portfolio balance is known at each month end. Therefore, there is no unresolved variable consideration within a quarterly reporting period. Using the expected value method, we assign 100% probability to the transaction price as calculated using the actual average outstanding loan portfolio balance.
We satisfy our performance obligation to service the Bank Partners’ loans on a recurring, monthly basis for as long as a loan balance is outstanding. The benefits of our servicing are simultaneously received and consumed by the Bank Partners. Therefore, this performance obligation is satisfied over time. We measure our progress toward complete satisfaction of this performance obligation using the output method, with loans outstanding representing the direct measure that faithfully depicts the loans for which control of servicing has transferred to the Bank Partners. The value of our service transferred to the Bank Partners is represented by the servicing fee rate, as agreed upon at contract inception. Therefore, we recognize revenue on a monthly basis upon settling with the Bank Partner.
Disaggregated revenue
Revenue disaggregated by type of service was as follows for the periods presented:
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Merchant fees | | | $ | | 234,548 | | | | $ | | 190,632 | | | | $ | | 123,465 | |
Interchange fees | | | | 44,410 | | | | | 37,814 | | | | | 29,213 | |
| | | | | | |
Transaction fees | | | | 278,958 | | | | | 228,446 | | | | | 152,678 | |
Servicing fees | | | | 46,575 | | | | | 32,447 | | | | | 20,071 | |
Other(1) | | | | 354 | | | | | 2,972 | | | | | 708 | |
| | | | | | |
Servicing and other | | | | 46,929 | | | | | 35,419 | | | | | 20,779 | |
| | | | | | |
Total revenue | | | $ | | 325,887 | | | | $ | | 263,865 | | | | $ | | 173,457 | |
| | | | | | |
| (1) | | Other revenue includes several miscellaneous revenue items that are individually immaterial. Other revenue is presented separately herein in order to clearly present merchant, interchange and servicing fees, which are more integral to our primary operations and better enable financial statement users to calculate metrics such as servicing and merchant fee yields. |
Share-based Compensation
The Company issues Class A unit option awards (“Unit Options”) and profits interest awards to certain employees and non-employees, which are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the date of grant is expensed, based on our estimate of awards that will eventually vest, on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense is included within compensation and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 10 for additional information.
Income Taxes
GS Holdings elected at its inception under the Internal Revenue Code to be taxed as a partnership for United States federal and state income tax purposes. As such, in lieu of income taxes at the partnership level, the Company’s unit holders are taxed on their proportionate share of the Company’s taxable income.
F-17
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Related Party Transactions
In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions with entities or individuals that are deemed to be affiliated companies or persons under the related party definition in ASC 850,Related Party Disclosures. Refer to Note 12 for additional information.
Redeemable Preferred Units
The Company records the issuance and sale of Class B and Class C redeemable preferred units at fair value, net of issuance costs. Subsequent to issuance, Class B and Class C units are further reduced by non-tax equity distributions. As the Class B and Class C preferred units are redeemable at the option of the unit holders, the preferred units are classified as temporary equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The issuance costs are amortized over the period from the date that it becomes probable that the preferred units will become redeemable to the earliest date the preferred unit can be redeemed, using the interest method. Such amortization is recorded as a reduction to retained earnings. Changes in the redemption value are considered to be changes in accounting estimates. As of December 31, 2017, redemption of Class B and Class C preferred units is not probable. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.
Recently Adopted or Issued Accounting Standards
Rcently Adopted Accounting Standards
Revenue from contracts with customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue and to develop a common revenue standard, which is codified in ASC Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under this new standard, an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB also issued several updates to ASU 2014-09. We elected to early adopt this standard and to apply its provisions as of January 1, 2017 to all open contracts existing as of that date using the modified retrospective approach. We determined that the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings was immaterial. Further, our adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on any balance sheet or income statement line items in the current period and, as such, we did not record any adjustments to the consolidated financial statements related to our adoption of this standard. The comparative periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.
Improvements to employee share-based payment accounting
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 to simplify certain aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. Under the new standard, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies should be recognized as income tax benefit or expense, respectively, in the income statement when stock awards vest or are settled. In addition, the standard eliminates the requirement to reclassify cash flows related to excess tax benefits from operating activities to financing activities on the statements of cash flows, increases the threshold for withholding an employee’s vested shares for tax-withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting and clarifies that cash payments made by an employer to tax authorities on an employee’s behalf when directly withholding shares for tax-withholding purposes should be presented as a financing activity on the statement of cash flows. The standard also provides an accounting policy election to account
F-18
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
for forfeitures as they occur rather than to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest. We adopted the standard for the reporting period beginning January 1, 2017. The provisions related to excess tax benefits or deficiencies from share-based award activity are not applicable, as we elected at inception to be taxed as a partnership. We also elected to retain our existing accounting policy election to estimate award forfeitures. The presentation requirements for cash flows related to employee taxes paid for withheld shares had no impact to any of the periods presented on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows since such cash flows have historically been presented as a financing activity.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, which is intended to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018 and, for the majority of its provisions, should be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. Currently, only the following provisions are applicable to us: (i) eliminating the disclosure requirement of the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (ii) requiring the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, and (iii) requiring separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes. We do not anticipate that our adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, which requires lessees to recognize leases with terms greater than 12 months on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and corresponding liabilities. Lessees will continue to classify leases as either operating leases, using a straight-line expense pattern, or financing leases, using a front-loaded expense pattern. The standard also requires enhanced quantitative and qualitative disclosures related to the lease arrangements. The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted, using a modified retrospective approach.
We are evaluating the potential impact of adopting this standard by reviewing our existing lease contracts, all of which are operating leases wherein the Company is the lessee. For predominantly all of the future minimum lease payments of $17.9 million as of December 31, 2017 required under our existing operating leases (as disclosed in Note 11) and for other similar leases we may enter into prior to adopting this standard, we expect to gross up our Consolidated Balance Sheets at their present values to recognize the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The quantitative impact of adopting this standard remains under evaluation; however, we do not expect material changes to the recognition of rent expense, which is included within property, office and technology expenses and related party expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Measurement of credit losses on financial instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, which is intended to better align the timing of recognition of credit losses on financial instruments with management’s expectations. The standard requires a financial asset (or group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Management must determine expected credit losses for all financial assets held at the reporting date based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts, the
F-19
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
latter of which broadens current guidance. The standard requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users to better understand the significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses. The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2019, and for the majority of its provisions should be applied using a modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this standard.
Scope of modification accounting
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09 to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and the cost and complexity to an entity when applying the guidance in ASC 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, to a change in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The standard provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018 and should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. We do not anticipate that our adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
2. Earnings per Unit
We compute earnings per unit (“EPU”) attributable to Class A unit holders using the two-class method required for participating interests. Our participating interests include Class B preferred units, Class C preferred units and profits interests awards, as these interests participate in distributions on a pro-rata basis with Class A units. See Note 10 for additional information on our profits interests awards. Basic EPU attributable to Class A unit holders is computed by dividing net income attributable to Class A unit holders by the weighted-average number of Class A units outstanding.
To calculate diluted EPU attributable to Class A unit holders, basic EPU attributable to Class A unit holders is further adjusted by the effect of dilutive units, including awards under our equity compensation plans and warrants. Diluted EPU attributable to Class A unit holders is computed by dividing the resulting net income attributable to Class A unit holders by the weighted-average number of fully diluted Class A units outstanding.
The numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPU attributable to Class A unit holders computations are calculated as follows:
| | | | | | |
Basic EPU | | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Class A | | Class A | | Class A |
Numerator: | | | | | | |
Net income | | | $ | | 138,668 | | | | $ | | 124,464 | | | | $ | | 93,819 | |
Less: Net income attributable to participating interests | | | | 35,449 | | | | | 25,233 | | | | | 17,594 | |
| | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Class A unit holders | | | | 103,219 | | | | | 99,231 | | | | | 76,225 | |
| | | | | | |
Denominator: | | | | | | |
Weighted average Class A units outstanding | | | | 13,336,459 | | | | | 13,332,938 | | | | | 13,335,828 | |
| | | | | | |
Basic EPU | | | $ | | 7.74 | | | | $ | | 7.44 | | | | $ | | 5.72 | |
| | | | | | |
F-20
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | | | | |
Diluted EPU | | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Class A | | Class A | | Class A |
Numerator: | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Class A unit holders | | | $ | | 103,219 | | | | $ | | 99,231 | | | | $ | | 76,225 | |
| | | | | | |
Denominator: | | | | | | |
Weighted average Class A units outstanding for basic EPU | | | | 13,336,459 | | | | | 13,332,938 | | | | | 13,335,828 | |
Effect of vested and unvested Unit Options | | | | 345,159 | | | | | 338,267 | | | | | 336,247 | |
Effect of warrants | | | | 90,270 | | | | | 97,412 | | | | | 90,639 | |
Effect of unvested profits interests | | | | — | | | | | 35,994 | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | |
Number of units used for diluted EPU | | | | 13,771,888 | | | | | 13,804,611 | | | | | 13,762,714 | |
| | | | | | |
Diluted EPU(1) | | | $ | | 7.49 | | | | $ | | 7.19 | | | | $ | | 5.54 | |
| | | | | | |
| (1) | | Our calculation of diluted EPU excludes 55,276, 186,622 and 149,212 units of Class A unit options and profits interests for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. |
3. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
The following table summarizes, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis or disclosed, but not carried, at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the periods presented. Refer to Note 1, Note 4, Note 7 and Note 8 for additional information on these assets and liabilities.
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Level | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
| Carrying Value | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
Assets: | | | | | | | | | | |
Loan receivables held for sale, net(1) | | | | 2 | | | | $ | | 73,606 | | | | $ | | 74,190 | | | | $ | | 41,268 | | | | $ | | 41,268 | |
Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | |
Finance charge reversal liability(2) | | | | 3 | | | | $ | | 94,148 | | | | $ | | 94,148 | | | | $ | | 68,064 | | | | $ | | 68,064 | |
Servicing liabilities(2) | | | | 3 | | | | | 2,071 | | | | | 2,071 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
Term loan(3) | | | | 2 | | | | | 338,263 | | | | | 345,820 | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
| (1) | | Measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. |
| (2) | | Measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Servicing liabilities are presented within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. |
| (3) | | Disclosed, but not carried, at fair value. The carrying value of our term loan is net of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs. The fair value of our term loan is determined using a discounted cash flow model based on observable market factors (such as changes in credit spreads for comparable benchmark companies) and credit factors specific to us. |
F-21
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
The following table presents the (increases)/decreases in fair value and Consolidated Statements of Operations locations of our liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the following periods.
| | | | | | | | |
| | Statements of Operations Location | | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Finance charge reversal liability | | Cost of revenue | | | $ | | (43,295 | ) | | | | $ | | (41,503 | ) | | | | $ | | (9,270 | ) | |
Servicing liabilities | | Other gains/(losses) | | | | (2,071 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
The cash flow impacts of our liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are included within net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Finance charge reversals
The following table reconciles the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our FCR liability, which is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs, during the periods indicated.
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Beginning balance | | | $ | | 68,064 | | | | $ | | 49,459 | | | | $ | | 27,906 | |
Receipts(1) | | | | 109,818 | | | | | 79,508 | | | | | 80,826 | |
Settlements(2) | | | | (127,029 | ) | | | | | (102,406 | ) | | | | | (68,543 | ) | |
Fair value changes recognized in cost of revenue(3) | | | | 43,295 | | | | | 41,503 | | | | | 9,270 | |
| | | | | | |
Ending balance | | | $ | | 94,148 | | | | $ | | 68,064 | | | | $ | | 49,459 | |
| | | | | | |
| (1) | | Represents cash received from deferred payment loans during the promotional period (incentive payments) as well as the proceeds received from transferring our rights to Charged-Off Receivables attributable to previously charged-off Bank Partner loans. We consider all monthly incentive payments from Bank Partners during the period to be related to billed finance charges on deferred interest products until monthly incentive payments exceed total billed finance charges on deferred products, which did not occur during any of the periods presented. |
| (2) | | Represents the reversal of previously billed finance charges associated with deferred payment loan principal balances that paid off within the promotional period. |
| (3) | | A fair value adjustment is made based on the expected reversal percentage of billed finance charges (expected settlements), which is estimated at each reporting period. |
The following table presents the estimated reversal rate for billed interest on deferred loan products, which is the significant unobservable input used to value the Level 3 FCR liability, as of the dates indicated.
| | | | | | |
Reversal rate | | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Range | | 85.5% – 98.0% | | 88.0% – 88.5% | | 86.0% |
Weighted average | | 89.0% | | 88.3% | | 86.0% |
F-22
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
The following table demonstrates the impact on the fair value of FCR assuming a 100 bps increase or decrease in the reversal rate assumption, while holding all other inputs constant, as of the dates indicated.
| | | | | | |
Reversal rate sensitivity | | Increase/(Decrease) in Fair Value of FCR Liability |
| December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
+ 100 bps | | | $ | | 1,586 | | | | $ | | 905 | | | | $ | | 888 | |
- 100 bps | | | $ | | (1,524 | ) | | | | $ | | (1,372 | ) | | | | $ | | (817 | ) | |
Servicing liabilities
Significant assumptions used in valuing our servicing liabilities are as follows:
| • | | Cost of servicing: The cost of servicing represents the servicing rate a willing market participant would require to service loans with similar characteristics as the Charged-Off Receivables. |
| • | | Discount rate: The discount rate reflects the time value of money adjusted for a risk premium and is within an observable range based on peer market data. |
| • | | Recovery period:Our recovery period was determined based on a reasonable recovery period for loans of this size and characteristics based on historical experience. We assumed that collection efforts for these loans will cease after five years, and the run-off of the portfolio will follow a straight-line methodology, adjusted for actual cash recoveries over time. |
The following table reconciles the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our servicing liabilities associated with transferring our rights to Charged-Off Receivables, which are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs, during the period presented. There were no such servicing liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
| | |
| | Year ended December 31, 2017 |
Beginning balance | | | $ | | — | |
Initial obligation from transfer of Charged-Off Receivables(1) | | | | 2,379 | |
Fair value changes recognized in other gains/(losses) | | |
Change in inputs or assumptions used in the valuation model | | | | — | |
Other changes in fair value(2) | | | | (308 | ) | |
| | |
Ending balance | | | $ | | 2,071 | |
| | |
| (1) | | Recognized in other gains/(losses). |
| (2) | | Represents the reduction of our servicing liability due to the passage of time and collection of loan payments. |
The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used to value the Level 3 servicing liabilities as of December 31, 2017.
| | | | |
Input | | Range | | Weighted Average |
Cost of servicing (basis points) | | | | 62.5 | | | | | 62.5 | |
Discount rate | | | | 18 | % | | | | | 18 | % | |
Recovery period (years) | | | | 4.6 – 4.9 | | | | | 4.8 | |
F-23
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
The following table demonstrates the impact on the fair value of servicing liabilities assuming hypothetical changes in certain inputs, while holding all other inputs constant as of December 31, 2017.
| | |
| | Increase/(Decrease) in Fair Value of Servicing Liabilities |
Cost of servicing sensitivity: | | |
Increase of 10 basis points | | | | | $ 331 | |
Decrease of 10 basis points | | | | (331 | ) | |
Discount rate sensitivity: | | |
Increase of 1% | | | | (25 | ) | |
Decrease of 1% | | | | 26 | |
Recovery period sensitivity: | | |
Increase of one year | | | | 316 | |
Decrease of one year | | | | (351 | ) | |
There were no transfers into, out of, or between levels within the fair value hierarchy during any of the years presented.
4. Loan Receivables Held for Sale
The following table summarizes the activity in the balance of loan receivables held for sale at lower of cost or fair value during the periods indicated.
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Beginning balance | | | $ | | 41,268 | | | | $ | | 1,843 | | | | $ | | 5,237 | |
Additions | | | | 134,659 | | | | | 309,218 | | | | | 84,840 | |
Proceeds from sales and customer payments(1) | | | | (93,044 | ) | | | | | (262,903 | ) | | | | | (71,711 | ) | |
Loss on sale | | | | (500 | ) | | | | | (907 | ) | | | | | (201 | ) | |
Decrease/(increase) in valuation allowance | | | | (584 | ) | | | | | — | | | | | 276 | |
Transfers(2) | | | | (5,017 | ) | | | | | (4,092 | ) | | | | | (15,107 | ) | |
Write offs and other(3) | | | | (3,176 | ) | | | | | (1,891 | ) | | | | | (1,491 | ) | |
| | | | | | |
Ending balance | | | $ | | 73,606 | | | | $ | | 41,268 | | | | $ | | 1,843 | |
| | | | | | |
| (1) | | Customer payments include accrued interest and fees, recoveries of previously charged-off loan receivables held for sale, as well as proceeds from transferring our rights to Charged-Off Receivables attributable to loan receivables held for sale. We retain servicing arrangements on sold loan receivables with the same terms and conditions as loans that are originated by our Bank Partners. Refer to Note 1 for additional information on these arrangements. Income from these arrangements is recorded within interest income and other gains in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We sold loan receivables held for sale to certain Bank Partners on the following dates: |
| | | | | | | | | | |
2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Date | | Amount | | Date | | Amount | | Date | | Amount |
June 29 | | | $ | | 17,900 | | | May 12 | | | $ | | 28,392 | | | July 8 | | | $ | | 16,519 | |
December 21 | | | | 54,171 | | | September 29 | | | | 20,263 | | | December 23 | | | | 50,143 | |
| | | | November 30 | | | | 19,990 | | | | | |
| | | | December 16 | | | | 33,621 | | | | | |
| | | | December 23 | | | | 139,004 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | $ | | 72,071 | | | | | | $ | | 241,270 | | | | | | $ | | 66,662 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-24
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
| (2) | | We temporarily hold certain loan receivables, which are originated by a Bank Partner, while non-originating Bank Partner eligibility is being determined. Once we determine that a loan receivable meets the investment requirements of an eligible Bank Partner, we transfer the loan to the Bank Partner at cost plus any accrued interest. The reported amount also includes loans that have been placed on non-accrual and non-payment status while we investigate consumer loan balance inquiries. |
| (3) | | We received recovery payments of $238, $116 and $137 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which are included within other income/(expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During 2017, write offs and other were also decreased by $406 received from transferring our rights to Charged-Off Receivables attributable to loan receivables held for sale. The cash proceeds received were recorded within other income/(expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 1 and Note 3 for additional information on Charged-Off Receivables. |
The following table presents activities associated with our loan receivable sales and servicing activities during the periods indicated.
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31 |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Loss on sold loan receivables held for sale | | | $ | | (500 | ) | | | | $ | | (907 | ) | | | | $ | | (201 | ) | |
Cash Flows | | | | | | |
Sales of loans | | | $ | | 72,071 | | | | $ | | 241,270 | | | | $ | | 66,662 | |
Servicing fees | | | | 2,821 | | | | | 1,672 | | | | | 821 | |
The following table presents information about the principal balances of sold loan receivables that are not recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, but with which we have a continuing involvement through our servicing arrangements with our Bank Partners. The sold loan receivables are pooled with other loans originated by the Bank Partners for purposes of determining escrow balances and incentive payments. The escrow balances represent our only direct exposure to potential losses associated with these sold loan receivables.
| | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Total principal balance | | | | $305,748 | | | | $ | | 350,349 | |
Delinquent loans (unpaid principal balance) | | | | 20,409 | | | | | 15,524 | |
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Net charge-offs (unpaid principal balance) | | | | $8,574 | | | | $ | | 4,545 | | | | $ | | 2,163 | |
F-25
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
5. Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consisted of the following as of the dates indicated.
| | | | | | |
| | Accounts Receivable, Gross | | Allowance for Losses | | Accounts Receivable, Net |
December 31, 2017 | | | | | | |
Transaction related | | | $ | | 15,997 | | | | $ | | (276 | ) | | | | $ | | 15,721 | |
Servicing related | | | | 2,637 | | | | | — | | | | | 2,637 | |
| | | | | | |
Total | | | $ | | 18,634 | | | | $ | | (276 | ) | | | | $ | | 18,358 | |
| | | | | | |
December 31, 2016 | | | | | | |
Transaction related | | | $ | | 15,103 | | | | $ | | (366 | ) | | | | $ | | 14,737 | |
Servicing related | | | | 2,025 | | | | | — | | | | | 2,025 | |
| | | | | | |
Total | | | $ | | 17,128 | | | | $ | | (366 | ) | | | | $ | | 16,762 | |
| | | | | | |
6. Property, Equipment and Software
Property, equipment and software are as follows as of the dates indicated.
| | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Furniture | | | $ | | 2,704 | | | | $ | | 2,207 | |
Leasehold improvements | | | | 3,659 | | | | | 2,418 | |
Computer hardware | | | | 2,987 | | | | | 3,064 | |
Software | | | | 4,836 | | | | | 4,833 | |
| | | | |
Total property, equipment and software, at cost | | | | 14,186 | | | | | 12,522 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation | | | | (4,060 | ) | | | | | (2,638 | ) | |
Less: accumulated amortization | | | | (2,278 | ) | | | | | (2,866 | ) | |
| | | | |
Total property, equipment and software, net | | | $ | | 7,848 | | | | $ | | 7,018 | |
| | | | |
The following table shows depreciation and amortization expense during the periods presented, as well as losses on abandoned property, equipment and software and recorded impairment losses related to abandoned capitalized software projects that are recorded within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We determined that these software projects would not generate future cash flows through use or disposal to a third party and, as such, the fair value as of the respective reporting dates was $0.
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, | | | | |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Depreciation expense | | | $ | | 2,149 | | | | $ | | 1,757 | | | | $ | | 830 | | | | | |
Amortization expense | | | | 1,834 | | | | | 1,951 | | | | | 1,526 | | | | | |
Impairment losses | | | | 78 | | | | | 107 | | | | | 115 | | | | | |
Losses on abandonment | | | | — | | | | | 44 | | | | | 94 | | | | | |
The estimated future amortization of software is as follows:
| | |
| | December 31, 2017 |
2018 | | | $ | | 1,315 | |
2019 | | | | 883 | |
2020 | | | | 360 | |
| | |
Total | | | $ | | 2,558 | |
| | |
F-26
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
7. Borrowings
In August 2017, we entered into a $450 million credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), which provided for a $350 million term loan and a $100 million revolving loan facility.
Term loan
Key details of the term loan are as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
Description | | Maturity | | Interest Rate | | Amount Outstanding |
| December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
Term loan, face value(1) | | | | August 25, 2024 | | | | | adjusted LIBOR + 400 bps(2 | ) | | | | $ | | 349,125 | | | | $ | | — | |
Unamortized debt discount(3) | | | | N/A | | | | | N/A | | | | | (3,321 | ) | | | | | — | |
Unamortized debt issuance costs(3) | | | | N/A | | | | | N/A | | | | | (7,541 | ) | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | |
Term loan | | | | | | | $ | | 338,263 | | | | $ | | — | |
| | | | | | | | |
| (1) | | The principal balance of the term loan is repaid on a quarterly basis at an amortization rate of 0.25% per quarter, with the balance due at maturity. We made the first principal payment in December 2017. For each of the next five years, principal repayments on the term loan will total $3,500. |
| (2) | | The term loan incurs interest, due quarterly in arrears, at an adjusted LIBOR rate, which represents the one-month LIBOR rate multiplied by the statutory reserve rate, as defined in the Credit Agreement, plus a margin of 4.00% per annum. The effective interest rate on the term loan was 5.69% for the year ended December 31, 2017. |
| (3) | | An original issuance discount of $3,500 and debt issuance costs of $7,949 were reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the face amount of the term loan. Using the effective interest method, the debt discount and debt issuance costs will be amortized into interest expense over the term of the loan. For the year ended December 31, 2017, $180 of debt discount and $408 of debt issuance costs were amortized into interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. |
The net proceeds from the term loan of $338.6 million, along with $7.9 million of cash, were set aside for a subsequent $346.5 million payment (which is occurring in stages) to certain equity holders and a related party. With the exception of the payments to the related party, which are related party expenses, the payments are accounted for as member distributions. As of December 31, 2017, $337.2 million of the reserved payment was paid in cash. The remaining $9.3 million of the reserved payment is included within other liabilities and related party liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The distribution to the Company’s unit holders and holders of profits interests was made on a basis generally proportionate to their equity interests in the Company. The Company’s members approved the Credit Agreement and the distribution of the proceeds of the term loan to the Company’s unit holders, holders of profits interests and a related party. The purpose of the distribution was to provide a cash return on investment to the Company’s members and holders of profits interests.
Revolving loan facility
The Credit Agreement also provided for a $100 million revolving loan facility, which matures on August 25, 2022. Under this facility, revolving loans incur interest at our election at either (i) a base rate, which represents, for any day, a rate per annum equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate on
F-27
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
such day, (b) the federal funds rate on such day plus1/2 of 1.00%, and (c) the adjusted LIBOR for a one-month interest period on such day plus 1.00%, plus a margin of 3.00% per annum or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate, as discussed below, plus a margin of 4.00% per annum. If our first lien net leverage ratio, as discussed further below, is equal to or below 1.50 to 1.00, these interest margins are reduced to 2.75% and 3.75% for base rate loans and Eurodollar loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving loan facility.
We are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee at a per annum rate of 0.50% on the sum of (i) the daily unused amount of the revolving loan facility and (ii) the aggregate amount available to be drawn under all outstanding letters of credit, of which there were none as of December 31, 2017. This rate is reduced to 0.375% for any quarterly period in which our first lien net leverage ratio is equal to or below 1.50 to 1.00. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $175 of commitment fees related to the revolving loan facility within interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Covenants
The Credit Agreement contains certain financial and non-financial covenants with which we must comply. The financial covenant requires a first lien net leverage ratio equal to or below 3.50 to 1.00 for any measurement date at which the principal amounts of outstanding revolving loans and letters of credit exceed 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the revolving loan facility. The first lien net leverage ratio is calculated as the ratio of (i) the aggregate principal amount of indebtedness, minus the aggregate amount of consolidated cash (exclusive of restricted cash), as of the measurement date to (ii) consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement, for the four prior quarters.
The non-financial covenants include, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, fundamental changes to the business (such as acquisitions, mergers, liquidations or changes in the nature of the business, asset dispositions, restricted payments, transactions with affiliates and other customary matters).
The Credit Agreement also includes various negative covenants, including one that restricts GS Holdings from making distributions unless certain financial tests are met. In general, GS Holdings is restricted from making distributions unless (a) after giving effect to the distribution it would have, as of a measurement date, a total net leverage ratio of no more than 3.00 to 1.00, and (b) the source of such distributions is retained excess cash flow, certain equity issuance proceeds and certain other sources. As of December 31, 2017, GS Holdings is restricted from making certain distributions of more than $25 million. Based on the future financial performance, the amount of unrestricted distributions may increase in future periods.
We were in compliance with all covenants, both financial and non-financial, as of December 31, 2017.
Default Provisions
The Credit Agreement includes default events, in addition to noncompliance with the aforementioned covenants, which could require early payment and termination of the Credit Agreement, or similar actions. Default events include, but are not limited to, the following:
| • | | Non-payment of scheduled principal or interest payments; |
| • | | Insolvency events; |
| • | | Invalidity of loan documents; |
| • | | Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) events; and |
| • | | Change in control provisions |
F-28
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Any borrowings under the Credit Agreement are unconditionally guaranteed by our subsidiaries. Further, the lenders have a security interest in substantially all of the assets of GreenSky and the other guarantors thereunder.
Credit Facility
On February 10, 2017, GSLLC entered into an agreement (“Credit Facility Agreement”) for a two-year, $50 million bank revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”), which was expandable, upon our request and successful syndication, to $100 million. The Credit Facility Agreement also allowed us to request the issuance of letters of credit denominated in United States dollars as the applicant thereof for the support of our or our subsidiaries’ obligations. In conjunction with the Credit Agreement, on August 25, 2017, we terminated the Credit Facility. We made no borrowings under the Credit Facility nor requests for letters of credit during the year ended December 31, 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded commitment fees on the daily unused amount of each lender’s commitment under the Credit Facility of $159, which are recorded within interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Further, we recorded up-front and other fees associated with the Credit Facility within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, which were amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the Credit Facility into interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $99 of amortization of such fees within interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Upon termination of the Credit Facility Agreement, we incurred a loss on extinguishment of debt of $254 representing the unamortized deferred debt issuance costs at the date of termination, which was recorded within other gains/(losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
8. Other Liabilities
The following table details the components of other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the dates indicated.
| | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Deferred lease liabilities | | | $ | | 2,819 | | | | | 2,652 | |
Transaction processing liabilities | | | | 16,435 | | �� | | | 2,847 | |
Servicing liabilities(1) | | | | 2,071 | | | | | — | |
Distributions payable | | | | 13,189 | | | | | — | |
Accruals and other liabilities | | | | 4,327 | | | | | 3,545 | |
| | | | |
Total other liabilities | | | $ | | 38,841 | | | | $ | | 9,044 | |
| | | | |
| (1) | | Refer to Note 1 and Note 3 for additional information on the servicing liabilities. |
9. Permanent Equity (Deficit)
2017 Permanent Equity (Deficit) Activity
Effective August 24, 2017, the equity holders of GSLLC exchanged their equity interests in GSLLC for equity interests in GS Holdings in proportion to their existing ownership interests. The exchange was accounted for as a common control transaction. As such, the ownership interest in GSLLC held by the Class A unit holders transferred to GS Holdings, which became the sole owner of GSLLC.
F-29
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
On July 1, 2017, we redeemed 620 Class A units from a former Class A member for a redemption price of $66 or $106.17 per unit. Also on this date, we redeemed 18,054 Class A units from a current Class A member, which was non-cash related due to a cashless Unit Option exercise. We paid $184 to settle tax obligations related to these Unit Options.
On December 7, 2017, we redeemed 1,946 and 200 Class A units from two former Class A members for a redemption price of $179 and $18, respectively, or $92.16 per unit.
2016 Permanent Equity (Deficit) Activity
On November 1, 2016, we redeemed 3,248 Class A units from a former Class A member for a redemption price of $345 or $106.17 per unit.
On December 1, 2016, we redeemed 4,380 Class A units from a current Class A member. The majority of this redemption was non-cash related due to a cashless Unit Option exercise during the period. Of this total redemption, 298 Class A units were redeemed using cash for a redemption price of $32 or $106.17 per unit.
2015 Permanent Equity (Deficit) Activity
On June 24, 2015, we completed the sale of 105,263 Class A units for a purchase price of $10.0 million or $95.00 per unit.
Proceeds from the sale of Class A units were used by the Company to redeem Class A units from electing members based on a pro rata basis of relative ownership percentages. In conjunction with the issuance of Class A units, we incurred transaction related costs of $0.1 million, which consisted of legal fees. These costs were deferred and charged against paid-in capital.
On October 31, 2015, we redeemed 13,283 Class A units from a former Class A member for a redemption price of $1.0 million or $76.00 per unit.
Warrants
Warrant holders are not entitled to receive distributions. The Company’s warrants are exercisable upon meeting the vesting requirements.
On October 29, 2015, we issued warrants to one of our Class A members, which is also an affiliate of one of the members of the board of managers, to purchase up to 10,000 Class A units (equal to 0.1% of the issued and outstanding units of the Company as of that date). During 2017, all 10,000 of these warrants were exercised for Class A units.
On January 1, 2014, we issued warrants to an affiliate of one of the members of the board of managers to purchase up to 130,464 Class A units (equal to 0.8% of the issued and outstanding units of the Company as of that date). The exercise price of the warrants is $10.81 per Class A unit subject to adjustments, including for unit splits, combinations and reclassifications. The warrants vest ratably over five years and expire on December 31, 2023. In December 2017, these warrants were capped at $114.18 and 130,464 companion profits interests were issued at a threshold value of $114.18. We evaluated this modification in accordance with ASC 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, and determined that there was no incremental share-based compensation expense to recognize as a result of this modification.
Distributions
On a quarterly basis, we pay tax distributions to eligible recipients on a pro rata basis. In certain circumstances, we also pay special distributions. Any distributions, other than tax distributions, require the approval of Class B unit holders if the Company would not have, after
F-30
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
giving effect to the proposed distribution, minimum net cash of at least the greater of (a) $50 million and (b) the lesser of (i) six times the most recently completed fiscal quarter’s operating expenditures (as defined in the operating agreement), (ii) $100 million and (iii) the Class B Preference as of the time of determination.
See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of distributions made during 2017 using the net proceeds from our term loan.
In December 2017, the Company declared a $160.0 million special cash distribution to unit holders and holders of profits interests, of which $156.1 million was paid as of December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we did not declare nor pay any special distributions.
Dilutive units
Dilutive units currently outstanding and reserved for future issuance were as follows as of December 31, 2017.
| | |
Unit Options outstanding(1) | | | | 110,000 | |
Profits interests outstanding | | | | 1,406,153 | |
Warrants outstanding(2) | | | | — | |
Reserved for future grants | | | | 293,308 | |
| | |
Total outstanding and reserved for future issuance | | | | 1,809,461 | |
| | |
| (1) | | Unit Options herein exclude Unit Options that were capped in 2015. Refer to Note 10 for additional information. |
| (2) | | In December 2017, outstanding warrants of 130,464 were capped at a threshold price of $114.18, and 130,464 companion profits interests were issued. We evaluated this modification in accordance with ASC 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, and determined that there were no incremental equity-based payments to non-employees to recognize as a result of this modification. Capped warrants and their related profits interest awards are aggregated to count as one unit against the 1.8 million unit authorization limit. |
10. Share-Based Compensation
As of December 31, 2017, we authorized 1.7 million units to be issued as Unit Options or profits interests to certain members of senior management and other key employees. As discussed in more detail below, certain Unit Options were capped on October 1, 2015 (“Capped Options”) and an equivalent number of profits interests were issued with a threshold value of $76.00 per unit, which represented the fair value of Company units as of that date. Capped Options and their related profits interest awards are aggregated to count as one unit against the 1.7 million unit authorization limit.
Unit Options
Unit Options granted by the Company are time-vested awards that vest ratably over a period of three or five years of continued employee or non-employee service, or cliff-vest at the end of a period of five years of continued employee service. The contractual term of all Unit Options is ten years from the grant date. Upon the exercise of Unit Options, the Company issues reserved Class A units.
F-31
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Unit Option activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, | | |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Number of Unit Options | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Number of Unit Options
| | Number of Unit Options
|
Outstanding at beginning of period | | | | 1,000,689 | | | | $ | | 24.71 | | | | | 1,049,098 | | | | | 852,743 | | | |
Granted(1)(2) | | | | 50,000 | | | | | 108.43 | | | | | 42,000 | | | | | 268,246 | | | |
Exercised(3)(4) | | | | (20,200 | ) | | | | | 56.68 | | | | | (5,000 | ) | | | | | (14,918 | ) | | | |
Forfeited | | | | (48,300 | ) | | | | | 60.70 | | | | | (85,409 | ) | | | | | (56,973 | ) | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Outstanding at end of period(5) | | | | 982,189 | | | | $ | | 26.55 | | | | | 1,000,689 | | | | | 1,049,098 | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Exercisable at end of period(5)(6) | | | | 701,500 | | | | $ | | 15.39 | | | | | 467,240 | | | | | 185,629 | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| (1) | | There were no Unit Options granted to non-employee directors during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Unit Options granted during 2015 included 43,088 options granted to non-employee directors at an exercise price of $56.49. |
| (2) | | Weighted average grant-date fair value of Unit Options granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $35.24, $40.46 and $14.29, respectively. |
| (3) | | The total intrinsic value of Unit Options exercised, which is defined as the amount by which the market value of the units on the date of exercise exceeds the exercise price, was $396, $98 and $913 as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
| (4) | | Employees paid $15, $0 and $64 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, to the Company to exercise Unit Options. In 2017, 20,000 Unit Options were exercised by means of a cashless net exercise procedure, which resulted in the issuance of 1,946 Class A units. Additionally, 200 Class A units were issued related to the exercise of Unit Options. In 2016, the 5,000 Unit Options were exercised by means of a cashless net exercise procedure, which resulted in the issuance of 620 Class A units. In 2015, 14,918 Class A units were issued related to the exercise of Unit Options. |
| (5) | | The aggregate intrinsic value and weighted average remaining contractual terms of Unit Options outstanding and Unit Options exercisable were as follows as of the dates indicated: |
| | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions) | | | | | | |
Unit Options Outstanding | | | $ | | 52.8 | | | | $ | | 53.5 | | | | $ | | 54.6 | |
Unit Options Exercisable | | | $ | | 43.4 | | | | $ | | 28.6 | | | | $ | | 11.7 | |
Weighted average remaining term (in years) | | | | | | |
Unit Options Outstanding | | | | 5.74 | | | | | 6.68 | | | | | 7.67 | |
Unit Options Exercisable | | | | 5.11 | | | | | 6.13 | | | | | 7.16 | |
| (6) | | The total fair value, based on grant-date fair value, of Unit Options that vested was $1,446, $1,234 and $675 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
Compensation expense related to Unit Options is measured based on their grant-date fair values. We use a Black-Scholes options pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of Unit Options.
F-32
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
The following inputs and assumptions were used to value the Unit Options as of the grant dates:
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Risk-free interest rate | | 2.03 – 2.23% | | 1.33 – 2.29% | | 1.67 – 2.10% |
Expected unit volatility(1) | | 23.90 – 44.40% | | 40.90 – 44.40% | | 40.90 – 45.00% |
Expected dividend yield | | 0% | | 0% | | 0 – 6.98% |
Expected option life (in months)(2) | | 78 | | 78 | | 72 – 78 |
Fair value of Unit Options | | $26.86 – $49.92 | | $32.23 – $50.03 | | $12.12 – $33.29 |
| (1) | | We estimated volatility based on a peer group of payment processing public companies, as provided by an independent third party valuation specialist. |
| (2) | | We determined the expected life as the midpoint between the scheduled vesting and expiration dates of the awards, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14,Share-Based Payment. We used the simplified method primarily due to having insufficient historical Unit Option exercise experience upon which to reasonably estimate an expected term. |
Profits Interests
On October 1, 2015, we began to award profits interests to certain employees and non-employee directors. Profits interests are assigned a threshold value on the date of grant, which is equivalent to their fair value. The profits interests issued on October 1, 2015 were modifications of previously issued Unit Options. The Class A unit options remain outstanding, but were capped at a liquidation value of $76.00 per unit, meaning that the maximum proceeds received by Class A unit option holders at liquidation is limited to the difference between $76.00 per unit and the Class A unit strike price. We evaluated this modification in accordance with ASC 718,Compensation—Stock Compensation, and determined that there was no incremental share-based compensation expense to recognize as a result of this modification. Forty-one employees and two non-employees were affected by the modification.
Profits interests granted by the Company are time-vested awards that either vest ratably over a period of continued employee service or cliff-vest at the end of a period of continued employee service.
Profits interest activity was as follows during the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Number of Profits Interests | | Weighted Average Threshold Price | | Number of Profits Interests | | Number of Profits Interests |
Outstanding at beginning of period | | | | 1,261,689 | | | | $ | | 77.20 | | | | | 1,137,598 | | | | | — | |
Granted(1)(2) | | | | 237,464 | | | | | 106.93 | | | | | 204,500 | | | | | 1,137,598 | |
Forfeited | | | | (93,000 | ) | | | | | 76.00 | | | | | (75,009 | ) | | | | | — | |
Redeemed(3) | | | | — | | | | | N/A | | | | | (5,400 | ) | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | |
Outstanding at end of period(4)(5) | | | | 1,406,153 | | | | $ | | 82.30 | | | | | 1,261,689 | | | | | 1,137,598 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| (1) | | Profits interests granted during 2017 included 130,464 to a related party (that is an affiliate of a non-employee director) at a threshold price of $114.18, which is more fully discussed in Note 9 |
F-33
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | to the consolidated financial statements. Profits interests granted during 2015 included 86,576 granted to non-employee directors at a threshold price of $76.00. |
| (2) | | Weighted average grant-date fair value of profits interests granted was $34.92, $31.91 and $28.89 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2015, 1,007,598 of these awards were related to previously issued Unit Options. |
| (3) | | We had no redemptions during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we redeemed 5,400 outstanding profits interests at a repurchase price of $106.17 per unit less the profits interest threshold value of $76.00 per unit. |
| (4) | | The intrinsic value and weighted average remaining contractual term of profits interests outstanding were as follows at the dates indicated: |
| | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions) | | | | $44.8 | | | | $ | | 36.6 | | | | $ | | — | |
Weighted average remaining term (in years) | | | | 1.57 | | | | | 2.21 | | | | | 2.87 | |
| (5) | | The total fair value based on grant-date fair value of profits interests that vested was $2,385, $751 and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
Compensation expense related to profits interests is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the profits interests. We use a Black-Scholes options pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of profits interests.
The following inputs and assumptions were used to value the profits interests (limited to profits interests without an associated Capped Option) as of the grant dates.
| | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Risk-free interest rate | | 1.80 – 2.18% | | 1.07 – 1.60% | | 1.67 – 1.70% |
Expected unit volatility(1) | | 23.90 – 24.80% | | 40.90 – 44.40% | | 40.90% |
Expected dividend yield | | 0% | | 0% | | 0% |
Expected life (in months)(2) | | 60 | | 60 | | 60 |
Fair value of profits interests | | $22.80 – $40.06 | | $28.12 – $43.03 | | $28.86 – $28.90 |
| (1) | | We estimated volatility based on a peer group of payment processing public companies, as provided by independent third party valuation specialists. |
| (2) | | We determined the expected life to be equivalent to the vesting period. |
We recorded share-based compensation expense of $3,951, $1,897 and $999 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which is included within compensation and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. At December 31, 2017, unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested Unit Options totaled $4.4 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of 3.30 years. At December 31, 2017, unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested profits interest awards totaled $9.6 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of 3.92 years.
11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
We primarily lease our premises under multi-year, non-cancelable operating leases with terms expiring through 2024, exclusive of renewal option periods. One lease agreement expiring in 2023
F-34
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
contains a renewal option to extend the lease for five consecutive three-year periods. Base rent is subject to rent escalations on each annual anniversary from the lease commencement dates. Rental payments, as well as any step rent provisions specified in the lease agreements, are aggregated and charged evenly to expense over the lease term. Certain of these operating leases contain rent holidays and tenant allowances that may be applied toward leasehold improvements or other lease concessions. Capital improvement funding and other lease concessions provided by the landlord are recorded as a deferred liability and are amortized evenly over the lease term as a reduction of rent expense. In most circumstances, we expect that in the normal course of business, leases will be renewed or replaced by other leases.
Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease and included within property, office and technology or related party expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 12 for additional information regarding office space leased from a related party. Rent expense was $2,972, $2,464 and $1,599 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, future minimum lease payments under our leases for the succeeding five fiscal years and thereafter are as follows:
| | |
2018 | | | $ | | 3,213 | |
2019 | | | | 3,450 | |
2020 | | | | 3,533 | |
2021 | | | | 3,588 | |
2022 and thereafter | | | | 4,075 | |
| | |
Total minimum lease payments | | | $ | | 17,859 | |
| | |
Our transaction processor covers the initial funding of processed transactions and also imposes certain financial covenants upon our wholly owned subsidiary, GSLLC.
The financial covenants with our transaction processor apply only to GSLLC and include the following:
| • | | Tangible net worth, as defined in the agreement, of no less than $7.5 million; |
| • | | Minimum aggregate net income of $5.0 million for the trailing four fiscal quarters, and |
| • | | Ratio of total liabilities to total equity not to exceed 3.00:1.00. |
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, GSLLC was in compliance with all financial covenants.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our outstanding open and unused line of credit on approved loans was $9.9 million and $4.7 million, respectively. We have not recorded a provision for these unfunded commitments, but believe we have adequate cash on hand to fund these commitments.
For certain Bank Partners, we maintain a restricted cash balance based on a contractual percentage of the total interest billed on outstanding deferred interest loans that are within the promotional period less previous FCR on such outstanding loans. The Company had $41.2 million of restricted cash associated with this arrangement as of December 31, 2017.
Contingencies
In limited instances, the Company may be subject to operating losses if we make certain errors in managing credit programs and we determine that a customer is not liable for a loan originated by a Bank Partner. We evaluated this contingency in accordance with ASC 450,Contingencies, and determined that it is reasonably possible that losses could result from errors in underwriting. However, in management’s opinion, it is not possible to estimate the likelihood or range of
F-35
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
reasonably possible future losses related to errors in underwriting based on currently available information. Therefore, we have not established a liability for this loss contingency.
Further, from time to time, we place Bank Partner loans on non-accrual and non-payment status (“Pended Status”) while we investigate consumer loan balance inquiries, which may arise from disputed charges related to work performed by third-party merchants. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, Bank Partner loan balances in Pended Status were $7.1 million and $6.0 million, respectively. While it is management’s expectation that most of these loan balance inquiries will be resolved without incident, in certain instances we may determine that it is in the best interest of the consumer and Bank Partner for the Company to permanently reverse the loan balance and assume the economic responsibility for the loan balance itself. We record a liability for these instances. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our liability for potential future losses was $2.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
From time to time, we may become a party to civil claims and lawsuits. As of December 31, 2017, we were not a party as a defendant to any litigation that we believed was material to our operations or results.
Financial guarantees
Under the terms of the contracts with our Bank Partners, a contractual percentage of the Bank Partners’ monthly originations and month-end outstanding portfolio balance is held and maintained in restricted, interest-bearing escrow accounts to serve as limited protection to the Bank Partners in the event of excess Bank Partner portfolio credit losses. The Company’s maximum exposure to Bank Partner portfolio credit losses is limited to the contractual restricted cash balance, which was $61.5 million and $39.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The recorded fair value of the financial guarantee related to these contracts was $720 and $673 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which was recorded within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Recorded financial guarantees are typically settled within one year of the initial measurement of the liability. In determining the measured liabilities, we consider a variety of factors, including historical experience and management’s expectations of current customer delinquencies converting into Bank Partner portfolio losses.
12. Related Party Transactions
We lease office space from a related party under common management control for which rent expenses are recognized within related party expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total rent expenses related to this office space were $1,486, $1,135 and $1,136 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We entered into loan agreements, most of which are non-interest bearing, with certain members of our management team for which the remaining outstanding balances will be forgiven ratably over designated periods based on continual employment with the Company. Pertinent details
F-36
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
of these arrangements and the remaining outstanding balances, which are presented within related party receivables in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are as follows at the dates indicated:
| | | | | | | | |
Period Entered | | Loan Amount | | Period of Forgiveness | | Outstanding Balance as of December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
August 2016(1) | | | $ | | 250 | | | 6 quarters | | | $ | | — | | | | $ | | 208 | |
September 2016 | | | | 125 | | | 30 months | | | | 60 | | | | | 111 | |
November 2016 | | | | 150 | | | 6 quarters | | | | 50 | | | | | 150 | |
February 2017 | | | | 75 | | | 6 quarters | | | | 38 | | | | | — | |
July 2017 | | | | 50 | | | 6 quarters | | | | 42 | | | | | — | |
November 2017 | | | | 20 | | | 4 quarters | | | | 20 | | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | $ | | 210 | | | | $ | | 469 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| (1) | | The remaining outstanding balance was forgiven during 2017 upon the employee’s separation from the Company. |
Equity-based payments to non-employees resulted in related party expenses of $285, $380 and $95 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
In December 2017, 130,464 warrants that were issued to an affiliate of one of the members of the board of managers were capped and companion profits interests were issued. Refer to Note 9 and Note 10 for additional information.
In August 2017, we incurred fees of $2,612 due to an affiliate of one of the members of the board of managers in connection with finalizing our August 2017 term loan transaction. These costs were not directly attributable to the term loan and, therefore, were expensed as incurred, rather than deferred against the term loan balance. Of this amount, $1,509 was paid during 2017 and the remaining $1,103 was set aside for a subsequent payment and was recorded within related party liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In June 2017, the Company terminated a financing facility with one of its Class A members, who also serves on the Company’s board of managers. The outstanding loans under this facility were sold to another Bank Partner within our network that is not a related party and continue to be serviced by GreenSky.
In November 2016, we executed a $20.0 million Bank Partner agreement (“2016 Agreement”) with affiliates of two Class A members who serve on our board of managers. The agreement is structured similarly to the origination and servicing arrangements with the other Bank Partners, wherein the Company is required to hold restricted cash based on monthly originations and the month-end outstanding portfolio balance.
We are entitled to collect fixed servicing fees in conjunction with the 2016 Agreement. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our related party Bank Partner facilities had committed balances in the aggregate of $11.7 million and $26.9 million, respectively.
Consolidated Balance Sheets effects associated with our related party financing facilities were as follows at the dates indicated:
| | | | |
| | December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Related party receivables(1) | | | $ | | 8 | | | | $ | | 10 | |
Related party liabilities(2) | | | | 445 | | | | | 1,054 | |
Restricted cash | | | | 437 | | | | | 923 | |
F-37
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
| (1) | | Receivables related to servicing and other. |
| (2) | | Related party liabilities primarily consisted of related party servicing payables at the respective reporting date. |
Consolidated Statements of Operations effects associated with our related party financing facilities were as follows during the periods indicated:
| | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Servicing and other | | | $ | | 146 | | | | $ | | 47 | | | | $ | | 123 | |
Related party expenses(1) | | | | 428 | | | | | 163 | | | | | 305 | |
| (1) | | Expenses incurred related to related party financing facility credit losses. |
13. Segment Reporting
We conduct our operations through a single operating segment and, therefore, one reportable segment. Operating segments are revenue-generating components of a company for which separate financial information is internally produced for regular use by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to allocate resources and assess the performance of the business. Our CODM uses a variety of measures to assess the performance of the business; however, detailed profitability information of the nature that could be used to allocate resources and assess the performance of the business are managed and reviewed for the Company as a whole.
There are no significant concentrations by state or geographical location, nor are there any significant individual customer concentrations by balance.
14. Redeemable Preferred Units
Effective August 24, 2017, the equity holders of GSLLC exchanged their equity interests in GSLLC for equity interests in GS Holdings in proportion to their existing ownership interests. The exchange was accounted for as a common control transaction. As such, the ownership interests in GSLLC held by the Class B and Class C preferred unit holders were exchanged for equity interests in GS Holdings, which became the sole owner of GSLLC.
Class B Preferred Units
In the event of certain liquidity events, the Class B unit holders collectively are entitled to a liquidation preference prior to any distribution to the holders of any other equity securities. In the event of a “qualified public offering”, defined as a public offering at an effective price per unit of at least 150% of the initial Class B purchase price and receipt of gross proceeds greater than $150.0 million, the Class B liquidation preference is of no further effect. If a qualified public offering or payment of the Class B liquidation preference has not occurred prior to October 31, 2019, each Class B unit holder, thereafter has the right, upon six months’ prior notice, to sell its Class B preferred units to the Company at a price equal to the original purchase price for the Class B preferred units ($300.0 million), adjusted for any previous non-tax member distributions to the Class B unit holders, if applicable. As of December 31, 2017, the redemption amount of the Class B preferred units, which was adjusted for non-tax member distributions during 2017 of $84.2 million, was $215.8 million.
F-38
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Class C Preferred Units
On December 15, 2017, we completed the sale of 1,010,199 Class C-1 preferred units for a purchase price of $200.0 million or $197.98 per unit. Proceeds from the sale will be used for general operating purposes. In conjunction with the issuance of Class C-1 preferred units, we incurred transaction related costs of $5.6 million, which consisted of investment banking and legal fees. These costs were deferred and charged against the carrying value of the Class C-1 preferred units.
On August 24, 2016, we completed the sale of 252,550 Class C-2 preferred units for a purchase price of $50.0 million or $197.98 per unit. Proceeds from the sale were used for general operating purposes. In conjunction with the issuance of Class C-2 preferred units, we incurred transaction related costs of $1.8 million, which consisted of investment banking and legal fees. These costs were deferred and charged against the carrying value of Class C-2 preferred units.
In the event of certain liquidity events, each holder of Class C-1 preferred units and Class C-2 preferred units (collectively, “Class C units”) is entitled to a liquidation preference equal to the original purchase price paid for its Class C units adjusted for any previous non-tax member distributions to the holder, following settlement of Class B unit holders’ liquidation preference but prior to any distribution to the holders of any other equity securities. In the event of an initial public offering, the Class C units will automatically convert into GS Holdings Class A units immediately prior to the initial public offering.
As it relates to the Class C-1 preferred units only, if an initial public offering occurs before December 15, 2018 and the issue price per share to the public is less than the Class C-1 purchase price adjusted for the cumulative amount of all prior non-tax member distributions, the Company must make the Class C-1 unit holder whole for such shortfall by issuing to the unit holder, at the Company’s election, either additional GS Holdings Class A units or GreenSky, Inc. common stock in an amount equal in value to such shortfall at the public per share price.
If an initial public offering or payment of the liquidation preference has not occurred prior to July 31, 2019, each Class C unit holder thereafter has the right to sell its Class C units. If such events have not occurred prior to July 31, 2021, each Class C unit holder thereafter has the right, upon six months’ prior written notice, to require the Company to redeem for cash all of the then-outstanding Class C units held by the unit holder at a price equal to the original purchase price paid by the holder for the Class C units, adjusted for any previous non-tax member distributions to the holder. As of December 31, 2017, the redemption amounts of the Class C-1 and Class C-2 preferred units, which were adjusted for non-tax member distributions during 2017 of $8.6 million and $7.0 million, respectively, were $191.4 million and $43.0 million, respectively.
15. Subsequent Events
Management of the Company performed an evaluation of subsequent events through March 27, 2018, which is the date the financial statements were issued.
Distributions
The Company finalized and paid certain member tax distributions as follows:
| | |
Date Finalized | | Aggregate Amount |
| | (in millions) |
January 12, 2018 | | | $ | | 15.8 | |
March 15, 2018 | | | | 1.7 | |
| | |
Total | | | $ | | 17.5 | |
| | |
F-39
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
Sale of Charged-Off Receivables
In March 2018, the Company transferred our rights to Charged-Off Receivables with an aggregate unpaid balance of $38.6 million to a third party and a Bank Partner in exchange for a cash payment of $5.1 million based on the expected recovery rate of such loan receivables.
No other subsequent events were noted in management’s evaluation that would require disclosure.
Unaudited
Management of the Company performed an additional evaluation of subsequent events through April 27, 2018.
Distributions
The Company finalized and paid certain member tax distributions as follows:
| | |
Date Finalized | | Aggregate Amount |
| | (in millions) |
April 6, 2018 | | | $ | | 17.9 | |
April 15, 2018 | | | | 0.3 | |
| | |
Total | | | $ | | 18.2 | |
| | |
Borrowings
On March 29, 2018, we entered into an agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) to amend certain terms of our Credit Agreement. The Amended Credit Agreement: (i) replaces the $350 million term loan provided for under the Credit Agreement (“original term loan”) with a $400 million term loan (“modified term loan”), (ii) modifies certain terms associated with the $100 million revolving loan facility, and (iii) provides for a $10 million letter of credit, which, to the extent drawn upon, would reduce the amount of availability under the revolving loan facility by the same amount. The letter of credit was unused as of the date hereof. The provisions around the commitment fee rates on the revolving loan facility (inclusive of the aggregate amount available to be drawn under all outstanding letters of credit), covenants and default provisions as disclosed in Note 7 remain unchanged.
Modified term loan.Under the Amended Credit Agreement, the maturity date of the modified term loan was extended from August 25, 2024 to March 29, 2025. Further, we contemporaneously settled the outstanding principal balance on the original term loan of $349.1 million with the issuance of the $400 million modified term loan. An original issuance discount of $1.0 million was reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets on the modification date as a direct deduction from the face amount of the modified term loan. Therefore, the gross proceeds from the modified term loan were $399.0 million. The proceeds from the modified term loan were primarily used to repay the outstanding principal balance and $1.6 million of accrued interest on the original term loan and to pay $1.1 million of third party costs, including legal and debt arrangement costs, which were immediately expensed and recorded within general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on the modification date. The remaining proceeds may be designated for a special distribution to certain equity holders or may be used for general corporate purposes, which use will be determined at a future date at the Company’s discretion.
The $400 million principal balance of the modified term loan is to be repaid on a quarterly basis beginning on June 29, 2018 at an amortization rate of 0.25% per quarter, with the balance due at maturity. The modified term loan incurs interest, due quarterly in arrears, at an adjusted
F-40
GreenSky Holdings, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit data, unless otherwise stated)
LIBOR rate, which represents the one-month LIBOR rate multiplied by the statutory reserve rate, as defined in the Credit Agreement, plus a margin of 3.25% per annum.
In accordance with ASC 470,Debt, we accounted for the amendment as a debt modification. The modified term loan was determined to be not substantially different from the original term loan, as the present value of the cash flows of the modified term loan was less than 10 percent different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original term loan. Therefore, the unamortized debt discount of $3.2 million and unamortized debt issuance costs of $7.3 million on the original term loan at the time of the debt modification, along with the $1.0 million debt discount on the modified term loan, will be amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the modified term loan using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate on the modified term loan was 5.56% on March 29, 2018 and will fluctuate based on market interest rates.
Revolving loan facility.Under the Amended Credit Agreement, the maturity date of the $100 million revolving loan facility was extended from August 25, 2022 to March 29, 2023. Further, the interest margin applied to revolving loans that incur interest at a base rate was modified to 2.00% per annum and the interest margin applied to revolving loans that incur interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate was modified to 3.00% per annum. However, if our first lien net leverage ratio is equal to or above 1.50 to 1.00, these interest margins are raised to 2.25% and 3.25%, respectively. As of the date hereof, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving loan facility.
No other subsequent events were noted in management’s evaluation that would require disclosure.
F-41
Shares
GreenSky, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
![](https://capedge.com/proxy/S-1/0000930413-18-001566/greenskyxlogo.jpg)
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
| | | | |
Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC | | J.P. Morgan | | Morgan Stanley |
| | | | | | |
BofA Merrill Lynch | | Citigroup | | Credit Suisse | | SunTrust Robinson Humphrey |
| | | | | | |
Raymond James | | Sandler O’Neill + Partners, L.P. | | Fifth Third Securities | | Guggenheim Securities |
, 2018
Through and including (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to any unsold allotment or subscription.
PART II—INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 13.Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution
The following table sets forth all costs and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions and financial advisory services fees payable by the registrant, in connection with the offer and sale of the securities being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) registration fee and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) filing fee.
| | |
| | Amount |
SEC registration fee | | | $ | | * | |
FINRA filing fee | | | | * | |
listing fee | | | | * | |
Printing expenses | | | | * | |
Accounting fees and expenses | | | | * | |
Legal fees, advisory fees and expenses | | | | * | |
Transfer agent expenses | | | | * | |
Miscellaneous expenses | | | | * | |
| | |
Total | | | $ | | * | |
| | |
| * | | To be provided by amendment. |
Item 14.Indemnification of Officers and Directors
Section 102 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) allows a corporation to eliminate the personal liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except where the director breached the duty of loyalty, failed to act in good faith, engaged in intentional misconduct or knowingly violated a law, authorized the payment of a dividend or approved a stock repurchase in violation of the DGCL or obtained an improper personal benefit.
Section 145 of the DGCL provides, among other things, that the registrant may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding—other than an action by or in the right of the registrant—by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, agent or employee of the registrant, or is or was serving at the registrant’s request as a director, officer, agent or employee of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding. The power to indemnify applies (a) if such person is successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding, or (b) if such person acting in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in the best interest, or not opposed to the best interest, of the registrant, and with respect to any criminal action or proceeding had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The power to indemnify applies to actions brought by or in the right of the registrant as well but only to the extent of defense expenses, including attorneys’ fees but excluding amounts paid in settlement, actually and reasonably incurred and not to any satisfaction of judgment or settlement of the claim itself, and with the further limitation that in such actions no indemnification shall be made in the event of any adjudication of liability to the registrant, unless the court believes that in light of all the circumstances indemnification should apply.
Section 174 of the DGCL provides, among other things, that a director, who willfully or negligently approves of an unlawful payment of dividends or an unlawful stock purchase or redemption, may be held liable for such actions. A director who was either absent when the unlawful actions were approved or dissented at the time, may avoid liability by causing his or her dissent to such actions to be entered in the books containing minutes of the meetings of the board
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of directors at the time such action occurred or immediately after such absent director receives notice of the unlawful acts.
The registrant’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws, to be filed as Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 hereto, respectively, provide that the registrant must indemnify its directors and officers to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL or any other applicable law. In addition, the registrant intends to enter into separate indemnification agreements, to be filed as Exhibit 10.7 hereto, with its directors and executive officers, which would require the registrant, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by law. These indemnification provisions and the indemnification agreements may be sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of the registrant’s officers and directors for liabilities, including reimbursement of expenses incurred, arising under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The registrant also intends to maintain director and officer liability insurance.
The form of Underwriting Agreement, to be filed as Exhibit 1.1 hereto, provides for indemnification by the underwriters of the registrant and the registrant’s officers and directors for certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act and affords certain rights of contribution with respect thereto.
Item 15.Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
On July 20, 2017, the registrant issued 100 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to GreenSky, LLC for $10.00. The issuance of such shares of common stock was not registered under the Securities Act because the shares were offered and sold in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
In connection with the Reorganization Transactions, the registrant will issue shares of its Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to the Continuing LLC Members and shares of its Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to certain of the Original Profits Interests Holders and the equity holders of the Former Corporate Investors (as those terms are defined in the prospectus included in this registration statement). The issuance of such shares of Class A and Class B common stock will not be registered under the Securities Act because the shares will be offered and sold in transactions exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
Item 16.Exhibits
(1) Exhibits:
The exhibit index immediately preceding the signature page hereto is incorporated herein by reference.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or notes thereto.
Item 17.Undertakings
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement certificates, or evidence of uncertificated securities, in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or
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controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction, the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
The undersigned registrant hereby further undertakes that:
| (1) | | For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. |
| (2) | | For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
EXHIBIT INDEX
| | |
Exhibit number | | Description |
| | 1.1* | | | Form of Underwriting Agreement |
| | 3.1 | | | Form of Certificate of Incorporation, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 3.2 | | | Form of Bylaws, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 4.1* | | | Specimen Stock Certificate for shares of Class A common stock |
| | 4.2 | | | Form of Registration Rights Agreement, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 4.3 | | | Form of Warrant held by QED Fund II, LP, as amended |
| | 4.4 | | | Form of Incentive Units held by QED Fund II, LP |
| | 5.1 | | | Form of opinion of Troutman Sanders LLP |
| | 10.1* | | | Form of Tax Receivable Agreement, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 10.2 | | | Form of Exchange Agreement, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 10.3 | | | Operating Agreement of GreenSky Holdings, LLC, to be effective upon completion of this offering |
| | 10.4+ | | | Employment Agreement, dated September 25, 2014, with David Zalik |
| | 10.5+ | | | Offer Letter, dated October 18, 2014, for Robert Partlow |
| | 10.6+ | | | Offer Letter, dated August 27, 2016, for Christopher Forshay |
| | 10.7 | | | Form of Indemnification Agreement with each of GreenSky, Inc.’s directors and executive officers |
| | 10.8 | | | Credit Agreement, as amended, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. |
| | 10.9^ | | | Loan Origination Agreement, as amended, with SunTrust Bank |
| | 10.10^ | | | Servicing Agreement, as amended, with SunTrust Bank |
| | 10.11^ | | | Loan Origination Agreement, as amended, with Regions Bank |
| | 10.12^ | | | Servicing Agreement, as amended, with Regions Bank |
| | 10.13^ | | | Loan Origination Agreement, as amended, with Synovus Bank |
| | 10.14^ | | | Servicing Agreement, as amended, with Synovus Bank |
| | 10.15^ | | | Loan Origination Agreement, as amended, with Fifth Third Bank |
| | 10.16^ | | | Servicing Agreement with Fifth Third Bank |
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| | |
Exhibit number | | Description |
| | 10.17^ | | | Co-Branded MasterCard Program Agreement, as amended, with Comdata Network, Inc. |
| | 10.18*# | | | Second Amended and Restated GreenSky Installment Loan Program Agreement, with THD At-Home Services, Inc. and Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. |
| | 10.19 | | | Phoenix Blackstone Center Lease, as amended, with Phoenix Blackstone, LLC |
| | 10.20 | | | Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated November 30, 2016, by and among Robert Sheft, Robert Sheft 2012 Trust, Zalik Family Dynasty Trust I, LLC and GreenSky, LLC |
| | 10.21^ | | | Servicing Agreement, dated November 30, 2016, by and among Robert Sheft, Robert Sheft 2012 Trust, Zalik Family Dynasty Trust I, LLC and GreenSky, LLC |
| | 10.22 | | | Advisory Services Agreement, as amended, by and between QED Investors, LLC and GreenSky, LLC (formerly, GreenSky Trade Credit, LLC) |
| | 10.23+ | | | Form of GreenSky, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan |
| | 10.23(a)+* | | | Form of Stock Option Agreement under GreenSky, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan |
| | 10.23(b)+* | | | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under GreenSky, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan |
| | 10.23(c)+* | | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under GreenSky, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan |
| | 10.24+* | | | Equity Incentive Plan, as amended |
| | 10.25+* | | | Form of GreenSky Holdings, LLC Class A Unit Option Agreement |
| | 10.26+* | | | Form of GreenSky Holdings, LLC Incentive Units Grant Agreement |
| | 21.1 | | | List of subsidiaries of GreenSky, Inc. |
| | 23.1 | | | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as to GreenSky, Inc. |
| | 23.2 | | | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as to GreenSky Holdings, LLC |
| | 23.3* | | | Consent of Troutman Sanders LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) |
| | 24.1 | | | Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement) |
| * | | To be filed by amendment. |
|
| + | | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
| # | | The registrant intends to seek confidential treatment with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. |
| ^ | | Confidential treatment requested as to certain portions of this exhibit, which portions have been omitted and filed separately with the SEC. |
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia, on April 27, 2018.
GreenSky, Inc.
(Registrant)
By: | | /s/ David Zalik Name: David Zalik Title: Chief Executive Officer |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David Zalik and Robert Partlow and each of them singly, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and additions to this registration statement, and any other registration statement for the same offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the SEC, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorneys-in-fact and agents or either of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on April 27, 2018.
Name | | Title |
|
/s/ David Zalik David Zalik | | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (principal executive officer) |
|
/s/ Robert Partlow Robert Partlow | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer) |
|
/s/ Joel Babbit Joel Babbit | | Director |
|
/s/ Gerald Benjamin Gerald Benjamin | | Director |
|
/s/ John Flynn John Flynn | | Director |
|
/s/ Gregg Freishtat Gregg Freishtat | | Director |
|
/s/ Nigel Morris Nigel Morris | | Director |
|
/s/ Robert Sheft Robert Sheft | | Director |
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